This chapter reviews the causes that limit patients with epilepsy (PWE) from reaching their full potential academically, professionally and socially, and the potential role of rehabilitation in overcoming these obstacles. The cognitive, psychiatric and psychosocial causes of impaired psychologic, professional and social achievements in PWE can be categorized as seizure related, treatment related or related to environmental/ social factors. The chapter offers suggestions on how the field of rehabilitation should be incorporated into the evaluation and management of every PWE. It focuses on patients undergoing temporal lobectomy, as this is the most frequently performed procedure. Temporal lobectomy improves cognitive functions, including verbal and visual-spatial memory. This can result from the cessation of seizure activity and the reduction in dose and number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Improvements are greatest in functions subserved by the hemisphere contralateral to the resection and are seen in patients who become seizure free after surgery.