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2 results

  • The effect of rehabilitation combined with cognitive remediation on functioning in persons with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis

  • Daniëlle van Duin, Lars de Winter, Matthijs Oud, Hans Kroon, Wim Veling, Jaap van Weeghel
  • Journal:
    Psychological Medicine / Volume 49 / Issue 9 / July 2019
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 January 2019, pp. 1414-1425
  • Background

    Psychiatric rehabilitation (PR) can improve functioning in people with severe mental illness (SMI), but outcomes are still suboptimal. Cognitive impairments have severe implications for functioning and might reduce the effects of PR. It has been demonstrated that performance in cognitive tests can be improved by cognitive remediation (CR). However, there is no consistent evidence that CR as a stand-alone intervention leads to improvements in real-life functioning. The present study investigated whether a combination of PR and CR enhances the effect of a stand-alone PR or CR intervention on separate domains of functioning.

    Method

    A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of PR combined with CR in people with SMI was conducted, reporting on functioning outcomes. A multivariate meta-regression analysis was carried out to evaluate moderator effects.

    Results

    The meta-analysis included 23 studies with 1819 patients. Enhancing PR with CR had significant beneficial effects on vocational outcomes (e.g. employment rate: SMD = 0.41), and social skills (SMD = 0.24). No significant effects were found on relationships and outcomes of community functioning. Effects on vocational outcomes were moderated by years of education, intensity of the intervention, type of CR approach and integration of treatment goals for PR and CR. Type of PR was no significant moderator.

    Conclusions

    Augmenting PR by adding cognitive training can improve vocational and social functioning in patients with SMI more than a stand-alone PR intervention. First indications exist that a synergetic mechanism also works the other way around, with beneficial effects of the combined intervention compared with a stand-alone CR intervention.

  • Chapter 19 - Basic Processes of Intelligence

  • from Part V - Intelligence and Information Processing
  • Edited by Robert J. Sternberg, Oklahoma State University, Scott Barry Kaufman, New York University
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    30 May 2011, pp 371-393

  • Summary

    The field of intellectual disabilities (formerly referred to as mental retardation) has a long and complicated relationship to the field of intelligence. The three issues that dominate the history of intellectual disabilities vis-vis intelligence are: developmental difference controversy; undifferentiated versus differentiated approaches to intellectual disabilities; and motivation, different life experiences, and other nonintellectual concerns. Many issues relate to the intellectual profiles of persons with a specific cause, or etiology, of intellectual disabilities. Everyday adaptive functioning of persons with intellectual disabilities highlights the difficulties inherent in connecting intelligence with real-life functioning and problems. To many researchers, persons with intellectual disabilities simply display lower levels of intelligence and offer few ties to their specific fields. The fields of intelligence and intellectual disabilities continue to function somewhat independently, and only a handful of researchers interested in intelligence are also interested in intelligence as it pertains to persons with disabilities.