Studies and victimization surveys suggest that many, if not most, crimes are not reported to legal authorities. This is problematic because: (1) legal authorities are unable to address crimes they are unaware of, and victim or bystander reporting is the primary route by which authorities are made aware of crimes; and (2) people’s willingness to report crimes is an indicator of the public’s willingness to cooperate with legal authorities, which has long been noted as necessary for an effective criminal justice system in democratic societies. Academic attention to the role of bystanders was catalyzed largely by the story surrounding the assault and murder of Kitty Genovese in New York City in the 1960s, which elicited the question of why bystanders fail to report crimes. This chapter is about situational and bystander characteristics that relate to bystander decisions to report crime and provide information to legal authorities. It identifies gaps in the literature and proposes directions for future research.

Embryo donation is a unique and novel disposition option and family-building choice for patients. While there are an estimated one million surplus embryos cryopreserved around the world, embryo donation cases remain low. At the same time, interest in embryo donation is on the rise, as an increasing number of patients consider alternative methods of family creation. The heightened interest in embryo donation necessitates skilled fertility counselors to provide education and counseling to patients on both the donor and recipient side. Potential embryo donors often struggle with decision making around the disposition of their remaining embryos, while potential recipients may grapple with the notion of nongenetic parenting and their relationship to their donors and their donor-conceived children. The fertility counselor can play an integral role in helping patients navigate their decision making and their new relationships and family structure. This chapter explores the historical, logistical, psychosocial and relational considerations of embryo donation. The chapter highlights the important role of the fertility counselor throughout an embryo donation journey, and offers frameworks, best practices, and therapeutic tools that counselors can utilize as they work to support their patients.

With the increasing fear that democracy is faltering worldwide, it is perhaps naïve to think that there could actually exist a rational and well-ordered system for electing the president of the United States. Yet the opposite idea—that the process for picking the president is irrational and arbitrary, failing to reflect the real preferences of the electorate—is deeply unsettling. The American president wields too much power for the incumbent to be the product of an incoherent procedure. For the sake of humanity as a whole, as well as the people of the United States, it is essential to endeavor as best as is humanly possible to conceptualize what a coherent and sensible system for presidential elections might be.