The conclusion clarifies the main contribution of the book, which is the seamless transformation of Brazil’s ex-slaves into a captive and criminalized population in the country’s evolving prison system, which defined the terms of freedom for the enslaved and free poor at the height of the slave economy. The author invites the reader to remember the trajectory of different individuals who lived and died within the walls of the Casa de Correção as part of a microglobal history of slavery and punishment in the Atlantic World. The chapter reaffirms that by the time Brazil abolished slavery in its territory in 1888, a robust police and prison system was fully operationalized to punish unruly individuals from the poor, slave and free, especially people of African descent, who violated the terms of freedom. It asserts that the difference in the prison population before 1888 and after was only the diversity of legal status of the convicts during slavery, not race; and that the penitentiary was an important site of racialization of the multiethnic poor as a criminalized underclass.

This chapter investigates the creation of the Instituto de Menores Artesãos at the Casa de Correção in 1857 out of the politics of regulating the circulation and containment of liberated Africans at the penitentiary. It demonstrates that the existence of the apprentice school was deeply rooted in the process of disciplining the posttraffic period, between 1850 and 1865, through disciplining the children of liberated Africans into free wage workers for postabolition labor relations. The story of the Instituto de Menores Artesãos is a history of the education of minors and that of governing women’s productive and reproductive labor from slavery to freedom. The Casa de Correção’s incorporation of the reformatory school shows how the education of poor children, including orphans and delinquent minors, attended to the project of engendering postemancipation society between the end of the slave trade (1850) and the gradual abolition of slavery initiated with the 1871 free womb law.