The epilogue brings the narrative from the early years of the new century to recent events, just before sending the manuscript to print, in mid 2024. It tells of the changing attitudes in Germany both towards Jews living in that country and towards Israel and its policies of occupation in the Palestinian West Bank. The unique German–Israeli relationship during the last two decades is sketched against the background of the past, and finally, it is attempted to draw a balance between the apparent achievement of a decent Jewish life in Germany, on the one hand, and the new dangers of a rising politically organized right, simultaneously with a growing critique of Israel and the apparent emergence of a new antisemitism, on the other hand.

Chapter 1 examines urban development in the predominately Judaean parts of Palestine. It demonstrates that urban development involved the gradual administrative, physical, and cultural transformation of Hellenistic settlements. Elite interests fueled urban development, but involved more than just consumption and exploitation. In Jerusalem, urban development stimulated trade and technological development, created jobs, and bolstered the pilgrimage economy centered on the Temple. The pace of urban development in the Galilee was slower than is usually presumed. Archaeological evidence shows that Tiberias witnessed considerable transformations in the first half of the first century CE, but Sepphoris did not become a proper city (polis) until the second half of that century. In order to complicate the assumptions about urban exploitation of rural producers, this chapter calls attention to the proliferation and relative stability of Galilean villages. It also highlights the diverse economic activities in semi-urban district centers like Magdala. Although most elites lived in cities, some resided in these district centers.