Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:17:36.778Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - The Marine Debris Nexus

Plastic, Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Human Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 June 2021

Riyanti Djalante
Affiliation:
United Nations University, Tokyo
Bernd Siebenhüner
Affiliation:
Carl V. Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

This chapter describes the threats posed by the abundance of marine plastic pollution and links it to broader concerns about climate change, biodiversity conservation, and human health. While evidence remains inconclusive there are indications that microplastic pollution in the oceans, in particular, poses grave threats, and this presents not only collective action problems but environmental justice concerns as well. Responding to the crisis generated by the nexus of these issues is a form of collective adaptation that the international community cannot ignore, moving toward the Sustainable Development Goals. Will the climate, biodiversity, and health agendas adapt to the presence of the microplastic pollution issue? Some policy suggestions are discussed along with pertinent knowledge gaps and future marine concerns.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, R. (2015). Fighting pollution from microbeads used in soaps and creams. New York Times, 22 May. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2015/05/23/business/energy-environment/california-takes-step-to-ban-microbeads-used-in-soaps-and-creams.html.Google Scholar
Browne, R. (2016). Coles and Woolworths ban products containing plastic microbeads. Sydney Morning Herald, 8 January. Retrieved from www.smh.com.au/environment/coles-and-woolworths-ban-products-containing-microbeads-20160107-gm1mwm.html.Google Scholar
Burch, S., Gupta, A., Inoue, C.Y.A. et al. (2019). New directions in earth system governance research. Earth System Governance, 1(100006), 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, E.J., Anderson, S.J., Harvey, G.R., Miklas, H.P., & Peck, B.B. (1972). Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science, 178(4062), 749–50.Google Scholar
Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL). (2019). Plastic and Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet. Retrieved from www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-FINAL-2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Chasek, P.S. (2010). Confronting Environmental Treaty Implementation Challenges in the Pacific Islands. Pacific Islands Policy, No. 6. Honolulu: East-West Center.Google Scholar
Chen, C.-L. (2015). Regulation and management of marine litter. In Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M., eds., Marine Anthropogenic Litter. New York: Springer, 395428.Google Scholar
Chen, C.-L., Kuo, P.H., Lee, T.C., & Liu, C.H. (2018). Snow lines on shorelines: solving Styrofoam buoy marine debris from oyster culture in Taiwan. Ocean & Coastal Management, 165, 346–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R. et al. (2018). Human footprint in the abyss: 30-year records of deep-sea plastic debris. Marine Policy, 96, 204–12.Google Scholar
Cho, D.-O. (2009). The incentive program for fishermen to collect marine debris in Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 415–17.Google Scholar
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E. et al. (2013). Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(12), 6646–55.Google Scholar
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E. et al. (2016). Microplastics alter the properties and sinking rates of zooplankton fecal pellets. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(6), 3239–46.Google Scholar
Colton, J., Knapp, F., & Burns, B. (1974). Plastic particles in surface waters of the Northwestern Atlantic. Science, 185(4150), 491–7.Google Scholar
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2012). Impacts of Marine Debris on Biodiversity. CBD Technical Series No. 67. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.Google Scholar
Costa, M.F. & Barletta, M. (2015). Microplastics in coastal and marine environments of the western tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic Ocean. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 17(11), 1868–79.Google Scholar
Cullen-Knox, C., Eccleston, R., Haward, M., Lester, L., & Vince, J. (2016). Contemporary challenges in environmental governance: the rise of social licence. Environmental Policy and Governance, 27(1), 313.Google Scholar
Derraik, J. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842–52.Google Scholar
De Santo, E.M. (2018). Implementation challenges of area-based management tools (ABMTs) for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). Marine Policy, 97, 3443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckett, P.E. & Repaci, V. (2015). Marine plastic pollution: using community science to address a global problem. Marine and Freshwater Research, 66, 665–73.Google Scholar
