Chapter 17: Reading Fluency, Reading Rate, and Comprehension. This chapter reviews research on the role of reading fluency on reading comprehension in both L1 and L2 contexts. Reading fluency is a complex topic in itself, sometimes seen as a component skill contributing to comprehension and sometimes viewed as a reading goal in itself. Reading fluency is defined according to multiple criteria: automaticity, rate, accuracy, and prosodic phrasing. Research on fluency also involves fluent word reading and fluent text passage reading. As research has demonstrated over decades, word reading fluency contributes to early reading development, but text passage reading is a strong predictor of later reading comprehension. This appears to be true in both L1 and L2 contexts. The chapter reviews the major research findings and concludes with implications for instruction.

Chapter 18: Extensive Reading. Extensive reading (ER) is understood here as an extensive amount of reading. It is not specifically tied only to enjoyable reading or easy reading, although both of these sources of reading are important. The fundamental idea is that a large amount of understandable input (i.e., within students’ linguistic competence) via reading will develop students’ language and knowledge resources through incidental implicit learning. The benefits of extensive reading emerge over time and is fundamental for developing advanced reading abilities. A large amount of reading (extensive reading) leads to better vocabulary knowledge, better background knowledge, and better reading comprehension. Research in both L1 and L2 of contexts are reviewed, and the role of extensive reading (L2) or amount of reading (L1) is the key foundation for reading development and advanced reading comprehension. The chapter concludes with implications for instruction.