This paper discusses different dimensions of social support which can be examined in the context of family care of the elderly. It calls for a greater measure of theoretical and empirical precision in relating specific types and sources of actual and perceived support to the particular demands and burdens faced by family caregivers at different stages in the course of caregiving. In addition, it spotlights three critical topics for future research: (1) analysis of the ways in which social support affects and is affected by chronic stressors; (2) examination of the determinants of actual and perceived support; and (3) the design and evaluation of interventions aimed to mobilize or augment the support provided to family caregivers.

Using data from a Canadian national sample, participation in three activities - going to public places, travel, and going on outings - in a sample of 4,258 respondents aged 55 and over is examined. OLS regression results indicate that the childless go to public places and travel as frequently as parents and go on outings more frequently than parents. Significant differences are also found for gender, marital status, health, and education. Logistic regression results indicate that the childless are more likely to seek companionship with friends and other relatives than are parents. However, gender and marital status are more often significant predictors of source of companionship than is parent status. We conclude that the childless negotiate unique social participation networks which ensure social participation outside the home.