Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:45:16.513Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2023

Lawrence H. White
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Better Money
Gold, Fiat, or Bitcoin?
, pp. 213 - 232
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, Burton A., and Butkiewicz, James L.. 2012. “The Political Business Cycle: New Evidence from the Nixon Tapes,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 44 (March–April), pp. 385–99.Google Scholar
Adams, Edgar H. 1913. Private Gold Coinage of California. Brooklyn: Edgar H. Adams.Google Scholar
Alchian, Armen A. and Klein, Benjamin. 1973. “On a Correct Measure of Inflation’,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 5 (February), pp. 173–91.Google Scholar
Alison, Ian. 2020. “Seychelles, Longtime Home of BitMEX, Is Bending to US Pressure on KYC,” CoinDesk (17 December), www.coindesk.com/policy/2020/12/17/seychelles-longtime-home-of-bitmex-is-bending-to-us-pressure-on-kyc/.Google Scholar
Ammous, Saifedean. 2018. The Bitcoin Standard. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Anderson, Richard G. 2003. “Some Tables of Historical U.S. Currency and Monetary Aggregates Data,” St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank Working Paper 2003-006A (April), http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2003/2003-006.pdf.Google Scholar
Andolfatto, David. 2008. “A Model of Fiat Money,” unpublished ms. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.547.3150.Google Scholar
Armas, Mayela. 2022. “Venezuela’s Inflation Hit 686.4% in 2021 – Central Bank,” Reuters.com (8 January), www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-inflation-hit-6864-2021-central-bank-2022-01-08/.Google Scholar
Atkeson, Andrew, and Kehoe, Patrick J.. 2004. “Deflation and Depression: Is there an Empirical Link?The American Economic Review 94 (2), pp. 99–103.Google Scholar
Babelon, Ernest. 1897. Les Origines de la Monnaie Considérées au Point de Vue Économique et Historique. Paris: Librairie de Firmin-Didot et Cie.Google Scholar
Back, Adam. 2002. “Hashcash – A Denial of Service Counter-Measure,” www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf.Google Scholar
Bagehot, Walter. 1873. Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market. London: Henry S. King.Google Scholar
Barnett II, William, and Block, Walter E.. 2009. “Time Deposits, Dimensions, and Fraud,” Journal of Business Ethics 88 (September), pp. 711–16.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J. 1979. “Money and the Price Level Under the Gold Standard,” Economic Journal 89 (March), pp. 1333.Google Scholar
Barro, Robert J. 1983. “United States Inflation and the Choice of Monetary Standard,” in Hall, R. E., ed., Inflation: Causes and Effects, pp. 99–110. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Barry, Dave. 2006. Dave Barry’s Money Secrets. New York: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar
Bastiat, Frédéric. 1996. Economic Sophisms, ed. and trans. Goddard, Arthur, intro. by Henry Hazlitt. Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic Education. https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/276#Bastiat_0182_624.Google Scholar
Bates, Leslie Snyder. 2010. Why Gold?: The One Sure Cure for Inflation and Economic Tyranny. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.Google Scholar
Bayoumi, Tamim, and Gagnon, Joseph. 1996. “Taxation and Inflation: A New Explanation for Capital Flows,” Journal of Monetary Economics 38 (October), pp. 303–30.Google Scholar
Beckerman, Paul. 2001. “Dollarization and Semi-Dollarization in Ecuador,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2643 (July).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belcher, Martha. 2022. “Tucked Inside Biden Infrastructure Bill: Unconstitutional Crypto Surveillance,” Coin Desk (25 January), www.coindesk.com/layer2/privacyweek/2022/01/25/tucked-inside-biden-infrastructure-bill-unconstitutional-crypto-surveillance/.Google Scholar
Berentsen, Aleksander, Breu, Mariana Rojas, and Shi, Shouyong. 2012. “Liquidity, Innovation and Growth,” Journal of Monetary Economics 59 (December), pp. 721–37.Google Scholar
Berentsen, Aleksander, and Schär, Fabian. 2018. “A Short Introduction to the World of Cryptocurrencies,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review (Q1), pp. 1–16. https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/2018/01/10/a-short-introduction-to-the-world-of-cryptocurrencies.pdf.Google Scholar
Bernanke, Ben S. 2010. “Rebalancing the Global Recovery” (19 November), www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20101119a.htm.Google Scholar
Bernholz, Peter. 2003. Monetary Regimes and Inflation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Bernholz, Peter. 2014. Monetary Regimes, Stability, Politics and Inflation in History. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Jacob. 2021. “What Can You Actually Buy with Bitcoin,” New York Times (3 February), www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/style/what-can-you-actually-buy-with-bitcoin.html.Google Scholar
Bhatia, Nik. 2021. Layered Money: From Gold and Dollars to Bitcoin and Central Bank Digital Currencies. Self-published.Google Scholar
Binder, Carola. 2021. “Political Pressure on Central Banks,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 53 (June), pp. 715–44.Google Scholar
Bindseil, Ulrich, Papsdorf, Patrick, and Schaaf, Jürgen. 2022. “The Encrypted Threat: Bitcoin’s Social Cost and Regulatory Responses,” SUERF Policy Note, Issue no 262 (January), www.suerf.org/policynotes/38771/the-encrypted-threat-bitcoins-social-cost-and-regulatory-responses.Google Scholar
Boettke, Peter J., Salter, Alexander William, and Smith, Daniel J.. 2021. Money and the Rule of Law: Generality and Predictability in Monetary Institutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D. 2007. “Gold Standard,” in Henderson, David R. ed., The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, pp. 222–24. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GoldStandard.html.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D., Choudhri, Ehsan U., and Schwartz, Anna J.. 2002. “Was Expansionary Monetary Policy Feasible during the Great Contraction? An Examination of the Gold Standard Constraint,” Explorations in Economic History 39 (January), pp. 1–28.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael David, and Ellson, Richard Wayne. 1985. “A Model of the Classical Gold Standard with Depletion,” Journal of Monetary Economics 16, pp. 109–20.Google Scholar
Bordo, Michael D., Landon-Lane, John, and Redish, Angela. 2010. “Deflation, Productivity Shocks and Gold: Evidence from the 1880–1914 Period, ” Open Economies Review 21 (September), pp. 515–46.Google Scholar
Boyapati, Vijay. 2018. “The Bullish Case for Bitcoin,” Medium (2 March). https://vijayboyapati.medium.com/the-bullish-case-for-bitcoin-6ecc8bdecc1.Google Scholar
Boyd, John H., Levine, Ross, and Smith, Bruce D.. 2001. “The Impact of Inflation on Financial Sector Performance,” Journal of Monetary Economics 47 (April 2001), pp. 221–48.Google Scholar
Boyer-Xambeau, Marie-Therese, Deleplace, Ghislain, and Gillard, Lucien. 1994. Private Money and Public Currencies: The 16th Century Challenge. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Brennan, Geoffrey, and Buchanan, James M.. 1981. Monopoly in Money and Inflation: The Case for a Constitution to Discipline Government. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Briones, Ignacio, and Rockoff, Hugh. 2005. “Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Free-Banking Episodes?,” Econ Journal Watch 2 (August), pp. 279324. https://econjwatch.org/articles/do-economists-reach-a-conclusion-on-free-banking-episodes.Google Scholar
