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5 results

  • 7 - The Myth of “Anonymous” Gamete Donation in the Age of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing

  • from Part II - Privacy in the Age of Consumer Genetics
  • Edited by I. Glenn Cohen, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts, Nita A. Farahany, Henry T. Greely, Carmel Shachar, Harvard Law School, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Consumer Genetic Technologies
    Published online:
    27 August 2021
    Print publication:
    16 September 2021, pp 93-106

  • Summary

    Although the United States has long had a history of allowing anonymous gamete donation, that “anonymity” does not actually exist, given the increasingly widespread use of DTC genetic testing. Over 15 million people have undergone DTC autosomal genetic tests, and. recent studies show that a genetic database covering only two percent of the population could match nearly anyone in that population, especially if they are of European-descent. In the US, assisted reproduction is accessed overwhelmingly by those of European-descent. Thus, a legal regime that allows “anonymous” donation is misleading those involved with donor gametes. Although there are passionate debates about the need to preserve anonymity to ensure that there are enough sperm and egg donors available for those who seek assisted reproduction, those arguments are moot due to the state of DTC testing and the language of “anonymous” donation misleads all of the parties involved with donor conception. Clinics are able to claim this in order to ensure a steady supply of gamete donors. This chapter addresses the legal and ethical quandaries that the facade of anonymous donation creates and suggests how to best resolve these issues with both public law and private governance strategies.

  • Chapter 28 - Ovarian tissue cryopreservation

  • from Section 7 - Ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation
  • Edited by Jacques Donnez, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, S. Samuel Kim, University of Kansas
  • Book:
    Principles and Practice of Fertility Preservation
    Published online:
    04 February 2011
    Print publication:
    03 February 2011, pp 342-356

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on patients with testicular cancer and lymphoma that generally affects younger patients in the reproductive window with an excellent overall survival. The chance of recovery of spermatogenesis depends on the chemotherapeutic regimen as well as the baseline function of the patient. The existence of a previously cryopreserved sperm greatly simplifies the algorithm for the post chemotherapeutic azoospermic man and, essentially, the couple can go directly to in vitro fertilization (IVF). Azoospermia after chemotherapy can be due to the patient's chemotherapeutic regimen, the use of radiation, the extent of surgery, the disease itself, the baseline function of the patient or any combination of the aforementioned factors. Additional counseling is recommended for those patients who choose the assistance of third-party reproduction. Gamete donation has made it possible for participants to cross generational lines and has raised many complicated ethical issues.

  • Chapter 18 - Laboratory techniques in IVF

  • Edited by Gab Kovacs
  • Book:
    The Subfertility Handbook
    Published online:
    06 December 2010
    Print publication:
    11 November 2010, pp 193-210

  • Summary

    Donor insemination (DI) remains a very important treatment option with acceptable pregnancy rates. In order to optimize pregnancy rates with DI, careful consideration should be given to various aspects of this service, including the recruitment and screening of sperm donors, cryopreservation of semen, and the screening and management of recipients. This chapter examines these important aspects of treatment to consider how to optimize DI services in the future. Treatment using DI was initially designed to treat male factor infertility. However, DI remains a therapeutic option for male factor infertility when either too few or no sperm are obtained at surgical sperm aspiration. With the advent of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) many assumed that DI would become a very limited treatment. Although the numbers of cycles have reduced considerably there has been an increasing trend for DI to be used for other groups of patients such as single women and lesbians.

  • Chapter 15 - Cryopreservation of oocytes by slow cooling

  • from Section 4 - Cryopreservation of oocytes
  • Edited by Ri-Cheng Chian, McGill University, Montréal, Patrick Quinn
  • Book:
    Fertility Cryopreservation
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    13 May 2010, pp 120-130

  • Summary

    Sperm cryopreservation plays an important role in the field of male infertility and reproductive medicine. A donor sperm cryopreservation program has been developed and improved in mainland China. The conventional approach to sperm cryopreservation is to simply dilute semen with cryoprotectant and cryopreserve in liquid nitrogen until the sperm samples are thawed for use. Patients with spinal cord injuries often have a problem with poor sperm production as well as ejaculation after the damage. Electroejaculation is usually performed under a general anesthesia while the patient is placed in lateral decubitus. With the advance of new approaches for sperm vitrification, treatment of male infertility will become more effective without using sperm donors. Using vitrification for cryopreservation of sperm obtained from testicular biopsy, epididymal fluid, or a semen sample after electroejaculation could create new hope for infertile men.

  • 51 - Cryopreservation of Male Gametes

  • from PART III - ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
  • Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, University of South Alabama, Juan A. Garcia-Velasco, Hassan N. Sallam, Antonis Makrigiannakis, University of Crete
  • Book:
    Infertility and Assisted Reproduction
    Published online:
    04 August 2010
    Print publication:
    15 September 2008, pp 466-477

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses the techniques, methodology, and procedures that are highly relevant to the current practice of assisted human reproduction and sperm banking. Cryopreservation of sperm cut down the necessity of obtaining fresh sperm for subsequent assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles. Abundant evidence exists in literature indicating that frozen sperm are as good as fresh sperm in fertilizing oocytes and subsequent developments. The success of cryopreservation is affected by many factors including membrane permeability, amount of intracellular water, type of cryoprotectant, and the method of freezing and thawing. Four cryoprotectants that are most often used for cryopreservation of human spermatozoa are: glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol, propanediol, egg yolk and buffering agents. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) practice committee recommends evaluations of potential sperm donors incorporating recent information about optimal screening and testing for sexually transmitted infections, genetic diseases, and psychological assessments.