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2 results

  • Chapter 14 - Encephalopathy

  • from Part II - Case-Based Approach to Specific Conditions
  • Neville M. Jadeja, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Kyle C. Rossi, University of Massachusetts Medical School
  • Book:
    Critical Care EEG Basics
    Published online:
    22 February 2024
    Print publication:
    29 February 2024, pp 191-203

  • Summary

    This chapter uses a case-based approach to describe electrographic patterns associated with encephalopathy. Global cerebral dysfunction (encephalopathy) is typically characterized by a “low and slow” record that is not specific to any particular etiology. Severe forms show background discontinuity, absence of a posterior dominant rhythm, and loss of reactivity. Generalized rhythmic delta activity (GRDA) and generalized periodic discharges (GPDs) with triphasic morphology (triphasic waves) are two common patterns seen in encephalopathic patients. As with other rhythmic and/or periodic patterns, it is important to recognize that these patterns may lie on an ictal–interictal injury continuum (IIIC) and may need appropriate management. Cyclical alternating pattern of encephalopathy (CAPE) is a pattern of spontaneously alternating background changes that may have prognostic implications.

  • 37 - Environmentaland behavioral interventions

  • from Section III - Treatments in Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry
  • Edited by David B. Arciniegas, C. Alan Anderson, Christopher M. Filley
  • Book:
    Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry
    Published online:
    05 February 2013
    Print publication:
    24 January 2013, pp 604-626

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on the principles of conventional Electroencephalography (EEG) recording and interpretation and the typical applications of EEG to the assessment of persons with neurological and psychiatric conditions. The electrical activity measured at the scalp with EEG is generated by cerebral cortical neurons underlying the scalp where the recording electrodes are placed. The electrical activity recorded during EEG by pairs of electrodes (channels) is displayed by arranging those channels into specific sets. The two main categories of EEG abnormalities are: slowing or the presence of slower frequency waveforms than what should be present, and epileptiform discharges, or specific EEG waveforms that signify cortical hyper-irritability and an increased risk for clinical seizures. The EEG is commonly used in clinical assessment of Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry (BN&NP) patients. Triphasic waves usually arise from a diffusely abnormally slow background, and are a classic EEG abnormality associated with metabolic encephalopathy.