Eerkes-Medrano, D., Thompson, R.C., & Aldridge, D.C. (2015). Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Research, 75, 6382.Google Scholar
European Commission (EC). (2011). Plastic Waste: Ecological and Human Health Impacts. Brussels: EC Directorate-General.Google Scholar
Gilman, E., Chopin, F., Suuronen, P., & Kuemlangan, B. (2016). Abandoned, Lost, and Discarded Gillnets and Trammel Nets: Methods to Estimate Ghost Fishing Mortality, and the Status of Regional Monitoring and Management. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 600. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).Google Scholar
Fredriksson, P.G. & Millimet, D.L. (2002). Is there a ‘California effect’ in US environmental policy making? Regional Science and Urban Economics, 32(6), 737–64.Google Scholar
GEF – Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel. (2012). Impacts of Marine Debris on Biodiversity: Current Status and Potential Solutions. Technical Series No. 67. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.Google Scholar
GhostNets Australia. (2015). GhostNets Australia. Retrieved from www.ghost nets.com.au/.Google Scholar
Gosseries, A. and Meyer, L. (eds.) (2009). Intergenerational Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, N.M., Berry, K.L.E., Rintoul, L., & Hoogenboom, M.O. (2015). Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals. Marine Biology, 162(3), 725–32.Google Scholar
Hammer, J., Kraak, M.H., & Parsons, J.R. (2012). Plastics in the marine environment: the dark side of a modern gift. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 220, 144.Google ScholarPubMed
Hardesty, D., Wilcox, C., Lawson, T.J., van der Velde, T., & Lansdell, M. (2014). Understanding the Effects of Marine Debris on Wildlife: Final Report to Earthwatch Australia. Canberra: CSIRO.Google Scholar
Haward, M. (2018). Plastic pollution of the world’s seas and oceans as a contemporary challenge in ocean governance. Nature Communications, 2018(9), 667.Google Scholar
Hidalgo-Ruz, V. & Thiel, M. (2015). The contribution of citizen scientists to the monitoring of marine litter. In Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M., eds., Marine Anthropogenic Litter. New York: Springer, 429–45.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, I.A. & Thiel, M. (2009). Floating marine debris in fjords, gulfs and channels of southern Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(3), 341–50.Google Scholar
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2019). Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation. Retrieved from www.iucn.org/theme/ecosystem-management/our-work/ecosystem-based-approaches-climate-change-adaptation.Google Scholar
Ivar do Sul, J.A. & Costa, M.F. (2014). The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment. Environmental Pollution, 185, 352–64.Google Scholar
Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C. et al. (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), 768–71.Google Scholar
Jambeck, J.R. & Johnsen, K.J. (2015). Citizen-based litter and marine debris data collection and mappingComputing in Science & Engineering, 17(4), 20–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, D.E., Salazar, E.R., Gallagher, A. et al. (2018). Preventing plastics pervading an oceanic oasis: building the case for the Costa Rica Thermal Dome to become a World Heritage site in ABNJ. Marine Policy, 96, 235–42.Google Scholar
Kaiser, J. (2010). The dirt on ocean garbage patches. Science, 328(5985), 1506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koelmans, A., Besseling, E., & Shim, W.J. (2015). Nanoplastics in the aquatic environment: critical review. In Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M., eds., Marine Anthropogenic Litter. New York: Springer, 325–40.Google Scholar
Lamb, J.B., Willis, B.K., Fiorenza, E.A. et al. (2018). Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science, 359(6374), 460–2.Google Scholar
Landon-Lane, M. (2018). Corporate social responsibility in marine plastic debris governance. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 127, 310–19.Google Scholar
Leonard, G. (2015). Trashing the Ocean: New Study Provides First Estimate of How Much Plastic Flows into the Ocean. Ocean Conservancy, 13 February. Retrieved from http://blog.oceanconservancy.org/2015/02/13/trashing-the-ocean-new-study-provides-first-estimate-of-how-much-plastic-flows-into-the-ocean/.Google Scholar
Marine Litter Solutions. (2017). Joint Declaration. Retrieved from: www.marine littersolutions.com/who-we-are/joint-declaration.aspx.Google Scholar
Masura, J., Baker, J.E., Foster, G., Arthur, C., & Herring, C. (2015). Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Recommendations for Quantifying Synthetic Particles in Waters and Sediments. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R No. 48 (National Ocean Service). Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Marine Debris Program.Google Scholar
Mathalon, A. & Hill, P. (2014). Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 81(1), 6979.Google Scholar
