This chapter deals with the topic of inequality in the healthcare sector. The chapter begins by looking at some summary data and the inequality in various measures of health that are obvious from simple differences. Then the chapter discusses some basic social philosophy on the topic of how to judge fairness in an abstract society. More detailed data on health outcomes is then explored, highlighted inequality along different demographic lines. Then there is a discussion of theories that fit the facts presented: why do these inequalities exist, and what do we learn by unpacking them: both social implications as well as clinical. Finally, inequalities in the labor market for healthcare workers are discussed.

Constitutions - in a political sense - provide solutions to the age old problem of leadership changes and how majorities and minorities should interact. If political communities solve these problems the can better coordinate their efforts, which in turn will give them a competitive advantage (military, fiscal, economic, etc.) to other (less coordinated) political communities. This chapter looks into the political effects constitutions have, and how they try to calibrate these kind of balances. It also look into the possibilities of calculating or engineering (new) balances like this, for instance for divided societies and transitional democracies (constitutional engineering)

This chapter gives a critical exploration of the various ways that PSID might be included within the reach of contractual justice as passive citizens – that is, as citizens who nevertheless lack the requisite abilities to enter into contractualist processes. First, I consider contractualist attempts, such as that of Christine Korsgaard, that try to reconcile this ‘passive citizenship’ with robust moral status. I then consider Rawlsian attempts at defending passive citizenship, such as Adam Cureton’s and Cynthia Stark’s proposals. I detect a number of issues with these contractualist strategies. For instance, some of them may rely on non-Rawlsian or noncontractualist values; they may render PSID’s moral status too vulnerable to the whims of contractors; or they may be too indeterminate to solve important social dilemmas.

What it means to be other-regarding, its derivation from Kantian philosphy, and the veil of ignorance as a method of reasoning.

An overview of values-balancing legal reasoning, including the source and scope of obligations, behavior and reasoning, and the normativity of legal and non-legal reasoning.