Do not resuscitate (DNR) orders developed in response to the realization that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not appropriate for all patients, particularly those with terminal illness and otherwise dismal prognosis. Pediatric patients may or may not have the capacity to participate in medical decision making. Parents function as surrogate decision-makers, acting in the overall best interest of the child. This chapter explains CPR, citing the case study of a 4-year-old boy with metastatic neuroblastoma undergoing stem cell transplantation following intensive chemotherapy and radiation. CPR became a nearly ubiquitous final procedure for all hospitalized patients experiencing cardiopulmonary arrest, regardless of circumstances. Automatic suspension of DNR orders in the setting of anesthesia and surgery does not sufficiently recognize patients' rights to self-determination. When patients or their surrogate decision-makers, such as parents, do not wish to suspend DNR orders in the setting of surgery, few ethical arguments support ignoring their wishes.