Introduction. Farm typologies and cropping practice typologies generally aim at seeking determinants of existing crop management strategies. They constitute the first step for setting improvement goals for cropping systems. Though there are a host of farm typology methods, few deal specifically with farmers’ practices, and even fewer investigate the correlations between practices. We propose here a framework for analysing the determinants of crop management, based on a vision of a crop management sequence condensed into logical combinations of cropping techniques. Materials and methods. This analytical framework was applied to the case of Guadeloupian citrus production, using a representative sample of 41 producers. Three stages were necessary to implement our analytical framework. At stage 1, logical and ordered combinations of cropping practices (CCPs), constitutive of observed as well as reference crop managements (RCMs), were identified through expert analysis. Based on measurements of deviations between farmers’ CCPs and RCMs’ CCPs, a typology of cropping practices was next built. At stage 2, the performances of farmers’ crop managements were evaluated using relevant indicators. Finally, at stage 3, constraints – either related to the environment or to the whole farm management – that determined producers’ cropping practices were identified for making, with the stakeholders, proposals for further technical improvements. Results. Crop management sequences were condensed into five CCPs. A technical profile was then determined for every producer, before a multiple correspondence factorial analysis was run. It identified two groups of producers with contrasting technical profiles. The collective analysis of these results pointed out “weed management” as a major constraint on the cropping systems, revealing that the RCM was inadequate in a context of impossible mechanisation. Discussion. Restructuring complex sequences of cropping techniques into five logical combinations of techniques enabled the comparison with a reference crop management. The cropping systems’ constraints and the objectives for further improvements were then set up collectively by the farmers and social stakeholders, along with the researchers. This analysis constitutes the first stage of a process of redesigning cropping systems, and its result provides a sound basis for a participatory approach

Introduction. Cropping systems of the mango trees in West Africa are very varied. Each one of them developed in a specific context where the agronomical practices and the varietal composition of the orchards contribute to the diversity observed. The study undertaken should make it possible to better understand the influence of the potential outlets on the evolution of the regional mango production. Principal cropping systems. In the studied area, the main part of the mango orchards has less than 10 ha; their production is extensive and uses few inputs. They belong in majority to growers whose principal activity is centred on agriculture. Certain plantations close to 100 ha, found in Senegal or in Côte.d'ivoire, belong to exporters and profit from a technical assistance. Agronomical practices. The study of the agronomical practices used in mango orchards of West Africa made it possible to analyze the aspects of seedling production, choice of the site, installation of the orchard before plantation, plantation and maintenance of the trees, fire protection, water management, as well as the effect of the export market on the varietal choice and the varietal offer during a harvest campaign. Diseases and enemies. An inventory of the pathological problems and physiological diseases likely to devalue the production were carried out. Marketing. This part made it possible to distinguish intercontinental exports, requiring a specific harvest and conditioning organization, and the local, national and regional markets. Processing. Today, the share of transformed mangos into West Africa uses only one negligible proportion of the total production. Conclusion and prospects. Beside a traditional production which presents signs of brittleness appear modern orchards. More than a necessary intensification of the orchards, a rationalization of the agronomical practices, plant health protection, fruit harvest or handling are impossible to circumvent. Downstream, the export path is confronted with a fast evolution of the exogenous regulations, based on qualitative and sanitary standards increasingly strict.

Introduction. A study was done to compare Gruesa, a local dwarf Cavendish selection, with two other cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup in the open air or under greenhouse conditions in two localities of the Canary Islands. Materials and methods. The trials were set up with the cultivars Zelig, Grande Naine and Gruesa in four plots on the northern slope: one outdoors and three under three different greenhouse covers (one with polyethylene lamina and the other two with different types of mesh), and in one outdoor plot on the southern slope of the island of Tenerife. Morphological, phenological and production characteristics were studied over three productive cycles. Results. Significant differences were found in both plant height (Grande Naine > Zelig > Gruesa) and pseudostem thickness (Gruesa > Grande Naine = Zelig). Each cultivar showed a stable [height:thickness] ratio, remaining the same in all trial conditions. Gruesa cycle length was longer than those of the other two cultivars, emitting more leaves until bunch emergency. Gruesa produced the most hands per bunch and the most fingers per hand. In all cultivars, finger length was directly related to pseudostem height. All three cultivars produced well, with fruits very similar in organoleptic traits. A reduction in cycle length and a slight increase in productivity were observed in the northern plot under the polyethylene cover compared with the plots under other covers and outdoors. Conclusion. Gruesa appears more recommendable than Zelig and Grande Naine for open-air plantations in windy localities.

