Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is the first diagnostic test used for patients with suspected mllerian anomalies. HSG can detect a two-chambered uterus and allow assessment of the size and extent of a septum. Two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography was previously done by the transabdominal route, but transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) is superior to the transabdominal route and is now the standard imaging technique for the uterus. The main advantage of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography over 2D is the ability to image the three orthogonal planes of the uterus, of which the coronal view is the most important. Sonohysterography is an ultrasound-aided technique that entails injection of normal saline into the uterine cavity. Many magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown a very high sensitivity of 100%, and more recently values of 95% have been reported in cases of mllerian anomalies. Uterine mllerian anomalies have a high frequency of adverse obstetric implications.

In most practices, sonohysterography is immediately preceded by high-frequency transvaginal sonography (TVS). Exact menstrual dating and latex allergy are documented first, and a negative pregnancy test is obtained, along with a signed informed consent, when appropriate. The purpose of the baseline ultrasound is to confirm all pelvic findings prior to the fluid enhancement study. Although sonohysterography provides an indirect look inside the uterus, its ability to accurately diagnose intracavitary filling defects, such as myomas and polyps and adhesions and even malformations, matches that of the gold standard hysteroscopy. This chapter lists out specific imaging examples for submucous myoma, endometrial polyp, blood clot, endometrial malignancy, intrauterine synechia and congenital uterine anomaly. It outlines three-dimensional saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS), sonosalpingography or hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography, operative SIS, and sonovaginography. Combining TVS with vaginal saline infusion may improve the ability to image structures surrounding the vagina, such as the rectovaginal septum for endometriosis.