Several recent elections – including the Brexit referendum – suggest a looming disconnection between political representatives and citizens. This perceived gap in representation gives fuel to populist parties, who claim to speak on behalf of the people suffering under the rule of disregarding elites (see Chapters 9 and 13). While representation used to be the solution to large-scale democracy, today it would seem, it is precisely what is causing problems to democratic societies all over the world (see Chapters 2 and 15). There is therefore an urgent need to acquire more knowledge about the dynamics of the relationship between the elected representatives and the people they represent.

We present in this chapter a panoramic view of the policy moods that characterize three important sets of political actors – deputies, senators, and presidents – in Latin America over the past two decades. We construct these policy moods to share the same scale on which the policy moods of citizens and the policies implemented by Latin American governments are located.

This chapter examines adult guardianship and powers of attorney in England and Wales today. Section I considers the origin of modern adult guardianship law in Roman law and traces its development in English common law through to the current legal and institutional infrastructure of mental capacity jurisdiction. It then introduces the procedures of appointing a deputy, and evaluates the safeguards provided by the Office of the Public Guardian. Section II focuses on the policy considerations underpinning the legislation on enduring and lasting powers of attorney, the development of policy and legislation over the past 35 years, and potential developments in the foreseeable future. The author also compares deputyship with attorneyship, and explains the advantages of the former over lasting powers of attorney.

This chapter evaluates enduring powers of attorney (EPA) law in Australian jurisdictions. It first describes capacity requirements for creating EPAs, the responsibilities of EPA 'representatives', the role of tribunals and courts in overseeing EPAs, and a new form of EPA known as a 'supportive attorney' established toward Australia's compliance with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Second, the chapter discusses recent and proposed reforms to install stronger safeguards, establish a registration scheme, and update the terminology surrounding EPAs. Third, the chapter evaluates the legislation and precedents that have developed the concept of conflict of interest as it applies to EPAs, for example in gift giving and transactions that otherwise benefit the EPA representative. The chapter ends by arguing that that regulation of conflict transactions is a key area that can contribute to reducing elder financial abuse and reveals deeper lessons about the nature and significance of EPAs in contemporary society.