Interspecific variation in seed size can affect seedling establishment in the light-limited understorey of rain forests. Large seeds with extensive seed reserves may allow seedlings to (1) persist in the deep shade, thereby increasing the likelihood of exposure to a canopy gap (Leishman & Westoby 1994, Saverimuttu & Westoby 1996); (2) promote growth, thereby allowing seedlings to reach higher light strata or to develop sufficient photosynthetic tissue to meet their energy needs in low light (Foster 1986); and (3) allow compensation for tissue losses to herbivores and pathogens (Armstrong & Westoby 1993, Foster 1986, Harms & Dalling 1997). However, comparisons of shade tolerance among species that vary in seed size have produced conflicting results; short-term seedling survival was strongly positively associated with seed size in several studies (Grime & Jeffrey 1965, Leishman & Westoby 1994), but only weakly in others (Augspurger 1984, Grubb & Metcalfe 1996).