Introduction. Notre étude a eu pour objectif de comparer la production fruitière des karités de parcs agroforestiers à celle d’arbres présents dans les formations naturelles. Matériel et méthodes. La production fruitière de karités a été évaluée à l’aide d’un inventaire systématique effectué en 2002 sur trois transects établis à cheval sur deux types de peuplements : un parc agroforestier et une formation naturelle. Cet inventaire a permis de prélever dix fruits par arbre, qui ont été mesurés et pesés. Le rendement en amandes sèches a été évalué sur la production de deux lots de 25 arbres localisés l’un dans un parc agroforestier et l’autre dans une formation naturelle. Résultats. Nos résultats ont montré que 94 % des arbres des parcs agroforestiers avaient fructifié pendant la période d’étude contre 56 % des arbres présents dans les formations naturelles. Le rendement moyen en amandes des arbres des parcs, d’environ 4 kg·arbre–1, a été statistiquement supérieur à celui des arbres des formations naturelles (1,5 kg·arbre–1 environ). Il en a été de même pour les longueurs moyennes (3,7 cm contre 2,9 cm) et les largeurs moyennes (3,0 cm contre 2,3 cm) des fruits des arbres analysés dans l’un et l’autre des deux types de peuplements échantillonnés. Le poids moyen d’une amande sèche des arbres des parcs agroforestiers, de 4,5 g environ, a différé significativement de celui des arbres des formations naturelles (2,6 g). Discussion et conclusion. Les karités des parcs agroforestiers peuvent donc être considérés comme des « arbres-plus » par rapport à ceux des formations naturelles.

Introduction. Les systèmes de production du manguier en Afrique de l’Ouest sont très variés. Chacun d’eux s’est développé dans un contexte spécifique où l’itinéraire technique et la composition variétale des plantations contribuent à la diversité observée. L’étude entreprise devrait permettre de mieux comprendre l’influence des débouchés potentiels sur l’évolution de cette filière horticole. Les principaux systèmes de plantation. Dans la région étudiée, l’essentiel des vergers de manguiers exploités a moins de 10 ha ; leur production est extensive et utilise peu d’intrants. Ils appartiennent en majorité à des planteurs dont l’activité principale est centrée sur l’agriculture. Certaines plantations proches de 100 ha, trouvées au Sénégal ou en Côte d’Ivoire, appartiennent à des exportateurs et bénéficient d’un encadrement technique. Les itinéraires techniques. L’étude des itinéraires techniques utilisés en vergers de manguiers en Afrique de l’Ouest a permis d’analyser les aspects de production de plants, choix du site, aménagement du verger avant plantation, plantation et entretien des arbres, protection contre les incendies, alimentation hydrique, ainsi que l’effet du marché d’exportation sur le choix variétal et l’offre variétale au cours d’une campagne de récolte. Maladies et ennemis. Un inventaire des problèmes pathologiques et des maladies physiologiques susceptibles de dévaloriser la production a été effectué. Commercialisation. Cette partie a permis de distinguer les exportations intercontinentales, nécessitant une organisation spécifique de la récolte et du conditionnement, et les marchés locaux, nationaux et régionaux. La transformation. Aujourd’hui, la part des mangues transformées en Afrique de l’Ouest n’utilise qu’une proportion infime de la production totale. Conclusion et perspectives. À côté d’une production traditionnelle qui présente des signes de fragilité apparaissent des vergers modernes. Plus qu’une intensification des vergers, par ailleurs nécessaire, une rationalisation des pratiques agronomiques, de la protection phytosanitaire, de la récolte ou de la manipulation des fruits est incontournable. En aval, la filière d’exportation se trouve confrontée à une évolution rapide des réglementations exogènes, basées sur des normes qualitatives et sanitaires de plus en plus strictes.

Introduction. In Cameroon, most subsistence farmers apply a mixed cropping system, resulting in a range of possible nematode host plants. Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are an important component of these cropping systems, both as a source of cash income and as a staple food. In order to program future extension projects, our study analyzed the cropping associations and their constraints in the West and Northwest provinces of Cameroon highlands. As nematodes have been identified as a major constraint to Musa production worldwide, we tried to assess the nematode presence. Materials and methods. A survey of over 200 households was done throughout the Cameroon highlands to identify the types of crop associations and preferences, management practices and pest awareness of small-scale farmers. In addition, samples were taken to examine the prevalence of Pratylenchus goodeyi on bananas and plantains in the home garden and one field of each household visited. Results and discussion. Cropping systems were highly variable between households, in so far as they could not easily be typified. Thirty-eight crops were identified planted in association with Musa spp. Bananas and plantains ranked as the most important crop for 43% of the farmers, followed by the staple crop maize (19%) and the traditional cash crop coffee (12%). Pest awareness (% awareness) was relatively high with respect to weevils (72%). The major constraints as perceived by the farmers related to leaf necrosis, weevils and nematode damage. Nevertheless, only 15% of them had heard of a nematode before. All root samples revealed nematode presence (over 40% showed more than 104 individuals·100 g–1 root fresh weight). P. goodeyi was the dominant species found.