Burns, Arthur R. 1965. Money and Monetary Policy in Early Times. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.Google Scholar
Bustillos, Maria. 2013. “The Bitcoin Boom,” The New Yorker (1 April), www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-bitcoin-boom.Google Scholar
Butler, Alexander, Gao, Xiang, and Uzmanoglu, Cihan. 2021. “Maturity Clienteles and Corporate Bond Maturities,” SSRN working paper (27 September), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3315551.Google Scholar
Cachanosky, Nicholas. 2022. “What Can the US Learn from Argentina’s Inflation?,” American Institute for Economic Research Sound Money blog (24 February), www.aier.org/article/what-can-the-us-learn-from-argentinas-inflation/.Google Scholar
Carter, Nic, and Nuzzi, Lucas. 2021. “Bitcoin’s Proof of Work Is Well Worth Its Fees,” Bitcoin Magazine (22 December), https://bitcoinmagazine.com/business/the-value-of-bitcoin-proof-of-work.Google Scholar
Cassel, Gustav. 1920. “Further Observations on the World’s Monetary Problem,” Economic Journal 30 (March), pp. 3945.Google Scholar
Cecchetti, Stephen, and Schoenholtz, Kermit. 2016. “Why a Gold Standard Is a Very Bad Idea.” Money and Banking blog (19 December). www.moneyandbanking.com/commentary/2016/12/14/why-a-gold-standard-is-a-very-bad-idea.Google Scholar
Chainalysis. 2020. “60% of Bitcoin Is Held Long Term as Digital Gold. What About the Rest?,” https://blog.chainalysis.com/reports/bitcoin-market-data-exchanges-trading/.Google Scholar
Chainalysis. 2022. “Crypto Crime Trends for 2022: Illicit Transaction Activity Reaches All-Time High in Value, All-Time Low in Share of All Cryptocurrency Activity,” blog.chainalysis.com/reports/2022-crypto-crime-report-introduction/.Google Scholar
Chinn, Menzie. 2019. “What Would It Take to Implement Cain’s Gold Standard, Interest-rate-wise?.” Econobrowser blog (7 April), http://econbrowser.com/archives/2019/04/what-would-it-take-to-implement-cains-gold-standard-interest-rate-wise.Google Scholar
Cipolla, Carlo. M. 1956. Money, Prices, and Civilization in the Mediterranean World: Fifth to Seventeenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, James. 2021. “A Complete Guide to Gold-Backed Cryptocurrency,” Goldscape.net (14 November), www.goldscape.net/gold-blog/gold-backed-cryptocurrency/.Google Scholar
Click, Reid W. 1998. “Seigniorage in a Cross-Section of Countries,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 30 (May), pp. 154–71.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H. 1972. “Durability and Monopoly,” Journal of Law and Economics 15 (April), pp. 143–47.Google Scholar
Coase, R. H. 1974. “The Lighthouse in Economics,” Journal of Law and Economics 17 (October), pp. 357–76.Google Scholar
Cochrane, John. 2017. “Bitcoin and Bubbles,” The Grumpy Economist blog (30 November), https://johnhcochrane.blogspot.com/2017/11/bitcoin-and-bubbles.html.Google Scholar
Collins, Andrew, and Walsh, John. 2014. “Fractional Reserve Banking in the Roman Republic and Empire,” Ancient Society 44 (January), pp. 179212.Google Scholar
Conant, Charles A. 1905. The Principles of Money and Banking, vol. 1. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
Cowen, Tyler. 2011. “What Exactly Is the Argument against Gold?,” Marginal Revolution blog (29 December), https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2011/12/what-exactly-is-the-argument-against-gold.html.Google Scholar
Cowen, Tyler. 2012. “A Short Note on the Gold Standard,” Marginal Revolution blog (3 September), https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2012/09/a-short-note-on-the-gold-standard.html.Google Scholar
Crabbe, Leland. 1989. “The International Gold Standard and U.S. Monetary Policy from World War I to the New Deal,” Federal Reserve Bulletin (June), pp. 423–40.Google Scholar
Cutsinger, Bryan P., and Ingber, Joshua S.. 2019. “Seigniorage in the Civil War South,” Explorations in Economic History 72 (April), pp. 7492.Google Scholar
Dai, Wei. 1998. b-money. www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt.Google Scholar
Darby, Michael R. 1984. “Some Pleasant Monetarist Arithmetic,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 8 (Spring), pp. 1520.Google Scholar
Davanzati, Bernardo. 1696 [1588]. A Discourse on Coins, trans. John Toland. London: Printed by J.D. for Awnsham and John Churchil. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/coins.asp.Google Scholar
de Mariana, Juan. 2018 [1605]. On the Coinage [De Moneta], ed. Graf, Eric Clifford, trans. Hazzard Bagg. Guatemala City: Universidad Francisco Marroquin.Google Scholar
De Roover, Raymond. 1963. “The Organization of Trade,” in Postan, M. M., Rich, E. E., and Miller, E., eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. III, pp. 42–118. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, Douglas W., and Dybvig, Philip J.. 1983. “Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity,” Journal of Political Economy 91 (June), pp. 401–19.Google Scholar
Dowd, Kevin, ed. 1992. The Experience of Free Banking. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dowd, Kevin. 1996. Competition and Finance: A Reinterpretation of Financial and Monetary Economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dowd, Kevin. 2014. New Private Monies: A Bit-Part Player? London: Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Dutta, Bhaskar. 2022. “Muthoot Finance skids 5% on flattish rise in Q3 profit, broader market selloff,” Economic Times (14 February), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/muthoot-finance-skids-5-on-flattish-rise-in-q3-profit-broader-market-selloff/articleshow/89559167.cms.Google Scholar
Edie, Lionel D. 1932. “The Future of the Gold Standard,” in Wright, Quincy, ed., Gold and Monetary Stabilization, pp. 111–30. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry. 1992. Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, Barry. 2011. “A Critique of Pure Gold,” The National Interest (September–October), http://nationalinterest.org/article/critique-puregold-5741.Google Scholar
Eifler, Mark A. 2016. The California Gold Rush: The Stampede that Changed the World. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ellsworth, Brian. 2021. “As Venezuela’s Economy Regresses, Crypto Fills the Gaps,” Reuters.com (22 June), www.reuters.com/technology/venezuelas-economy-regresses-crypto-fills-gaps-2021-06-22/.Google Scholar
Exter, John. 1972. “Currencies Today Are IOU-Nothings,” American Institute for Economic Research Economic Education Bulletin 12 (June), pp. 13.Google Scholar
Fekete, Antal E. 2002. “The Real Bills Doctrine of Adam Smith Lecture 13 (Concluding Lecture): The Unadulterated Gold Standard,” https://professorfekete.com/articles/AEFMonEcon101Lecture13.pdf.Google Scholar
Fetter, Frank Whitson. 1950. “Legal Tender during the English and Irish Bank Restrictions,” Journal of Political Economy 58 (June), pp. 241–53.Google Scholar
Fettig, David. 1993. “Shadowing the Shadows: The Shadow Open Market Committee Has Persistently, and Faithfully, Trailed Its Federal Reserve Namesake for 20 Years,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis The Region (June), www.minneapolisfed.org/article/1993/shadowing-the-shadows.Google Scholar
Finney, Hal. 1993. “Protecting Privacy with Electronic Cash,” Extropy #10 (Winter/Spring), pp. 8–14. https://github.com/Extropians/Extropy/blob/master/ext10_1.pdf.Google Scholar
