This chapter discusses procedural rights as protected by the European Convention on Human Rights, other Council of Europe instruments, in EU law and in international instruments. Attention is paid to topics like the right to access to a court, the independence and impartiality of courts, effective legal remedies, the right to a fair trial and procedural guarantees in criminal proceedings. In the final section, a short comparison between the different instruments is made.

Chapter 4 provides original data on the way sexual assault was adjudicated across the country in the wake of the Dear Colleague Letter. The chapter presents data gathered from eighty-five of the top colleges and universities over a twenty-seven-month period, from October 2014 to January 2017. It asks about rights deemed fundamental in a criminal trial including: the right to a live hearing, the right to question the opposing party, the right to appeal, and the right to remain silent.

This chapter develops the criteria relevant to assess a dispute resolution mechanism or DRM’s compliance with fair trial standards. The discussion focuses on the three broad fair trial guarantees that an institutional DRM must incorporate if it is to be considered appropriate. These are independence, impartiality and fairness. First, the discussion shows that for a DRM to be considered independent, it must possess institutional, decisional and personal/individual independence. Those three aspects will be explained succinctly. The chapter then focuses on the concept of judicial impartiality. For a fair trial to be provided, impartiality in its objective and subjective sense is critical. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how the right to a fair trial also demands that a claimant is treated fairly. Fairness is a broad guarantee and is explored through seven sub-component fair trial rights. Fairness cannot be achieved unless the right to equal access to the courts, the right to equality of arms, the right to an oral hearing, the right to appeal, the right to a reasoned judgment, the right to access justice without undue delay and the right to an effective remedy are provided for in the law, and importantly, practically realised.