The interface between digitalized information (Data), intellectual property, privacy regulations, and competition law in the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) scenario is currently triggering the interest of politicians, businessmen, the academic community, and, even, the general public. The groups are interested for different reasons; for example, businessmen see an opportunity for the creation of wealth; researchers see the possibility of gaining, analyzing, and distributing knowledge efficiently; and everyone acknowledges that the collection and distribution of data may raise several concerns in reference to private and public power, freedom, privacy, and data protection concerns.

This chapter takes stock of current research concerning undergraduate research in Scandinavia. A literature search identified relatively few studies that explicitly employ this concept. There is a strong emphasis on “research-based education” as a principle in all three Scandinavian countries, with a broader view on linking research and education. In recent years, perspectives emphasizing inquiry, student-centeredness and problem-based learning have attracted considerable attention. There are also other indications of practices associated with students behaving as researchers – e.g., the relatively wide use of the bachelors’ thesis and specific examples of institutions and cases where principles from undergraduate research have been employed. More recent developments include theuse of honours programmes.

English as a university subject covers a very wide range of topics, with variation around the world both in scope and in how programmes are organized. Work in English is often more or less formally divided into sub-disciplines. In the UK, language, literature, and creative writing are the three most common subdivisions. In Europe, different divisions are made and students on English programmes often look at two or more of these areas. In the USA, divisions are stronger, with very little work in universities that combines or connects linguistic and literary perspectives. This chapter focuses on undergraduate research on language, literature and creative writing, without presupposing that this encompasses all that can be covered by English or that these areas should be sharply distinguished. It highlights higher education in the UK, partly because there is little data on international practice and anecdotal evidence often relates to particular institutions.

The Indo-Islamic world: What it is and how it came about, its geographical range and foundations, the origins and spread of agriculture and settled society, its world-historical context, the medieval centuries, and the transformations of the early modern centuries.

After completing the data collection and analysis, the research problem, the data collected, and the findings need to be presented in a logical, consistent, and persuasive report. This chapters outlines a typical format for such a research report, and describes the contents of each section. It also discusses oral presentations and writing for publication.

After completing the data collection and analysis, the research problem, the data collected, and the findings need to be presented in a logical, consistent, and persuasive report. This chapters outlines a typical format for such a research report, and describes the contents of each section. It also discusses oral presentations and writing for publication.