Finney, Hal. 1996. “Digital Checking,” Extropy 16 (Q1), p. 7. https://github.com/Extropians/Extropy/blob/master/Extropy-16.pdf.Google Scholar
Finney, Hal. 2004. “Reusable Proofs of Work,” https://nakamotoinstitute.org/finney/rpow/index.html.Google Scholar
Finney, Hal. 2013. “Bitcoin and Me,” https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=155054.0.Google Scholar
Flandreau, Marc. 1995. “Coin Memories: Estimates of the French Metallic Currency, 1840–1878,” Journal of European Economic History 24 (2), pp. 271310.Google Scholar
Forbes, Steve, and Ames, Elizabeth. 2014. Money: How the Destruction of the Dollar Threatens the Global Economy—And What We Can Do about It. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Foxley, William. 2021. “ShapeShift Is Going Full Defi to Lose KYC Rules,” CoinDesk (6 January), www.coindesk.com/business/2021/01/06/shapeshift-is-going-full-defi-to-lose-kyc-rules/.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1951. “Commodity-Reserve Currency,” Journal of Political Economy 59 (June), pp. 203–32.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1960. A Program for Monetary Stability. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1969. “The Optimum Quantity of Money,” in The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays, pp. 1–50. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1970. The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1976. “Has Gold Lost Its Monetary Role?” in Feldberg, Meyer, Jowell, Kate, and Mulholland, Stephen, eds., Milton Friedman in South Africa, pp 33-41. Cape Town and Johannesburg: Graduate School of Business of the University of Cape Town and The Sunday Times.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1986. “The Resource Cost of Irredeemable Paper Money,” Journal of Political Economy 94 (June), pp. 642–47.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1987. “Review of Rational Expectations and Inflation by Thomas J. Sargent,” Journal of Political Economy 95 (February), pp. 218–21.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1992. Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton, and Schwartz, Anna J.. 1986. “Has Government Any Role in Money?,” Journal of Monetary Economics 17 (January), pp. 3742.Google Scholar
Frost, Liam. 2020. “Pizza Hut Now Accepts Bitcoin, Ethereum, in Venezuela,” Decrypt (30 November), https://decrypt.co/49885/pizza-hut-now-accepts-bitcoin-ethereum-in-venezuela.Google Scholar
Garside, M. 2019. “Average Gold Price from 1900 to 2019,” Statista website (25 January), www.statista.com/statistics/268027/change-in-gold-price-since-1990/.Google Scholar
George, Benedict. 2022. “What Is KYC and Why Does It Matter for Crypto?,” CoinDesk (19 January), www.coindesk.com/learn/what-is-kyc-and-why-does-it-matter-for-crypto/.Google Scholar
Gerlach, Stefan, and Kugler, Peter. 2018. “Money Demand Under Free Banking: Switzerland 1851–1906,” Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics 154 (March), pp. 18.Google Scholar
Gladstein, Alex. 2022. Check Your Financial Privilege: Inside the Global Bitcoin Revolution. Nashville: BTC Media.Google Scholar
Gibson, Heather D., Hall, Stephen G., and Tavlas, George S.. 2014. “Fundamentally Wrong: Market Pricing of Sovereigns and the Greek Financial Crisis,” Journal of Macroeconomics 39 (March), pp. 405–19.Google Scholar
Gilder, George. 2015. The 21st Century Case for Gold: A New Information Theory of Money. Arlington, VA: American Principles Project. americanprinciplesproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Gilder-21-Century-Gold.pdf.Google Scholar
Glasner, David. 1992. “The Real-Bills Doctrine in the Light of the Law of Reflux,” History of Political Economy 24 (Winter), pp. 867–94.Google Scholar
Goodhart, Charles A. E. 1998. “The Two Concepts of Money: Implications for the Analysis of Optimal Currency Areas,” European Journal of Political Economy 14 (August), pp. 407–32.Google Scholar
Goodhart, Charles. 2001. “What Weight Should Be Given to Asset Prices in the Measurement of Inflation?,” Economic Journal 111 (June), pp. F335–F356.Google Scholar
Gorton, Gary. 1999. “Pricing Free Bank Notes,” Journal of Monetary Economics 44 (August), pp. 3364.Google Scholar
Graeber, David. 2011a. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Brooklyn: Melville House.Google Scholar
Graeber, David. 2011b. “What Is Debt? An Interview with Economic Anthropologist David Graeber,” Naked Capitalism blog (26 August), www.nakedcapitalism.com/2011/08/what-is-debt-%E2%80%93-an-interview-with-economic-anthropologist-david-graeber.html.Google Scholar
Greaves, Percy. 1978. “Introduction” to Ludwig von Mises, On the Manipulation of Money and Credit, ed. Greaves, Percy. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Free Market Books.Google Scholar
Greenspan, Alan. 1967. “Gold and Economic Freedom,” in Rand, Ayn, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, pp. 101–7. New York: Signet.Google Scholar
Grierson, Philip, and Blackburn, Mark. 1986. Medieval European Coinage. Vol. 1: The Early Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Guttmann, Robert, ed. 2016. Reforming Money and Finance: Toward a New Monetary Regime, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gwern. 2011. “Bitcoin Is Worse Is Better,” www.gwern.net/Bitcoin-is-Worse-is-Better.Google Scholar
Gwern. 2014. “2014 Jed McCaleb MtGox Interview,” www.gwern.net/docs/bitcoin/2014-mccaleb.Google Scholar
Gwern. 2017. “Wei Dai/Satoshi Nakamoto 2009 Bitcoin emails,” www.gwern.net/docs/bitcoin/2008-nakamoto.Google Scholar
Hall, George J., and Sargent, Thomas J.. 2019. “Complications for the United States from International Credits: 1913–40,” in Dabla-Norris, Era, ed., Debt and Entanglements between the Wars, pp. 1–58. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Hamilton, James D. 2012a. “Return to the Gold Standard,” Econbrowser blog (1 September), http://econbrowser.com/archives/2012/09/return_to_the_g.Google Scholar
Hamilton, James D. 2012b. “The Gold Standard and Economic Growth,” Econbrowser blog (5 September), http://econbrowser.com/archives/2012/09/the_gold_standa_1.Google Scholar
Hanes, Christopher. 2020. “How the Bank of England Influenced British Interest Rates in the Classical Gold Standard Era,” SUNY Binghamton working paper (November).Google Scholar
Harari, Yuval Noah. 2015. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. 1976. The Denationalisation of Money. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. 1999 [1937]. “Monetary Nationalism and International Stability,” in Kresge, Stephen, ed., Good Money, Part II, pp. 3799. The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 6. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. 2012 [1931]. “Prices and Production,” in Klausinger, Hansjoerg, ed., Business Cycles, Part I, pp. 169284. The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. 7. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hernandez, Carlos. 2019. “Bitcoin Has Saved My Family,” New York Times (23 February), www.nytimes.com/2019/02/23/opinion/sunday/venezuela-bitcoin-inflation-cryptocurrencies.html.Google Scholar
Hetzel, Robert L. 2002. “German Monetary History in the First Half of the Twentieth Century,” Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Quarterly 88 (Winter), pp. 1–35.Google Scholar
