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5 results

  • Chapter 9 - Ultrasonography and diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome

  • from Section 2: - Ultrasonography in infertility
  • Edited by Botros R. M. B. Rizk, University of South Alabama
  • Book:
    Ultrasonography in Reproductive Medicine and Infertility
    Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    25 March 2010, pp 75-80

  • Summary

    Ultrasound examination is now considered as part of almost every clinic setting. The creation of an image from sound is achieved in three steps: producing a sound wave, receiving echoes, and interpreting those echoes. The four different modes of ultrasound used in medical imaging are: A-mode, B-mode, M-mode and Doppler mode. The Doppler frequency shift information can be displayed graphically in various ways that include color Doppler (directional Doppler), power Doppler, and spectral (pulsed) Doppler. The different modes of Doppler waves include: Continuous-wave Doppler (CW) and Pulsed-wave Doppler (PW). The blood flow measurements are performed by calculation of velocity, calculation of absolute flow and flow waveform analysis. Despite its impressive safety record of ultrasound to date, the intensity (or acoustic output) level of ultrasound used to scan the fetus in utero has increased almost eightfold over the level that was allowed in the early 1990s.

  • 7 - Ultrasound assessment of women with pelvic pain

  • Edited by Davor Jurkovic, Lil Valentin, Sanjay Vyas
  • Book:
    Gynaecological Ultrasound in Clinical Practice
    Published online:
    05 February 2014
    Print publication:
    01 June 2009, pp 67-76

  • Summary

    Haemorrhagic corpus luteum cysts are common causes of acute pelvic pain in women of fertile age. At ultrasound examination, corpus luteum cysts are characterised by spiderweb-like contents but they may also contain bizarre-looking blood clots. This explains why corpus luteum cysts may sometimes be confused with malignancy. Endometriomas may cause pelvic pain but they are also quite common incidental ultrasound findings. A serious condition that may be more or less painful is torsion of the adnexa. Torsion occurs in adnexa containing a lesion, such as ovarian cyst or hydrosalpinx, but it may also occur in normal adnexa, especially in prepubertal girls. Uterine fibroids and adenomyosis may sometimes cause pelvic pain. Gynaecologists should be able to recognise the ultrasound image of non-gynaecological conditions that may cause pelvic pain. Ultrasound images of these conditions may be encountered when an ultrasound examination is performed because of suspicion of gynaecological disease.

  • 9 - Ultrasound imaging in reproductive medicine

  • Edited by Davor Jurkovic, Lil Valentin, Sanjay Vyas
  • Book:
    Gynaecological Ultrasound in Clinical Practice
    Published online:
    05 February 2014
    Print publication:
    01 June 2009, pp 91-106

  • Summary

    Ultrasound examination is as effective a diagnostic test as hysteroscopy or laparoscopy for the diagnosis of uterine abnormalities. Three-dimensional ultrasound has been used to assess uterine anatomy and to detect congenital anomalies of the uterus. Ultrasound examination is used to monitor endometrial growth and ovarian response to the medical treatment. Appropriate endometrial growth indicates good endometrial receptivity. Appropriate ovarian response to gonadotrophin stimulation increases the chances that good quality eggs will be released in ovulation induction cycles and that good embryos will be available for embryo transfer in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles. Ultrasound is also used to monitor embryo transfer. Both greyscale ultrasound examination of the endometrium and Doppler ultrasound examination of the uterine arteries have been used to assess 'endometrial receptivity' in IVF cycles. Ultrasound greyscale imaging is regarded as sufficiently accurate to be used alone for monitoring follicular growth during gonadotrophin therapy.

  • Is Routine Hospitalization in Twin Pregnancy Necessary? A Follow-up Study

  • Anna-Liisa Hartikainen-Sorri
  • Journal:
    Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research / Volume 34 / Issue 3-4 / October 1985
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 August 2014, pp. 189-192
    Print publication:
    October 1985
    • Article
      • You have access
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  • During the years 1979-1980, a prospective study was carried out to evaluate the value and efficacy of routine hospital bed rest in the prevention of premature birth and pregnancy complications in twin gestation. This was done by comparing hospital bed rest to special antenatal care at outpatient clinic. Since the results did not support the idea of using routine hospital bed rest, this was abandoned. Because the material was rather small, the results of the changed policy of management were controlled in the present follow-up study. The material consists of 102 twin pregnancies diagnosed during the years 1982-1983. The number of deliveries before the 34th gestational week and of < 1500 g weighing infants were still decreasing (9.0% and 3.0%). Perinatal mortality after the 24th gestational week was 2.0%. The follow-up study confirmed the unefficacy of routine hospital bed rest. Early diagnosis is the basis of the management of twin pregnancy. This allows counselling of the pregnant women, regular examinations to detect pregnancy complications, and also planning of the delivery.

  • Management in Second Stage of Labour in Term Twin Delivery

  • P. Olofsson, H. Rydhström
  • Journal:
    Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research / Volume 34 / Issue 3-4 / October 1985
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 August 2014, pp. 213-216
    Print publication:
    October 1985
    • Article
      • You have access
    • PDF
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  • A simple program for management of term twin delivery in the second stage of labor is presented. Provided that given selection criteria are met, twins at term are delivered by the vaginal route