Mendenhall, E. (2018). Oceans of plastic: a research agenda to propel policy development. Marine Policy, 96, 291–8.Google Scholar
Mika, K., Leitner, L., Gold, M., Horowitz, C., & Herzog, M. (2013). Stemming the tide of plastic marine litter: a global action agenda. Pritzker Policy Brief 5. Retrieved from https://law.ucla.edu/centers/environmental-law/emmett-institute-on-climate-change-and-the-environment/publications/stemming-the-tide-of-plastic-marine-litter/.Google Scholar
Moore, C. (2015). Foreword. In Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M., eds., Marine Anthropogenic Litter. New York: Springer, viiviii.Google Scholar
Moore, C.J., Moore, S.L., Leecaster, M.K., & Weisberg, S.B. (2001). A comparison of plastic and plankton in the north Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), 1297–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obbard, R.W., Sadri, S., Wong, Y.Q. et al. (2014). Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earth’s Future, 2, 315–20.Google Scholar
Ogata, Y., Takada, H., Mizukawa, K. et al. (2009). International pellet watch: global monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal waters. 1. Initial phase data on PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(10), 1437–46.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, K. (2019). Plastic eaten by plankton may impair oceans’ ability to trap CO2. Irish Times, 30 April. Retrieved from www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/plastic-eaten-by-plankton-may-impair-oceans-ability-to-trap-co2–1.3875434.Google Scholar
Palassis, S. (2011). Marine pollution and environmental law. In Baird, R. & Rothwell, D., eds., Australian Coastal and Marine Law. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press, 228–63.Google Scholar
Parker, L. (2019). Plastic bag bans are spreading. But are they truly effective? National Geographic, 17 April. Retrieved from www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/04/plastic-bag-bans-kenya-to-us-reduce-pollution/.Google Scholar
Perkins, R. & Neumayer, E. (2012). Does the ‘California effect’ operate across borders? Trading-and investing-up in automobile emission standardsJournal of European Public Policy19(2), 217–37.Google Scholar
Pomeroy, L.R. (1974). The ocean’s food web, a changing paradigm. BioScience, 24(9), 499504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provencher, J., Bond, A.L., & Mallory, M.L. (2015). Marine birds and plastic debris in Canada: a national synthesis, and a way forward. Environmental Reviews, 23(1), 113.Google Scholar
Putnam, R.D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–60.Google Scholar
Raubenheimer, K. & Mcilgorm, A. (2017). Is the Montreal Protocol a model that can help solve the global marine plastic debris problem? Marine Policy, 81, 322–9.Google Scholar
Richardson, A.J. (2008). In hot water: zooplankton and climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65(3), 279–95.Google Scholar
Rochman, C.M., Kross, S.M., Armstrong, J.B. et al. (2015). Scientific evidence supports a ban on microbeads. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(18), 10759–61.Google Scholar
Royer, S.-J., Ferrón, S., Wilson, S.T., & Karl, D.M. (2018). Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment. PloS One, 13(8), e0200574.Google Scholar
Schuyler, Q.A., Wilcox, C., Townsend, K., Hardesty, B.D., & Marshall, N.J. (2014). Mistaken identity? Visual similarities of marine debris to natural prey items of sea turtles. BMC Ecology, 14, 17.Google Scholar
Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP). (2011). Marine Debris as a Global Environmental Problem: Introducing a Solutions-Based Framework Focused on Plastic. A STAP Information Document. Washington, DC: Global Environment Facility.Google Scholar
Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. (2019). Final Report of the Forty-Second Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Volume I. Antarctic Treaty Consultative, Prague, Czech Republic, 1–11 July. Retrieved from https://documents.ats.aq/ATCM42/fr/ATCM42_fr001_e.pdf.Google Scholar
Sherman, P. & van Sebille, E. (2016). Modeling marine surface microplastic transport to assess optimal removal locations. Environmental Research Letters, 2016(11), 16.Google Scholar
Stoett, P. (2010). Framing bioinvasion: biodiversity, climate change, security, trade, and global governance. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 16(1), 103–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoett, P. (2016). People and Plastic: The Oceans Plastic Crisis, Global Governance, and Development Norms. Annual Meeting of the Academic Council on the United Nations System, 18 June, Fordham University, New York.Google Scholar
Stoett, P. (2019). Global Ecopolitics: Crisis, Governance, and Justice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Stoett, P. & Vince, J. (2019). The plastic–climate nexus: linking science, policy, and justice. In Harris, P.G., ed., Climate Change and Ocean Governance: Politics and Policy for Threatened Seas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 345–61.Google Scholar
