The present chapter presents an overview of the core properties of two core types of wh-dependencies in Slavic languages: wh-questions and relative clauses. It focuses on the properties of these dependencies that Slavic languages are famous for, such as multiple wh-fronting and left branch extraction. Another property of Slavic wh-questions reviewed in this chapter is left-branch extraction and the correlation between the lack of overt articles and the availability of left-branch extraction. The second part of this chapter discusses relative clauses, including what might be dubbed non-canonical relative clauses, such as free relatives and correlatives.

As indicated in Chapter Two, during its history, Chinese underwent a dramatic typological change from being a rigid wh-movement language to being a complete wh- in situ language. Roughly speaking, in the period of Old Chinese, wh-words used as objects needed to be fronted to the preverbal position , though Chinese was an SVO language, like English . However, during the first half of Middle Chinese, wh- movements were gradually replaced by wh- in situ.

This chapter discusses a fundamental change in copula structures from Old to Middle Chinese, which in turn caused a series of consequent developments that significantly altered the texture of Chinese grammar at the time. Old Chinese lacks such a copula verb, as there is no linking verb between the subject and the complement, and the copula construction at the time was obligatorily marked by a sentence-final particle yě that followed the complement, unlike other verbs.

Satiation refers to an increase, over time, in the willingness of a native-speaker consultant to agree that a given syntactic structure is grammatically well-formed. Studies show that satiation can be induced under laboratory conditions, within a single testing session; that the effect is restricted to a small number of sentence types (chiefly those involving wh-extraction from wh-islands, subjects, and certain complex NPs); that experimentally induced satiation can persist for at least four weeks; and that satiation sometimes ”carries over” to syntactically related sentence types. Tables are provided showing the methods and findings of satiation studies on seven different types of syntactic violation. Larger issues include (i) whether the satiable sentence types form a natural class within generative syntax; (ii) whether satiation is a unitary phenomenon, or merely a family of similar phenomena; and (iii) how, in principle, satiation can serve as a tool for language research.

Unbounded Dependency Constructions in Germanic are a particular fruitful area for the exploration of the nature of A’-movement because this language family shows an intriguing array of options to form such dependencies. In this survey, I will first introduce the major functions of canonical unbounded dependencies involving a filler-gap dependency (wh-movement, topicalization, relativization), focusing on their shared properties (sensitivity to locality, successive-cyclic movement) and differences (shape of the left periphery, presence/absence of subject-verb inversion, nature of the landing site) both within individual languages and cross-linguistically. After addressing asymmetries between local and long-distance dependencies, I discuss alternatives to canonical long-distance movement such as extraction from verb second clauses (which is sometimes treated as involving a parenthetical), scope marking / partial movement, wh-copying and A’-dependencies that terminate in a pronoun rather than a gap (resumption, prolepsis). In the last part I provide an overview of locality-related issues that are particularly striking in this language family such as the clause-boundedness of A’-movement in German, the variable strength of topic and wh-islands, the (putative) absence of strong island effects in Scandinavian, and variation in that-trace effects.