Heymann, Daniel, and Leijonhufvud, Axel. 1995. High Inflation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hicks, John R. 1935. “A Suggestion for Simplifying the Theory of Money,” Economica N.S. 2 (February), pp. 1–19.Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. 1970. Investment, Interest and Capital. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Hogan, Thomas L., and White, Lawrence H.. 2021. “Hayek, Cassel, and the Origins of the Great Depression,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 181 (January), pp. 241–51.Google Scholar
Horwitz, Steven. 2003. “The Costs of Inflation Revisited,” Review of Austrian Economics 16 (March), pp. 7795.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Chang-Tai, and Romer, Christina D.. 2006. “Was the Federal Reserve Constrained by the Gold Standard during the Great Depression? Evidence from the 1932 Open Market Purchase Program,” Journal of Economic History 66 (March), pp. 140–76.Google Scholar
Huerta de Soto, Jesus. 1995. “A Critical Analysis of Central Banks and Fractional Reserve Free Banking from the Austrian Perspective,” Review of Austrian Economics 8 (September), pp. 2538.Google Scholar
Huerta de Soto, Jesus. 2009. Money, Credit, and Economic Cycles. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1752. “Of the Balance of Trade,” in Miller, Eugene F., ed., Reprinted in Hume, Essays Moral, Political, Literary, pp. 308–26. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1987.Google Scholar
Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. 2010. “Wreck the Currency or Default on the Debt? Jeffrey Rogers Hummel Anticipates U.S. Sovereign Default,” interview with Lawrence H. White, Econ Journal Watch Audio Podcast (6 July), https://econjwatch.org/podcast/save-the-currency-or-default-on-the-debt-jeffrey-rogers-hummel-anticipates-us-sovereign-default.Google Scholar
Humphrey, Thomas M., and Timberlake, Richard H.. 2019. Gold, the Real Bills Doctrine, and the Fed. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.Google Scholar
Hurtado, Albert L. 2006. John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
IGM Forum. 2012. “Gold Standard” (12 January), www.igmchicago.org/surveys/gold-standard/.Google Scholar
Irwin, Douglas A. 2012. “The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32,” Cato Papers on Public Policy Working Paper 2. www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf.Google Scholar
Irwin, Douglas A. 2014. “Who Anticipated the Great Depression? Gustav Cassel versus Keynes and Hayek on the Interwar Gold Standard,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 46 (1), pp. 199227.Google Scholar
James, Harold. 2018. “The Bitcoin Threat,” Project Syndicate blog (2 February), www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/bitcoin-threat-to-political-stability-by-harold-james-2018-02.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Thomas. 1790. “Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States,” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffplan.asp.Google Scholar
Johnston, Louis, and Williamson, Samuel H.. 2014a. “The Annual Consumer Price Index for the United States, 1774–2013,” MeasuringWorth website, www.measuringworth.com/uscpi/.Google Scholar
Johnston, Louis, and Williamson, Samuel H.. 2014b. “What Was the U.S. GDP Then?,” MeasuringWorth website, www.measuringworth.org/usgdp/.Google Scholar
Kagin, Donald. 1981. Private Gold Coins and Patterns of the United States. New York: Arco Publishing.Google Scholar
Karaman, K. Kıvanç, Pamuk, Sevket, and Yıldırım-Karaman, Seçil. 2018. “Money and Monetary Stability in Europe, 1300–1914,” Vox EU / CEPR Policy Portal (24 February), https://voxeu.org/article/money-and-monetary-stability-europe-1300-1914.Google Scholar
Keeley, Michael C., and Furlong, Frederick T.. 1986. “Bank Regulation and the Public Interest,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review 2 (Spring), pp. 5571.Google Scholar
Kelleher, Richard, Museum, Fitzwilliam, and Cook, Barrie. n.d. “Medieval Coins—An Introduction,” web document. [London:] British Museum. www.moneyandmedals.org.uk/download/i/mark_dl/u/4008551411/4603172348/Introduction%20to%20later%20medieval%20coins.pdf.Google Scholar
Kirzner, Israel. 1992. “Knowledge Problems and their Solutions: Some Relevant Distinctions,” in Kirzner, , ed., The Meaning of Market Process: Essays in the Development of Modern Austrian Economics, pp. 163–79. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro, Lagos, Ricardo, and Wright, Randall. 2016. “Introduction to the symposium issue on money and liquidity.” Journal of Economic Theory 164 (July), pp. 19.Google Scholar
Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro, and Wright, Randall. 1991. “A Contribution to the Pure Theory of Money,” Journal of Economic Theory (April), pp. 215–35.Google Scholar
Klein, Benjamin. 1974. “The Competitive Supply of Money,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 6 (November), pp. 423–53.Google Scholar
Klein, Ezra. 2012. “The GOP Has Picked the Wrong Time to Rediscover Gold,” Washington Post (24 August). www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2012/08/24/the-gop-has-picked-the-wrong-time-to-rediscover-gold/.Google Scholar
Knapp, George Friedrich. 1973. The State Theory of Money. Clifton, NY: Augustus M. Kelley. First published 1924.Google Scholar
Koning. 2019. “Bitcoin, 11-years in,” Moneyness blog (2 November), http://jpkoning.blogspot.com/2019/11/bitcoin-11-years-in.html.Google Scholar
Koning, John Paul. 2022. “Bitcoin Failed as a Tool for Funding the Ottawa Protestors, and That’s a Good Thing for Canada,” Moneyness blog (18 February), http://jpkoning.blogspot.com/2022/02/bitcoin-failed-as-tool-for-funding.html.Google Scholar
Kotlikoff, Laurence H. 2010. Jimmy Stewart Is Dead: Ending the World’s Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kroll, John H. 2011. “The Monetary Use of Weighed Bullion in Archaic Greece,” in Harris, W. V., ed., The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans, pp. 1237. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krugman, Paul. 2019. “Goldbugs for Trump,” New York Times (13 July). www.nytimes.com/2019/07/13/opinion/goldbugs-for-trump.html.Google Scholar
La Prensa Grafica. 2021. “Uso de bitcóin cumple 2 meses en El Salvador entre polémicas y ‘ganancias’” (5 November), www.laprensagrafica.com/elsalvador/Uso-de-bitcoin-cumple-2-meses-en-El-Salvador-entre-polemicas-y-ganancias-20211105-0038.html.Google Scholar
Lagos, Ricardo, Rocheteau, Guillaume, and Wright, Randall. 2016. “Liquidity: A New Monetarist Perspective,” Journal of Economic Literature 55 (June), pp. 371–44.Google Scholar
Laidler, David W. 1984. “Misconceptions about the Real-Bills Doctrine: A Comment on Sargent and Wallace,” Journal of Political Economy 92 (February), pp. 149–55.Google Scholar
LeClair, Dylan, and Sam, Rule. 2022. “The State of Lightning Network Adoption,” Bitcoin Magazine (10 June), https://bitcoinmagazine.com/business/the-state-of-lightning-network-adoption.Google Scholar
Lee, Lawrence, and Frajola, Richard. 2008. “Gold Coinage of Colorado during the Territorial Period,” Richard Frajola website, www.rfrajola.com/MayerGold/MayerGold.htm.Google Scholar
Leijonhufvud, Axel. 1981. “The Costs and Consequences of Inflation,” in Leijonhufvud, Information and Coordination, pp. 227–69. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Library of Congress. 2021. Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World: November 2021 Update, https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf.Google Scholar
Locke, John. 1692. Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and Raising the Value of Money.Google Scholar
Luther, William J. 2019. “Getting Off the Ground: The Case of Bitcoin,” Journal of Institutional Economics 15 (April), pp. 189205.Google Scholar
