This chapter provides a review of the vast body of published research that has used either structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate for neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ) patients. If one thing is clear from the multitude of MRI and DTI studies reviewed in the chapter, it is that there is now a great deal of evidence indicating that SZ patients exhibit consistent (albeit subtle) and widespread abnormalities in both their gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM). An important question, then, is whether these GM and WM abnormalities have separate causes, or whether they share a common underlying pathology. A highly speculative theory is presented as to how a single mechanism could potentially underlie the GM abnormalities, WM abnormalities, hyperdopaminergia and psychotic features characteristic of SZ. This theory is extremely speculative and would benefit from a great deal more supporting empirical evidence.