The contribution of neurologic, genetic, and demographic variables to decline in cognition was examined in 70 early- to mid-stage patients with Huntington's disease (HD) using random effects modeling. Study participants were followed prospectively at baseline and at four annual reevaluations. Only modest decline was noted on most neuropsychological variables. Neurologic dysfunction, assessed using the Quantified Neurologic Examination (QNE), proved to be the strongest predictor of cognitive decline. While significantly predictive of more rapid decline in neurologic functioning, CAG repeat length was not generally related to cognitive decline after adjusting for QNE, with the exception of performance on a single test of visual scanning and psychomotor speed (i.e., Trail Making Test, Part A). We propose that CAG repeat length is more closely linked with changes in basal ganglia that predominate in early- to mid-stage HD than with cortical degeneration seen later in disease progression. Such a relationship would explain the predictive value that CAG repeat length plays in changes associated with automatic motor response programs (e.g., QNE and Trail Making Test, Part A) but not in dysfunction on tasks requiring higher-order processing. (JINS, 2006, 12, 445–454.)

The trpRNA-binding Attenuation Protein (TRAP) from Bacillus subtilis is an 11-subunit protein that binds a series of 11 GAG and UAG repeats separated by two to three-spacer nucleosides in trp leader mRNA. The structure of TRAP bound to an RNA containing 11 GAG repeats shows that the RNA wraps around the outside of the protein ring with each GAG interacting with the protein in nearly identical fashion. The only direct hydrogen bond interactions between the protein and the RNA backbone are to the 2′-hydroxyl groups on the third G of each repeat. Replacing all 11 of these guanosines with deoxyriboguanosine eliminates measurable binding to TRAP. In contrast, a single riboguanosine in an otherwise entirely DNA oligonucleotide dramatically stabilizes TRAP binding, and facilitates the interaction of the remaining all-DNA portion with the protein. Studies of TRAP binding to RNAs with between 2 and 11 GAGs, UAGs, AAGs, or CAGs showed that the stability of a TRAP-RNA complex is not directly proportional to the number of repeats in the RNA. These studies also showed that the effect of the identity of the residue in the first position of the triplet, with regard to binding to TRAP, is dependent on the number of repeats in the RNA. Together these data support a model in which TRAP binds to RNA by first forming an initial complex with a small subset of the repeats followed by a cooperative interaction with the remaining triplets.

The trpRNA-binding Attenuation Protein (TRAP) from Bacillus subtilis binds a series of GAG and UAG repeats separated by 2–3 nonconserved spacer nucleotides in trp leader mRNA. To identify chemical groups on the RNA required for stability of the TRAP–RNA complex, we introduced several different nucleoside analogs into each pentamer of the RNA sequence 5′-(UAGCC)-3′ repeated 11 times and measured their effect on the TRAP–RNA interaction. Deoxyribonucleoside substitutions revealed that a 2′-hydroxyl group (2′-OH) is required only on the guanosine occupying the third residue of the RNA triplets for high-affinity binding to TRAP. The remaining hydroxyl groups are dispensable. Base analog substitutions identified all of the exocyclic functional groups and N1 nitrogens of adenine and guanine in the second and third nucleotides, respectively, of the triplets as being involved in binding TRAP. In contrast, none of the substitutions made in the first residue caused any detectable changes in affinity, indicating that elements of these bases are not necessary for complex formation and stability. Studies using abasic nucleotides in the first residue of the triplets and in the two spacer residues confirmed that the majority of the specificity and stability of the TRAP–RNA complex is provided by the AG dinucleotide of the triplet repeats. In addition to direct effects on binding, we demonstrate that the N7-nitrogen of adenosine and guanosine in UAG triplet and the 2′-OHs of (UAGCC)11 RNA are involved in the formation of an as yet undetermined structure that interferes with TRAP binding.