Luther, William J., and Nikhil, Sridhar. 2021. “On the Origin of Cryptocurrencies,” AIER Sound Money Project Working Paper 2022-02, papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3976424.Google Scholar
Luther, William J., and White, Lawrence H.. 2016. “Positively Valued Fiat Money after the Sovereign Disappears: The Case of Somalia,” Review of Behavioral Economics 3 (3–4), pp. 311–34.Google Scholar
Maddison, Angus. 2007. Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, Monty G. and Keith, Jaggers. 2008. “Polity IV Country Report 2008: Somalia,” Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20110725015539/www.systemicpeace.org/polity/Somalia2008.pdf.Google Scholar
May, Timothy C. 1992. “The Crypto Anarchist Manifesto,” https://activism.net/cypherpunk/crypto-anarchy.html.Google Scholar
Mayhew, Nicholas. 2000. Sterling: The History of a Currency. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Mazumder, Sandeep, and Wood, John H.. 2013. “The Great Deflation of 1929–33: It (Almost) Had to Happen,” Economic History Review 66 (February), pp. 156–77.Google Scholar
McCauley, Robert. 2021. “Why Bitcoin Is Worse than a Madoff-style Ponzi Scheme,” FT Alphaville blog (22 December), www.ft.com/content/83a14261-598d-4601-87fc-5dde528b33d0.Google Scholar
McCloskey, Donald N., and Zecher, J. Richard 1984. “The Success of Purchasing Power Parity: Historical Evidence and Its Implications for Macroeconomics,” in Bordo, Michael D. and Schwartz, Anna J., eds., A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821–1931, pp. 121–70. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCormack, Peter. 2019. “Nick Szabo on Cypherpunks, Money and Bitcoin,” What Bitcoin Did podcast, www.whatbitcoindid.com/podcast/nick-szabo-on-cypherpunks-money-and-bitcoin.Google Scholar
McCracken, Michael W., and Amburgey, Aaron. 2021. “Inflation Expectations and the Fed’s New Monetary Framework,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis On the Economy Blog (8 July). www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2021/july/inflation-expectations-fed-new-monetary-framework.Google Scholar
McCulloch, J. Huston. 2014. “Misesian Insights for Modern Economics,” Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 17 (Spring), pp. 3–18.Google Scholar
McElroy, Wendy. 2020. The Satoshi Revolution: A Revolution of Rising Expectations. https://news.btctest.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/the-satoshi-revolution-final.pdf.Google Scholar
Meissner, Christopher. 2005. “A New World Order: Explaining the International Diffusion of the Gold Standard, 1870–1913,” Journal of International Economics 66 (July), pp. 385406.Google Scholar
Menger, [C]arl. 1892. “On the Origin of Money,” Economic Journal 2 (June), pp. 239–55.Google Scholar
Menger, Carl. 2002. “Money,” in Latzer, Michael and Schmitz, Stefan W., eds., Carl Menger and the Evolution of Payments Systems: From Barter to Electronic Money, pp. 25–107. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. First published 1909.Google Scholar
Michaels, Dave, and Ackerman, Andrew. 2021. “Bitcoin Fraud Concerns Draw Scrutiny from Regulators,” Wall St. Journal (6 July), www.wsj.com/articles/bitcoin-draws-more-scrutiny-from-regulators-worried-about-fraud-11625576400.Google Scholar
Michaels, Dave, and Osipovich, Alexander. 2021. “Regulators Investigate Crypto-Exchange Developer Uniswap Labs,” Wall St. Journal (3 September), www.wsj.com/articles/regulators-investigate-crypto-exchange-developer-uniswap-labs-11630666800.Google Scholar
Mises, Ludwig von. “Stabilization of the Monetary Unit – From the Standpoint of Theory,” in Mises, On the Manipulation of Money and Credit, ed. Greaves, Percy, pp. 1–51. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Free Market Books.Google Scholar
Mises, Ludwig von. 1980 [1912]. The Theory of Money and Credit. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Mises, Ludwig von. 2007. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, in 4 vols., ed. Greaves, Bettina Bien. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Moody, Clark. 2020. “Ten Years of Bitcoin Market Data,” Clark Moody Bitcoin blog, https://bitcoin.clarkmoody.com/posts/ten-years-bitcoin-market-data.Google Scholar
Motomura, Akira. 1994. “The Best and Worst of Currencies: Seigniorage and Currency Policy in Spain, 1597–1650,” Journal of Economic History 54 (March), pp. 104–27.Google Scholar
Mubarak, Jamil A. 1997. “The ‘Hidden Hand’ Behind the Resilience of the Stateless Economy of Somalia,” World Development 25 (December), pp. 2027–41.Google Scholar
Mueller, Reinhold C. 1997. The Venetian Money Market: Banks, Panics, and the Public Debt, 1200–1500. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, B. N. 2012. “Money and Social Changes in India (up to c. AD 1200),” in Jafri, S. Z. H., ed., Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, pp. 411–32. Delhi: Primus Books.Google Scholar
Mundell, Robert. 1999. “A Reconsideration of the Twentieth Century.” www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/mundell-lecture.pdf.Google Scholar
Nagarajan, Shalini. 2022. “Bitcoin Is Losing Its Dominance over Other Cryptocurrencies in Payments to Merchants, Crypto Processor BitPay Says,” Markets Insider (17 January), https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/bitcoin-crypto-payments-merchants-dominance-losing-bitpay-ether-stablecoins-transactions-2022-1.Google Scholar
Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2008a. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.” https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.Google Scholar
Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2008b. “Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper” (31 October), satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/emails/cryptography/1/Google Scholar
Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2008b. “Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper” (17 November), satoshi.nakamotoinstitute.org/emails/cryptography/15/Google Scholar
Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2009a. “Bitcoin v0.1 released,” www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/2009-January/014994.html.Google Scholar
Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2009b. “Bitcoin Open Source Implementation of P2P Currency” (9 February), http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/forum/topics/bitcoin-open-source.Google Scholar
Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2009c. “Re: Questions About Bitcoin,” bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=13.msg46#msg46.Google Scholar
Nakamoto, Satoshi. 2010. “Re: They Want to Delete the Wikipedia Article” (20 July). https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=342.msg4508#msg4508.Google Scholar
Namcios. “Solo Bitcoin Miner with Only 120 TH Finds Valid Block,” Bitcoin Magazine (11 January), bitcoinmagazine.com/markets/solo-bitcoin-miner-finds-valid-block.Google Scholar
Narayan, Arvind, and Clark, Jeremy. 2017. “Bitcoin’s Academic Pedigree,” ACM Queue 15 (July–August), pp. 2049. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134434.3136559.Google Scholar
Newberry, Emma. 2021. “Coinbase vs. PayPal: Which Crypto Exchange Is Right for You?,” The Ascent blog (30 November), www.fool.com/the-ascent/cryptocurrency/coinbase-vs-paypal/.Google Scholar
NewLibertyStandard. 2010a. “Re: New Exchange Service: ‘BTC 2 PSC’,” https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=15.msg111#msg111.Google Scholar
NewLibertyStandard. 2010b. “Re: New Exchange (Bitcoin Market),” https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=20.msg662#msg662.Google Scholar