Sulistiyono, A.G. (2017). Indonesia works on plastic tar road project to reduce marine debris. Jakarta Post, 8 June. Retrieved from www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/06/08/indonesia-works-on-plastic-tar-road-project-to-reduce-marine-debris.html.Google Scholar
Taylor, M.L., Gwinnett, C., Robinson, L.F., & Woodall, L.C. (2016). Plastic microfibre ingestion by deep-sea organismsScientific Reports6, 2016(33997), 19.Google Scholar
Tibbetts, J.H. (2015). Managing marine plastic pollution: policy initiatives to address wayward waste. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(4), A90–3.Google Scholar
Titmus, A.J. & Hyrenbach, K.D. (2011). Habitat associations of floating debris and marine birds in the North-East Pacific Ocean at coarse and meso spatial scales. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(11), 2496–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2009). Guidelines on the Use of Market-Based Instruments to Address the Problem of Marine Litter. Retrieved from http://minisites.ieep.eu/assets/477/Economic_Instruments_and_Marine_Litter.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2011). The Honolulu Commitment. 5th International Marine Debris Conference, 20–5 March, Honolulu. Retrieved from https://5imdc.wordpress.com/about/commitment/.Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2016). Biodegradable Plastics and Marine Litter: Misconceptions, Concerns and Impacts on Marine Environments. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2019). Compilation of United Nations Environment Assembly Resolutions on Marine Litter and Microplastics. Bangkok: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. (1982). Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS). Retrieved from www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/clos indx.htm.Google Scholar
Valentine, K. (2015). Netherlands Company Introduces Plastic Roads That Are More Durable, Climate Friendly Than Asphalt. Think Progress, 22 July. Retrieved from http://think progress.org/climate/2015/07/22/3682552/plastic-roads-netherlands/.Google Scholar
van Cauwenberghe, L., Vanreusel, A., Mees, J., & Janssen, C.R. (2013). Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environmental Pollution, 182, 495–9.Google Scholar
Villarrubia-Gómez, P., Cornell, S.E., & Fabres, J. (2018). Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat: the drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle. Marine Policy, 96, 213–20.Google Scholar
Vince, J., Brierley, E., Stevenson, S., & Dunstan, P. (2017). Ocean governance in the South Pacific region: progress and plans for action. Marine Policy, 79, 40–5.Google Scholar
Vince, J. & Hardesty, B.D. (2016). Plastic pollution challenges in marine and coastal environments: from local to global governance. Restoration Ecology, 25(1), 123–8.Google Scholar
Vince, J. & Hardesty, B.D. (2018). Governance solutions to the tragedy of the commons that marine plastics have become. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5(214), 110.Google Scholar
Vince, J., Hardesty, B.D., & Stoett, P. (2018). Governance Solutions to the ‘Tragedy’ of Marine Plastics. 6th International Conference on Marine Debris, 12–16 March, San Diego.Google Scholar
Wilcox, C., Mallos, N., Leonard, G., Rodriguez, A., & Hardesty, B. (2015). Estimating the consequences of marine litter on seabirds, turtles and marine mammals using expert elicitation. Marine Policy, 65, 107–14.Google Scholar
Woodall, L.C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M. et al. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society Open Science, 4(1). Retrieved from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/1/4/140317.Google Scholar
World Health Organization and Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (WHO-CBD). (2015). Connecting Global Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health. Montreal: CBD Secretariat.Google Scholar
Worm, B., Barbier, E.B., Beaumont, N. et al. (2006). Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314(5800), 787–90.Google Scholar
Wyles, K.J., Pahl, S., & Thompson, R.C. (2014). Perceived risks and benefits of recreational visits to the marine environment: integrating impacts on the environment and impacts on the visitor. Ocean and Coastal Management, 88, 5363.Google Scholar
Xanthos, D. & Walker, T.R. (2017). International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 118(1–2), 1726.Google Scholar
Young, O.R. (2012). Building an international regime complex for the Arctic: current status and next steps. Polar Journal, 2(2), 391407.Google Scholar
Young, O.R., Osherenko, G., Ekstrom, J. et al. (2007). Solving the crisis in ocean governance: place-based management of marine ecosystems. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 49(4), 2032.Google Scholar
Zettler, E., Mincer, T., & Amaral-Zettler, L. (2013). Life in the plastisphere: microbial communities on plastic marine debris. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(13), 7137–46.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×