This article traces recent changes of the practices and justifications of the use of force in intervention, in the context of African security governance, highlighting how these changes interact with norm transformations at the scale of the global order. In doing so, it conveys how a long-standing pattern of norm contestation between international and African actors over external intervention vs sovereignty, has started to give way to a mutually accepted division of labour. After 9/11, the paradigm of liberal interventionism has been incrementally replaced by the framework of stabilisation, with a re-prioritisation of sovereigntist agendas. This has increased collaboration between international and African actors, specifically prompting the United Nations and the African Union to divide tasks of mandating and enforcement, thereby increasing inter-institutional ‘order’. This consensus, however, far from signifying wider compliance with ‘liberal ordering’ principles, rather indicates the need to revisit central assumptions of the International Relations norm diffusion literature. While the latter emphasises the diffusion of ‘good’ international norms, especially pertaining to human rights and democratisation, the growing consensus on ‘intervention as stabilisation’ instead exposes how post-9/11 justifications of practices that carry the potential to downsize the scope of such norms, are starting to resonate across international, regional and national sites of policy and practice.

Many traumatised children in Australia do not receive the type of trauma-focused treatment endorsed by international guidelines and, as such, they suffer from the consequences of intergenerational trauma. Even when trauma-focused treatment is available, there is a group of children who are difficult to engage in treatment and do not want to talk about their traumatic memories. Clinicians are often reluctant to address the trauma, for fear of ‘waking up sleeping dogs’. All children deserve a chance to heal from trauma and I believe we, as a society, have a responsibility to provide children with appropriate services and treatment methods to help them achieve this. This article describes the Sleeping Dogs method, a three-phased trauma-focused treatment method, based on a collaborative use of interventions by therapists, child-protection workers, residential staff, school and the child's network. A Six Test Form is used to analyse the possible reasons why the child is unable to talk about his or her traumatic memories, for which interventions are planned. Case examples with children who can be difficult to engage in trauma-focused treatment are used to illustrate interventions. Clinical experiences show the Sleeping Dogs method has been successfully used internationally, as well as remote communities in Australia.

As long as all interest rates move in tandem – including the rate of return on paper currency – economic theory suggests no important difference between interest rate changes in the positive region and interest rate changes in the negative region. Indeed, in standard models, only the real interest rate and spreads between real interest rates matter. Thus, in most respects, negative interest rate policy is conventional. It is only (a) what needs to be done with paper currency, (b) difficulties in understanding negative rates or (c) institutional features interacting with negative rates that make negative interest rate policy unconventional.

Mandates of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions increasingly include stabilisation and peace enforcement components, which imply a proactive use of force often carried out by national, regional or multinational non-UN partners, operating either in support of or with the support of the UN, acting as ‘proxies’. This article analyses the legal, policy and perception/security implications of different types of ‘peace operations by proxy’ and the additional challenges that such operations create for humanitarian action. It suggests some mitigating measures, including opportunities offered by the UN Human Rights Due Diligence Policy, for a more coherent approach to the protection of civilians, but also acknowledges some of the limitations to an independent UN-led humanitarian action.

The paper analyses exchange rate regimes implemented by the major Latin American (LA) countries since the 1950s, with special attention to the period beginning in the 1970s. The aim is to evaluate the relationship between exchange rate regimes and macroeconomic performance. After an overview of the main trends followed by the major LA countries over the last 60 years, the paper focusses on regimes that were implemented (1) with stabilisation purposes (nominal anchor) and (2) with the aim of targeting competitive and stable real exchange rates. These sections analyse in greater detail some important links between exchange rate regimes and macroeconomic performance. The paper closes with an assessment of the experiences with exchange rate regimes in LA.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 2273/2003 regulates price stabilisation activities for equity initial public offerings (IPOs) in Europe as a form of permitted market manipulation. To test the actual practices and effects of stabilisation we empirically analyse the support provided by underwriters of 141 Italian IPOs from 2000 through to 2008. We find that underwriters support the share prices not only by short covering, but also by posting pure stabilisation bids. Pure short covering is mostly used by more reputable underwriters for IPOs with higher institutional participation and more secondary shares in the offer, whereas the opposite is true for pure stabilization IPOs. We try to identify some patterns in underwriters' aftermarket activities and analyse the extent to which the stabilisation activity, permitted for four weeks after trading begins, produces temporary or permanent effects on share prices.

This paper is an attempt at assessing the economic impact of market-oriented reforms undertaken during General Franco's dictatorship, in particular the 1959 Stabilisation and Liberalisation Plan. Using an index of macroeconomic distortions, the relationship between economic policies and the growth record is examined. Although a gradual reduction in macroeconomic distortions was already in motion during the 1950s, the 1959 Plan opened the way to a new institutional design that favoured a free market allocation of resources and allowed Spain to accelerate growth and catch up with Western Europe. Without the 1950s reforms and, especially, the 1959 Plan, per capita GDP would have been significantly lower in 1975.