Nikkei Asia. 2022. “Myanmar’s Pro-democracy Forces Resist with Cryptocurrency: Tether Emerges as Potential Savior for People Seeking Freedom over Their Assets” (16 January), https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cryptocurrencies/Myanmar-s-pro-democracy-forces-resist-with-cryptocurrency.Google Scholar
Noyes, Alfred Dana. 1910. History of the National-bank Currency. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Odell, John S. 1982. U.S. International Monetary Policy: Markets, Power, and Ideas as Sources of Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
O’Donoghue, Jim, Goulding, Louise, and Allen, Grahame. 2004. “Consumer Price Inflation since 1750,” UK Office of National Statistics Economic Trends 604 (March), pp. 3846.Google Scholar
Onion. 2016. “U.S. Economy Grinds to Halt as Nation Realizes Money Just a Symbolic, Mutually Shared Illusion” (16 February), www.theonion.com/u-s-economy-grinds-to-halt-as-nation-realizes-money-ju-1819571322.Google Scholar
Oresme, Nicholas. 2000 [1355]. “De Moneta,” trans. Charles Johnson, in White, Lawrence H., ed., The History of Gold and Silver (3 vols.), vol. 1, pp. 1–36. London: Pickering and Chatto.Google Scholar
Osipovich, Alexander. 2021. “Upstart Peer-to-Peer Crypto Exchanges Take Aim at Coinbase,” Wall St. Journal (24 May), www.wsj.com/articles/upstart-peer-to-peer-crypto-exchanges-take-aim-at-coinbase-11621848601.Google Scholar
Ostroy, Joseph M., and Starr, Ross M. 1990. “The Transactions Role of Money,” in Friedman, Benjamin M. and Hahn, Frank H., eds., Handbook of Monetary Economics, vol. 1. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Palyi, Mechior. 1936. “Liquidity. Minneapolis: Minnesota Bankers Association.” Online at https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89101073567.Google Scholar
Patinkin, Don. 1965. Money, Interest, and Prices, 2nd. ed. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Perez, Sarah. 2022. “Block’s Cash App Adopts Lightning Network for Free Bitcoin Payments,” Tech Crunch (18 January), https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/18/blocks-cash-app-adopts-lightning-network-for-free-bitcoin-payments/.Google Scholar
Pirenne, Henri. 1925. Medieval Cities and the Revival of Trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pitta, Julie. 1999. “Requiem for a Bright Idea,” Forbes (1 November), www.forbes.com/forbes/1999/1101/6411390a.html?sh=622828b3715f.Google Scholar
Pocher, Nadia. 2021. “Self-hosted Wallets: The Elephant in the Room?,” KU Leuven Centre for IT & IP Law blog (11 March), www.law.kuleuven.be/citip/blog/self-hosted-wallets/.Google Scholar
Popper, Nathaniel. 2015. “The Shy College Student Who Helped Build Bitcoin into a Global Phenomenon,” The Verge (10 June), www.theverge.com/2015/6/10/8751933/the-shy-college-student-who-helped-build-bitcoin-into-a-global.Google Scholar
Powell, James. 2005. The History of the Canadian Dollar. Ottawa: Bank of Canada.Google Scholar
Qureshi, Haseeb. 2019. “The Cypherpunks,” https://nakamoto.com/the-cypherpunks/Google Scholar
Quinn, Stephen. 1997. “Goldsmith-Banking: Mutual Acceptance and Interbanker Clearing in Restoration London,” Explorations in Economic History 34 (October), pp. 411–32.Google Scholar
Reed, John. 2021. “Cash Shortage Threatens a Banking Crisis in Myanmar,” Financial Times (30 May), www.ft.com/content/7632c1b0-4581-434f-86d6-bdceaff8e947.Google Scholar
Rolnick, Arthur J., and Weber, Warren E.. 1997. “Money, Inflation, and Output under Alternative Monetary Standards,” Journal of Political Economy 105 (December), pp. 1308–21.Google Scholar
Rockoff, Hugh. 1984. “Some Evidence on the Real Price of Gold, Its Costs of Production, and Commodity Prices,” in Bordon, Michael D. and Schwartz, Anna J., eds., A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821–1931, pp. 613–44. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rothbard, Murray N. 1962. “The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar,” in Yeager, Leland B., ed., In Search of a Monetary Constitution, pp. 94–136. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rothbard, Murray N. 1985. “The Case for a Genuine Gold Dollar,” in Rockwell, Llewellyn H., Jr., ed., The Gold Standard: An Austrian Perspective, pp. 1–17. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.Google Scholar
Rothbard, Murray N. 1990. What Has Government Done to Our Money?, Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. www.mises.org/rothbard/rothmoney.pdf.Google Scholar
Rousseau, Peter L., and Wachtel, Paul. 2001. “Inflation, Financial Development and Growth,” in Negishi, T., Ramachandran, R. V., and Mino, K., eds., Economic Theory, Dynamics and Markets, pp. 309–24. Boston: Springer.Google Scholar
Rueff, Jacques. 1972. The Monetary Sin of the West. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sargent, Thomas J. 1982. “The Ends of Four Big Inflations,” in Hall, Robert E., ed., Inflation: Causes and Effects, pp. 4198. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, Thomas J. 2011. “Where to Draw Lines: Stability Versus Efficiency,” Economica 78 (April), pp. 197214.Google Scholar
Sargent, Thomas J., and Velde, François R.. 2003. The Big Problem of Small Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, Thomas J., and Neil, Wallace. 1981. “Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 5 (Fall), pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Sargent, Thomas J., and Wallace, Neil. 1982. “The Real Bills Doctrine versus the Quantity Theory: A Reconsideration,” Journal of Political Economy 90 (December), pp. 1212–36.Google Scholar
Schabas, Margaret, and Wennerlind, Carl. 2020. A Philosopher’s Economist: Hume and the Rise of Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schaps, David M. 2006. “The Invention of Coinage in Lydia, in India, and in China,” working paper presented at XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki, www.slideshare.net/dokka/the-invention-of-coinage-in-lydia-in-india-and-in-china.Google Scholar
Schär, Fabian, and Berentsen, Aleksander. 2020. Bitcoin, Blockchain, and Cryptoassets: A Comprehensive Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Howard, and Faiola, Anthony. 2011. “Jump in European Borrowing Costs Adds to Debt Crisis,” Washington Post (16 November 2011), p. A17.Google Scholar
Schneiders, Sven. 2020. “The End of Gold: The Reason Why Bitcoin Is Much Better Money,” Unfashionable blog (17 July), https://unfashionable.substack.com/p/the-end-of-gold.Google Scholar
Schuler, Kurt. 1992. “The World History of Free Banking: An Overview,” in Dowd, Kevin, ed., The Experience of Free Banking, pp. 4–47. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1954. History of Economic Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Selgin, George A. 1988. The Theory of Free Banking. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Selgin, George A. 1989. “The Analytical Framework of the Real-Bills Doctrine.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 145 (September), pp. 489507.Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 1994a. “Are Banking Crises a Free-Market Phenomenon?,” Critical Review 8 (September), pp. 59–608.Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 1994b. “On Ensuring the Acceptability of a New Fiat Money,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 26 (November), pp. 808–26.Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 2008. Good Money: Birmingham Button Makers, the Royal Mint, and the Beginnings of Modern Coinage, 1775–1821: Private Enterprise and Popular Coinage. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 2012. “Those Dishonest Goldsmiths,” Financial History Review 19 (December), pp. 269–88.Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 2013. “The Rise and Fall of the Gold Standard in the United States,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 729 (20 June).Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 2015. “Synthetic Commodity Money,” Journal of Financial Stability 17 (April), pp. 9299.Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 2016. “The Myth of the Myth of Barter,” Alt-M blog (15 March), www.alt-m.org/2016/03/15/myth-myth-barter/.Google Scholar
