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4 - WTO Law and Cross-Border Data Flows
from Part I - Global Trade Law and Policy in the Age of Big Data
- By Andrew D. Mitchell, Neha Mishra
Edited by Mira Burri
Book:

Big Data and Global Trade Law

Published online:

09 July 2021

Print publication:

29 July 2021, pp 83-112
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Summary

Laws and regulations hindering data flows across borders are trade-restrictive, and some of these measures can violate WTO and PTAs' obligations. The chapter starts by exploring the multi-layered policy framework governing data flows and cross-border data flows identifying various policy goals typically associated with data restrictions.
This includes exploring the various elements required within the WTO framework to address the policy ramifications of data restrictive measures, focusing on General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The chapter then explains the trade-related aspects of data flow regulation by focusing on two interconnected topics: (i) the special nature of digital trade and trade in data that makes it harder to apply existing GATS provisions to digital services; and (ii) those aspects of data flows that are trade-related and, thus, should be addressed in a trade law framework. Finally, the chapter proposes a novel WTO framework on data flows by identifying the foundational principles for data regulation and the legal provisions necessary to enable security, predictability and certainty in data flows.

EFFECTS OF REGIONALIZED TRADE RESTRICTIONS ON QUANTITY EXPORTED DURING A HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA EVENT
JADA M. THOMPSON
Journal:

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics / Volume 50 / Issue 2 / May 2018

Published online by Cambridge University Press:

02 April 2018, pp. 270-289
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From December 2014 to June 2015, U.S. poultry was affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza that led to destruction of 48 million birds and losses in international trade. During the event, 45 countries placed trade restrictions on U.S. poultry exports, varying from regionalized to national poultry restrictions. Using a gravity model of trade, the effects on quantity traded is estimated for poultry exports at the aggregated and disaggregated commodity level to understand product flows during an event. Results indicate U.S. poultry exports benefit from countries willing to apply limited trade restrictions, and the trade impact varies across disaggregated commodities.

38 - The stationers and the printing acts at the end of the seventeenth century
from DISRUPTION AND RESTRUCTURING: THE LATE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BOOK TRADE
- By Michael Treadwell, Trent University
Edited by John Barnard, University of Leeds, D. F. McKenzie, University of Oxford
With Maureen Bell, University of Birmingham
Book:

The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain

Published online:

28 March 2008

Print publication:

14 November 2002, pp 755-776
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Summary

The immediate context of the Press Act was the wide-ranging legislative programme undertaken during the first session of the Cavalier Parliament from 8 May 1661 to 19 May 1662, a programme which a recent historian of that Parliament has characterized as 'the reconstruction of the old regime'. The three main concerns of the Act were with what may be called licensing, trade restrictions, and printing rights, which together represent the interests of the government and the Stationers' Company. The licensing provisions of the Printing Act were complex in practice, but simple in principle. There were long lists of specified licensers for various categories of books and elaborate rules on the number of manuscripts to be submitted. The Stationers' 'monopoly' was in fact the thing which most troubled opponents of the Act, though they were concerned, not so much with the Company's near-monopoly control over the working members of the trade.