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We present the case of a 23-year old woman with a history of two hospitalizations in the psychiatric ward of our hospital in the last 8 months. Prior to this age our patient had not required assistance from mental health professionals. The wide variety of symptoms shown by the patient included auditive hallucinations and persecution delusions that led to behavioral alteration and depressive symptoms.
Objectives
To present a case report of a puerperal psychosis and to review the different kind of psyquiatric disorders that may arise in the puerperium.
Methods
Literature review of scientific papers over the last years and classic textbooks on the issue. We included references in English and Spanish languages.
Results
During pregnancy and the puerperium there are biochemical, hormonal, psychological and social changes that cause a vulnerability in women for the appearance of mental disorders. The differential diagnosis of puerperal psychoses must first be made with organic diseases. Once this has been discarded, several studies indicate that there is a high probability that after the onset of puerperal psychosis a cyclical mood disorder is found.
Conclusions
- One of the main characteristics of puerperal psychoses is the great variety of its symptomatic manifestations. They can present characteristics of both mood disorders and schizophreniform disorders. - Deep confusion and delusions are often the most prominent symptoms of psychosis in the puerperal period.
A Canadian Stroke Best Practices consensus statement on Acute Stroke Management during pregnancy was published in 2018. The state of individual practice, however, is unknown.
Methods:
A survey on treatment of acute stroke in pregnant and post-partum women was distributed via the Canadian Stroke Consortium email list. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and proportions) were calculated for demographic and response variables and free-text responses were coded for thematic content.
Results:
Thirty-five participants completed the survey; 12 had experience with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA), endovascular therapy (EVT), or both in pregnant patients. None had treatment-related complications. The majority (92%) of those who had not yet encountered the issue in practice expressed some reservation about giving IV-tPA to an otherwise eligible pregnant woman. In a theoretical scenario where an otherwise eligible pregnant woman was a candidate for both IV-tPA and EVT, 58% of respondents would have opted for EVT alone. Amongst this cohort comprised mainly of stroke sub-specialists, more than a third had treated pregnant patients with reperfusion therapy.
Conclusions:
The reported safety experience with both IV-tPA and EVT was reassuring. Overall, there was a hesitancy towards use of IV-tPA in pregnancy that is discordant with the recent consensus statement. Possible barriers to uptake identified through thematic analysis were concerns regarding risks of bleeding in the pregnant patient, presence of EVT as a perceived alternative, and the need for express consent from the patient and family.
Postpartum headache (PPH) caused by internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) is a rare yet treatable condition with a favorable prognosis when recognized. The consequent hypoperfusion or subsequent distal embolization may lead to an ischemic stroke which is already a recognized risk in the puerperium. Pregnancy and puerperium increase the risk for focal ischemic cerebrovascular events. The hypercoaguable state in pregnancy and the immediate puerperium most certainly contributes to this risk. Extracranial ICAD usually presents as a headache, cervical pain, Horner's syndrome, or pulsatile tinnitus without cerebral ischemia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can visualize morphological details, while magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) reflect intraluminal blood flow. Surgical intervention in ICAD is only required when anticoagulant therapy does not prevent progressive cerebral ischemic events. Teratogenic effects are severe and include anencephaly and spina bifida.
There are both subtle and substantial changes in hematological parameters during pregnancy and the puerperium, orchestrated by changes in the hormonal milieu. Red cell count and hematocrit (Hct) values are likewise lower in pregnancy, but the other red cell indices change little, although red cells show more variation in size and shape than in the non-pregnant state. There has been much discussion about the normal ranges for the different types of white blood cells (WBC). Lymphocyte count decreases during pregnancy through first and second trimesters, increases during the third trimester, but remains low in the early puerperium as compared to normal non-pregnant values. Screening tests used to assess the coagulation pathways include the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), the prothrombin time (PT), and the thrombin time (TT). There are changes in the balance of the natural anticoagulants during pregnancy and the puerperium.
The process of placental delivery and the subsequent involution of the uterus during the puerperium are often described as the third and fourth stages of labor. This chapter presents a brief historical review concerning third- and fourth-stage events, followed by a discussion of the physiology of placental separation and uterine involution. The diagnosis and treatment of retained placenta and membranes (secundines), uterine inversion, postpartum hemorrhage and atony, and hematomas are considered. Important cultural and historical events in world history have been directly influenced by complications of involving the third stage of labor. Active management of the third stage of labor consists of the immediate administration of oxytocin after delivery of the infant, early cord clamping, and gentle traction on the cord, combined with gentle uterine massage to prompt placental separation. Periurethral lacerations, which often bleed freely, appear in the thin tissues on either side of the clitoris or urethra.
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