Selgin, George. 2021. “The Fable of the Cats,” Alt-M blog (6 July), www.alt-m.org/2021/07/06/the-fable-of-the-cats/.Google Scholar
Selgin, George, Lastrapes, William D., and White, Lawrence H.. 2012. “Has the Fed Been a Failure?Journal of Macroeconomics 34 (September), pp. 569–96.Google Scholar
Selgin, George A., and White, Lawrence H.. 1994. “How Would the Invisible Hand Handle Money?Journal of Economic Literature 32 (December), pp. 1718–49.Google Scholar
Selgin, George A., and White, Lawrence H.. 1996. “In Defense of Fiduciary Media,” Review of Austrian Economics 9 (September 1996), pp. 83–107.Google Scholar
Selgin, George A., and White, Lawrence H.. 1999. “A Fiscal Theory of Government’s Role in Money,” Economic Inquiry 37 (January), pp. 154–65.Google Scholar
Selgin, George, and White, Lawrence H.. 2005. “Credible Currency: A Constitutional Perspective,” Constitutional Political Economy 16 (March 2005): 7183.Google Scholar
Sidgwick, Henry. 1883. Principles of Political Economy. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sigalos, MacKenzie. 2021. “Inside China’s Underground Crypto Mining Operation, Where People Are Risking It All to Make Bitcoin,” CNBC.com (18 December), www.cnbc.com/2021/12/18/chinas-underground-bitcoin-miners-.html.Google Scholar
Simons, Henry C. 1934. A Positive Program for Laissez-Faire: Some Proposals for a Liberal Economic Policy. Public Policy Pamphlet No. 15, ed. Gideonse, Harry D.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Skidelsky, Robert. 2018. Money and Government: The Past and Future of Economics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Skynova. 2021. “Accepting Bitcoin Payments.” www.skynova.com/blog/accepting-bitcoin.Google Scholar
Smiley, Gene. 1975. “Interest Rate Movement in the United States, 1888–1913,” Journal of Economic History 35 (September), pp. 591620.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. 1982 [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. eds. Campbell, R. H. and Skinner, A. S.. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.Google Scholar
Smith, Vera C. 1936. The Rationale of Central Banking. London: P. S. King.Google Scholar
Sobrado, Boaz. 2021. “We All Need to Stop Seeing Only the Dark Side of Crypto,” Wired (19 December), www.wired.com/story/crypto-remittances-cuba/.Google Scholar
Spufford, Peter. 1988. Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stankiewicz, Kevin. 2021. “‘Black Swan’ Author Calls Bitcoin a ‘Gimmick’ and a ‘Game,’ Says It Resembles a Ponzi Scheme,” CNBC.com (23 April), www.cnbc.com/2021/04/23/bitcoin-a-gimmick-and-resembles-a-ponzi-scheme-black-swan-author-.html.Google Scholar
Statista. 2022. “Number of Blockchain Wallet Users Worldwide from November 2011 to January 9, 2022,” www.statista.com/statistics/647374/worldwide-blockchain-wallet-users/.Google Scholar
Sumner, Scott. 2021. The Money Illusion: Market Monetarism, the Great Recession, and the Future of Monetary Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Szabo, Nick. 2002. “Shelling Out.” https://nakamotoinstitute.org/shelling-out/.Google Scholar
Szabo, Nick. 2005. “Bit Gold.” Unenumerated blog, http://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2005/12/bit-gold.html.Google Scholar
Szabo, Nick. 2011. “Bitcoin, what took ye so long?” Unenumerated blog (28 May), https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2011/05/bitcoin-what-took-ye-so-long.html.Google Scholar
Szabo, Nick. 2017. “Money, Blockchains, and Social Scalability,” Unenumerated blog (9 February) https://unenumerated.blogspot.com/2017/02/money-blockchains-and-social-scalability.html.Google Scholar
Tamny, John. 2010. “Gold Standard for Inflation,” Orange County Register (1 February). www.ocregister.com/2010/02/01/john-tamny-gold-standard-for-inflation/.Google Scholar
Tamny, John. 2019a. “Blaming Gold for the 1930s Is Like Kim Jong-un Blaming the Foot for His Height,” Real Clear Markets blog (11 April). www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2019/04/11/economists_trashing_the_gold_standard_is_like_kim_jong-un_trashing_the_foot_103690.html.Google Scholar
Tamny, John. 2019b. “Your Move Gold Critics: Please Explain What Money Is,” Real Clear Markets blog (9 April). www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2019/04/09/your_move_gold_critics_please_explain_what_money_is_103688.html.Google Scholar
Taylor, Alan. 2002. American Colonies: The Settling of North America. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Taylor, John B. 2019. Reform of the International Monetary System: Why and How? Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Stephanie. 2022. “Ontario Freezes Funds from GiveSendGo Trucker Convoy Fundraiser,” Global News (10 February), https://globalnews.ca/news/8610512/givesendgo-fundraiser-trucker-convoy-frozen/.Google Scholar
Thornton, Henry. 1802. An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain. London: J. Hatchard.Google Scholar
Timberlake, Richard H. 2008. “The Federal Reserve’s Role in the Great Contraction and the Subprime Crisis,” Cato Journal 28 (Spring/Summer), pp. 303–12.Google Scholar
Urquilla, Katlen. 2021. “Solo $44.6 millones de remesas llegó por billeteras de criptomonedas a El Salvador,” elsalvador.com, www.elsalvador.com/noticias/negocios/el-salvador-bitcoin-remesas-familiares-bcr-chivo-wallet/910438/2021/.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, Joël. 2017. “As Bitcoin Becomes New Gold, Ex Fed Chairman Calls for Return to Gold Standard,” Cointelegraph (22 February), https://cointelegraph.com/news/as-bitcoin-becomes-new-gold-ex-fed-chairman-calls-for-return-to-gold-standard.Google Scholar
van der Crabben, Jan. 2011. “Coinage,” Ancient History Encyclopedia website, www.ancient.eu/coinage/.Google Scholar
Van Wirdum, Aaron. 2018. “The Genesis Files: With Bit Gold, Szabo Was Inches away from Inventing Bitcoin,” Bitcoin Magazine (12 July), https://bitcoinmagazine.com/culture/genesis-files-bit-gold-szabo-was-inches-away-inventing-bitcoin.Google Scholar
Vasquez, Alex, and Fieser, Ezra. 2021. “In Venezuela, People Break Off Flakes of Gold to Pay for Meals and Haircuts,” Bloomberg News (20 October), www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-20/venezuelans-break-off-flakes-of-gold-to-pay-for-meals-haircuts.Google Scholar
Walras, Léon. 1954. Elements of Pure Economics, trans. by William Jaffé. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Watson, Michael V. Spindzor. 2022. “Menger vs. Chartalism on the Origins of Money: Theory and History,” Ph.D. dissertation, George Mason University.Google Scholar
Weber, Warren. 2016. “A Bitcoin Standard: Lessons from the Gold Standard,” Bank of Canada Staff Working Paper 2016–14 (March). www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/swp2016-14.pdf.Google Scholar