This article analyses, from a comparative law and economics perspective, the regulatory regimes for the stabilisation of share prices during IPOs in the United States and the European Union. Pure stabilisation, which is the principal form of stabilisation forms the focus of this study. With respect to ancillary stabilisation, i.e., the overallotment facility and greenshoe option, Germany and Italy are taken as examples for describing the concrete functioning of the discipline in Europe as compared to the United States. First, the article argues that the economic rationality of pure stabilisation may cast doubt on its effective use because of its high potential costs. Furthermore, a credible commitment problem of the syndicate's intervention may lead to a possible discrepancy between the ratio legis of the prospectus disclosure discipline and the ratio legis of the pure stabilisation activity. Second, the article shows that the judgement on the proper working of ancillary stabilisation crucially depends on the binding or non-binding character of investors' adhesions with respect to the final price setting, i.e., on something that is regulated by European law and national contract law.

This paper is concerned with the stabilisation of linear time-delay systems by tuning a finite number of parameters. Such problems typically arise in thedesign of fixed-order controllers. As time-delay systems exhibit an infinite amount of characteristic roots, a full assignment of the spectrum is impossible. However, if the system is stabilisable for the given parameter set, stability can in principle always be achieved through minimising the real part of the rightmostcharacteristic root, or spectral abscissa, in function of the parameters to be tuned. In general, the spectral abscissa is a nonsmooth and nonconvex function, precludingthe use of standard optimisation methods. Instead, we use a recently developed bundle gradient optimisation algorithm which has already been successfully applied to fixed-order controller design problems for systems of ordinary differential equations. In dealing with systems of time-delay type, we extend the use of this algorithm toinfinite-dimensional systems. This is realised by combining the optimisation method with advanced numerical algorithms toefficiently and accurately compute the rightmost characteristic roots of such time-delay systems. Furthermore, the optimisation procedure is adapted, enabling it to perform a local stabilisation of a nonlinear time-delay system along a branch of steady state solutions. We illustrate the use of the algorithm by presenting results for some numerical examples.

We consider the exact controllability and stabilization of Maxwell equation by using results on the propagation of singularities of the electromagnetic field. We will assume geometrical control condition and use techniques of the work of Bardos et al. on the wave equation. The problem of internal stabilization will be treated with more attention because the condition divE=0 is not preserved by the system of Maxwell with Ohm's law.

Différents aspects de la conservation, de l'aménagement et de la revitalisation des cours d'eau sont présentés par la description des concepts, des méthodes, des matériaux et des résultats obtenus. Une place particulière est faite aux méthodes du génie végétal permettant d'atteindre des résultats hydroécologiques fonctionnels. Les fondements sont expliqués, de même que les paramètres à prendre en compte pour qu'une opération soit réussie au point de vue technique et surtout biologique. Le génie végétal s'inscrit dans un contexte de développement durable des hydrosystèmes utilisés par l'Homme, basés sur la conservation ou la réimplantation de systèmes dynamiques rivulaires disparus. Il s'inscrit, tout comme d'autres «génies», dans la panoplie des techniques à disposition des ingénieurs pour résoudre certains problèmes d'érosion. L'ensemble de l'article donne une information et un état des connaissances actuelles sur le génie végétal. Il est cependant clairement démontré qu'il utilise les plantes vivantes comme matériaux de construction permettant d'obtenir des ouvrages extrêmement fonctionnels et durables. Il n'emploie pas les végétaux comme éléments cosmétiques de décoration d'ouvrage de génie civil ! Toute intervention sur un cours d'eau n'étant pas forcément souhaitable, l'opportunité d'une variante zéro est envisagée. La philosophie devant prévaloir aux aménagements de cours d'eau se base sur une logique naturelle qui veut que le végétal, selon les cas, soit privilégié avant le minéral : - 1) Déterminer s'il y a réellement lieu de devoir intervenir en fonction des impacts et des enjeux (variante zéro) - 2) Evaluer si les techniques végétales peuvent satisfaire à la résolution des problèmes.- 3) En cas contraire, établir si des techniques combinées peuvent pallier aux problèmes. - 4) Seulement à ce stade, appliquer une technique habituelle de génie civil pour autant qu'elle s'avère raisonnable et proportionnée. Aménager un cours d'eau n'est pas qu'une simple affaire de calculs hydrauliques. Une connaissance des fonctions biologiques est nécessaire à l'élaboration des concepts d'intervention. Une analyse fine de l'ensemble du cours d'eau selon des critères hydroécologiques s'avère aujourd'hui indispensable. Pour mener à bien la conception d'une conservation, d'un aménagement naturel ou d'une revitalisation de cours d'eau, des directives sont proposées.