Non-Alignment also was a creation of India’s Jawaharlal Nehru, though Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito and Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser established the movement of bloc-free status in the Cold War, by 1961. Unlike Asian-African Internationalism, Non-Alignment attracted a large number of sub-Saharan African states. In 1961-1965, Non-Alignment developed into the antagonist of Asian-African internationalism, particularly in the context of China’s radicalized policies towards the Afro-Asian world. But victory in this struggle still left Non-Alignment deeply shaken. The June War in 1967 between Israel and its Arab neighbors further taxed the movement’s internal unity and political raison d’être, since the founding member Egypt was one of the belligerents in a conflict in which the superpower blocs lined up behind the two warring sides. The Soviet-led intervention in Czechoslovakia the following year forced Tito to pull back from instituting Non-Aligned collaboration with the Socialist Camp. Yet, against the background of the ongoing Indochina conflict, Non-Alignment still sided increasingly with the Socialist Camp in the first half of the 1970s, undermining its own purpose in the long term.

The decade after 1964 witnessed two major cataclysmic conflicts—the June War in 1967 and the October War in 1973. Since 1964, American and Soviet influence in the Middle East was growing while the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors deepened, leading to June War in 1967 and the subsequent three-year Israeli-Arab stalemate. As the Socialist Camp and Free World lined up behind the Arab side and Israel, respectively, in the June War, the global Cold War superimposed itself on the preexisting regional conflict. Until the fall of 1970, superpower antagonism supported local actors in buttressing the Israeli-Arab stalemate. Egypt’s decision to seek a unilateral arrangement with Israel in late 1970 required the prior weakening of Soviet influence in the region. Thus, while Middle Eastern countries had enticed the superpowers to permeate the region in the second half of the 1960s, one of regional actors—Egypt—took active steps to push one of the hegemons and, in the process, the Cold War out of the region again. When Cairo was unable to engage Washington diplomatically, it decided to go to war in October 1973 to force the Middle East conflict onto the American agenda.