Australia has instigated extreme extraterritorial border control policies to deter and deny people from entering its territory without permission. These include financial penalties for airline carriers who transport people without authority (including refugees); the use of Australian staff in foreign airports to assist in identifying people without permission to travel to Australia; utilization of surveillance technologies; interception of boats suspected of carrying people without permission to Australia; and the processing and detention of people arriving irregularly by boat in the pacific nations of Papua New Guinea and Nauru. Australia’s extraterritorial policies risk the return of refugees to countries where they fear persecution in contravention of Australia’s international obligations and result in the detention of vulnerable people in violation of international law. Australia’s excessive policies also undermine the international protection regime by setting a harmful example for other states who wish to deny refugees protection. Australia’s extraterritorial practices must be dismantled to ensure Australia complies with its international obligations. Australia should serve as a warning against the harmful impact of extraterritorial border control policies rather than an inspiration for any state considering adopting similar measures.

Beginning in April 1994, following one of the most rapid refugee influxes ever recorded, the transnational humanitarian industry descended upon Ngara, a quiet district located on the Tanzanian edge of the Tanzania-Rwanda border. Overnight, Ngara became the center for a humanitarian complex that sought to aid and confine more than half a million Rwandan refugees, including both victims and perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide.Based on archival research and over 100 interviews in Ngara, this essay explores Ngaran lived realities during the time that they became neighbors, victims, and entrepreneurs within a violent refugee context. The author argues that the refugee complex in Ngara, which included both refugees and expatriate aid workers, created a space of contradictory violence: a violence that was simultaneously disruptive and productive. Ngarans experienced the material and psychological harms of dislocation and physical violence associated with the refugee camps. Many also took advantage of novel economic opportunities created by the transnational refugee complex and the refugee population. This chapter demonstrates the paradoxical nature of refugee crises, and the lasting impact of this encounter on the lives and livelihoods of the Ngaran population.

The case of Palestinians and Palestinian refugees from Syria (PRS) in Jordan raises the question of how a host society addresses transgenerational displacement. This essay examines how the policy of nonforcible return has been carried out in practice. It argues that the security aspect of refugee assistance has determined the mechanisms that facilitate integration.Security in this context needs to be viewed in two ways: in terms of the state’s perception of the movement of refugees through the borders of the state and the boundaries between the camp and the cities, and from the perspective of the refugees’ personal security, in terms of welfare and socioeconomic stability. The essay analyzes the significance of identity in Jordan. As the Palestinian community has steadily grown since 1948, a schism has emerged between the East Bank Jordanian and the Palestinian-Jordanian communities as the Jordanian population became the minority community. The essay considers how far the insecurity experienced by the host state impacts its refugee policies and whether the country can sustain a policy of integration once the postwar period arrives.