Whaples, Robert. 2008. “California Gold Rush,” EH.Net Encyclopedia, ed. Whaples, Robert (16 March), at http://eh.net/encyclopedia/california-gold-rush/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 1984a. “Competitive Payment Systems and the Unit of Account,” American Economic Review 74 (September), pp. 699712.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 1984b. Free Banking in Britain: Theory, Experience, and Debate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 1986. “A Subjectivist Perspective on the Definition and Identification of Money,” in Kirzner, Israel M., ed., Subjectivism, Intelligibility, and Economic Understanding: Essays in Honor of Ludwig M. Lachmann on his Eightieth Birthday, pp. 301–14. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 1989. “What Kinds of Monetary Institutions Would a Free Market Deliver?,” Cato Journal 9 (Fall), pp. 367–91.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 1995. “Thoughts on the Economics of Digital Currency,” Extropy #15 (Q2-3), pp. 1619. https://github.com/Extropians/Extropy/blob/master/ext15.pdf.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 1999. The Theory of Monetary Institutions. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2000. “Introduction,” to White, , ed., The History of Gold and Silver, vol. 1, pp. vii–xxxiii. London: Pickering and Chatto.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2002. “Does a Superior Monetary Standard Spontaneously Emerge?,” Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines 12 (June/September 2002), pp. 269–81.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2003. “Accounting for Fractional-Reserve Banknotes and Deposits – or, What’s Twenty Quid to the Bloody Midland Bank,” The Independent Review 7 (Winter), pp. 425–43.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2005. “The Federal Reserve System’s Influence on Research in Monetary Economics,” Econ Journal Watch 2 (August), pp. 325–54. https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-federal-reserve-system-s-influence-on-research-in-monetary-economics.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2008. “Is the Gold Standard Still the Gold Standard among Monetary Systems?,” Cato Institute Briefing Paper No. 100 (8 February). www.cato.org/publications/briefing-paper/is-gold-standard-still-gold-standard-among-monetary-systems.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2012. The Clash of Economic Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2013. “Recent Arguments against the Gold Standard,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis 728 (20 June). www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/recent-arguments-against-gold-standard.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2014. “The Troubling Suppression of Competition from Alternative Monies: The Cases of the Liberty Dollar and E-gold,” Cato Journal 34 (Spring/Summer), pp. 281301.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2015. “The Merits and Feasibility of a Commodity Standard,” Journal of Financial Stability 17 (April), pp. 5964.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2016. “Needed: A Federal Reserve Exit from Preferential Credit Allocation,” Cato Journal 36 (Spring/Summer), pp. 353–65.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2018a. “How a Bitcoin System Is Like and Unlike a Gold Standard,” Alt-M blog (11 January), www.alt-m.org/2018/01/11/how-a-bitcoin-system-is-like-and-unlike-a-gold-standard/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2018b. “Bitcoin: More Trustworthy than some Academic Critics,” Alt-M blog (22 February), www.alt-m.org/2018/02/22/bitcoin-more-trustworthy-than-some-academic-critics/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2018. “The Output Gap, the Federal Budget Deficit, and the Threat of Debt Monetization,” Alt-M blog (15 May), www.alt-m.org/2018/05/15/the-output-gap-the-federal-budget-deficit-and-the-threat-of-debt-monetization/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2018c. “Why the State Theory of Money Doesn’t Explain the Coinage of Precious Metals,” Alt-M blog (24 August), www.alt-m.org/2017/08/24/why-the-state-theory-of-money-doesnt-explain-the-coinage-of-precious-metals/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2019a. “A Gold Standard Does Not Require Interest-Rate Targeting,” Alt-M blog (18 April), www.alt-m.org/2019/04/18/a-gold-standard-does-not-require-interest-rate-targeting/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2019b. “The Resource Costs of Fiat Money Are Now Higher Than Those of a Gold Standard,” Alt-M blog (17 December), www.alt-m.org/2019/12/17/the-resource-costs-of-fiat-money-are-now-higher-than-those-of-a-gold-standard/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2021. “The End of Bretton Woods, Jacques Rueff, and ‘The Monetary Sin of the West’,” Alt-M blog, www.alt-m.org/2021/08/10/the-end-of-bretton-woods-jacques-rueff-and-the-monetary-sin-of-the-west/.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H. 2022. “The Private Mint in Economics: Evidence from the American Gold Rushes,” Economic History Review 75 (February), pp. 3–21.Google Scholar
White, Lawrence H., Vanberg, Viktor J., and Köhler, Ekkehard A., eds. 2015. Renewing the Search for a Monetary Constitution. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.Google Scholar
Williams, F. M. 1922. “International Price Indexes. The French Index Number,” Federal Reserve Bulletin 8 (August), pp. 922–29.Google Scholar
World Gold Council. 2018. “Cryptocurrencies Are No Substitute for Gold,” GoldHub blog (25 January), www.gold.org/goldhub/research/cryptocurrencies-are-no-substitute-gold.Google Scholar
World Gold Council. 2019. “Above Ground Stocks” (31 January), at www.gold.org/goldhub/data/above-ground-stocks.Google Scholar
World Gold Council. 2021. “Above Ground Stocks,” Gold Hub data site, www.gold.org/goldhub/data/above-ground-stocks.Google Scholar
Wray, L. Randall. 2000. “Modern Money,” in Smithin, John, ed., What Is Money?, pp. 4366. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wray, L. Randall. 2004. “The Credit Money and State Money Approaches,” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College working paper 32 (April), at https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5a43/df7322cd84df5062de2d668eb6f076bec16e.pdf.Google Scholar
Wray, L. Randall. 2009. “Money and the Public Purpose: The Modern Money Theory Approach,” Multiplier Effect: The Levy Institute Blog (27 October), at https://multiplier-effect.org/money-and-the-public-purpose-the-modern-money-theory-approach/.Google Scholar
Wray, L. Randall. 2014. “From the State Theory of Money to Modern Money Theory: An Alternative to Economic Orthodoxy,” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College working paper 792 (March).Google Scholar
Wright, Robert. 2008. “Origins of Commercial Banking in the United States, 1781–1830,” EH.Net Encyclopedia, ed. Robert Whaples (26 March), http://eh.net/encyclopedia/origins-of-commercial-banking-in-the-united-states-1781-1830/.Google Scholar
Wright, Turner. 2022. “Coin Center Files Lawsuit against US Treasury over Tornado Cash Sanctions,” Cointelegraph (12 October), https://cointelegraph.com/news/coin-center-files-lawsuit-against-us-treasury-over-tornado-cash-sanctions.Google Scholar
Yeager, Leland B. 1966. International Monetary Relations: Theory, History, and Policy. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Yeager, Leland B. 1984. “The Image of the Gold Standard,” in Bordo, Michael D. and Schwartz, Anna J., eds., A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821–1931, pp. 651–69. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×