This chapter discusses the institutional set-up and procedural design of a possible future European market investigation regime. The institutional framework and procedural rules must be tailored to promote the core goals of the new instrument, namely to address competition problems that do not primarily follow from conduct, but from „features of the market“, such that a European market investigation – contrary to traditional infringement proceedings – will not be of a quasi-criminal nature, but a purely administrative proceedings, and to allow for a particular timely intervention. Against this background, the following questions are raised: How does the market investigation regime interact with Article 101 and 102 TFEU enforcement and sector inquiries at the EU level and at the national level? How can the procedure be structured such as to allow for a timely and effective intervention? What can be done to allow for a less adversarial and more participative interaction between the Commission and market actors? Furthermore, the remedial regime, voluntary commitments, the possibility for interim measures and judicial review are discussed.

Individuals who have committed atrocities may be tried by national courts for international crimes or for ordinary crimes (the underlying offence). Children who come into conflict with the law are accorded special protection under international human rights law which goes beyond the protection provided to adults. Chapter 2 provides a detailed review of international juvenile justice standards, in particular those contained in the CRC, pertaining to children who come into conflict with the law generally. These include minimum procedural guarantees, restrictions on sanctions, and the requirement on states to establish a minimum age of criminal responsibility, put in place juvenile-specific laws, procedures and institutions, and act in the best interests of the child. The focus then shifts to child perpetrators of international crimes. The chapter considers briefly whether children can be prosecuted for international crimes, analysing international criminal law and practice and the treaties that require states to prevent and punish core international crimes. After establishing that children can be prosecuted for international crimes, the chapter argues that a child who is accused of committing genocide, or any other international crime, is entitled to the same rights and protections as a child who has committed an ordinary crime.