This chapter deals with how infection control procedures can be used to minimise the spread of viral infections transmitted via the respiratory, gastrointestinal, blood-borne, sexual, vertical and vector-borne routes. It also details infection control strategies in hospitals and in the community via universal precautions, respiratory precautions, enteric precautions and those for highly dangerous pathogens. Post-exposure prophylaxis and management of outbreaks is also discussed along with a list of notifiable infections.

Reflecting the changes that Chinese writing has undergone during the last century, Chinese signs are neither uniform in character style nor in text orientation. The mixing of different formats is also evident.

This chapter presents the conflict structure at the EU level. International conflicts prevailed, and they were mainly of three types – vertical conflicts between the EU and its member states, transnational conflicts between member states, and externalization conflicts between the EU/member states and third countries. Other types of conflicts were secondary. The emerging conflict structure, which was consolidated only in the long period after the conclusion of the EU–Turkey agreement, is characterized by the antagonistic relationship between three camps – the EU core coalition (including destination and frontline states in addition to EU actors); the coalition of transit and bystander states; and the coalition of civil society actors, international organizations, and domestic opposition parties. The two-dimensional conflict space is structured by a dimension that opposes the pragmatic, ”realist” EU and its allies to its principled adversaries and a dimension that distinguishes its humanitarian from its nationalist adversaries.

Is there any point in a body of law providing rights that cannot be accessed by individuals? If a prohibition needs a procedure to make it effective in practice, this was the job for which direct effect was originally introduced. This chapter will consider the application of direct effect to primary and secondary Union law. It will only explore binding EU law – it was clearly stated in Grimaldi that recommendations and opinions could not have direct effect as they are not binding. This prevented Mr Grimaldi from relying upon two Commission recommendations which dealt with occupational diseases. Although the recommendations recognised his particular malady, the Belgian Occupational Diseases Fund did not, with the consequence that he was unable to receive compensation. The recommendations were deemed to be clear, unconditional and precise, but it is clear from the wording in Article 288 TFEU that these are not binding. The CJ therefore decided that the recommendations did not create rights upon which individuals may rely before a national court.

This chapter examines the characteristics and dynamics of river floodplains. The view of the floodplain as an integral part of the river system is developed, including the role of overbank flows and lateral movement of channels across floodplains in floodplain dynamics. Major depositional mechanisms on floodplains, including lateral accretion and vertical accretion, are reviewed along with erosional processes that can affect certain types of floodplains, resulting in localized scour or catastrophic stripping, in relation to distinct planform types. Characteristic sedimentological assemblages are introduced in relation to distinct planform types, including meandering, braided, wandering gravel-bed, and anastomosing rivers. Three-dimensional alluvial architecture of floodplains is highlighted and examples provided of how this architecture can be used to interpret floodplain alluviation history and changes in the depositional dynamics of river/floodplain systems over time. The chapter also examines the classification of floodplain types in relation to fluvial energy regimes and the factors controlling spatial variations in floodplain extent and volume.