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2 results

  • Chapter 8 - The Performance of Workers’ Cooperatives1

  • from Section 2 - Selected Core Issues of Cooperative Enterprise in a Historical Perspective
  • Edited by Patrizia Battilani, Università di Bologna, Harm G. Schröter, Universitetet i Bergen, Norway
  • Book:
    The Cooperative Business Movement, 1950 to the Present
    Published online:
    05 September 2012
    Print publication:
    27 August 2012, pp 195-221

  • Summary

    This chapter offers a historical survey of the four main co-op sectors such as agro-industry, retail trade, banking and insurance, discussing the comparative advantage of the cooperative form of enterprise in each sector and the different organizational forms developed. Cooperatives in agro-industry are by far the most numerous in the world, from the most advanced economies to the developing ones. When cooperative enterprises started to become better organized by the middle of the nineteenth century, only rural credit banks were developed in the agricultural sector, while cooperatives for land cultivation and, above all, food processing started to spread toward the end of the century. The chapter considers the missing sector and includes a few examples of successful industrial cooperatives which suggest that the conditions for success of cooperation in industry have been indeed quite exceptional during the second Industrial Revolution.

  • 17 - COMMUNICATIONS, TRANSPORT, RETAIL TRADE AND SERVICES

  • from PART 3 - ECONOMIC LIFE
  • Edited by W. B. Fisher
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of Iran
    Published online:
    28 March 2008
    Print publication:
    01 October 1968, pp 552-564

  • Summary

    Modern transport in Iran was first established on a navigable river. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, as British interests gradually pushed the construction of a road towards Shīrāz and Iṣfahān, Bushire was increasingly used as a port for southern Iran, and thus it became a major trading centre. The most outstanding Russian project was the construction in the first years of this century of a road about 200 miles long, from Rasht, near the Caspian Sea, to Tehrān. Rapid communication by telegraph had been available for some time before World War I. A major line, the Indo-European telephone and telegraph system, crossed western and southern Iran. British occupation during World War II, together with the presence of American transport experts, again proved to be beneficial to Iranian transport, the retail trade, and services. There was virtually no war damage, and despite heavy use both railways and roads were improved.