Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:09:31.083Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Diseases, pests, and resistance to these

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2009

John E. Jackson
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Apples and pears are subject to a large number of diseases and pests. Some are very obvious and may cause distinctive damage. Others are virtually symptomless other than leading to reduced growth and cropping.

The impact of the different diseases and pests may be reduced by confining susceptible cultivars to regions of climate unsuitable for the pathogen. It may also be reduced by the use of quarantine and ‘plant health’ procedures designed to ensure healthy planting material. Control of damage where conditions are such as to make this a serious threat may be achieved by chemical and biological control agents and by the deliberate breeding of resistant cultivars.

With the world-wide expansion of apple and pear growing, new pest and disease problems have arisen. Consumer fears of pesticide residues and concerns about ecological impacts have placed significant constraints on chemical control. Biological and ‘integrated’ control methods to reduce chemical inputs may require sophisticated localized monitoring of both pathogens and environmental factors. Genetic resistance may break down as new strains of disease organisms and pests evolve. Control of disease and pest incidence is thus very complex. Emphasis in this chapter is given to the pests and diseases of greatest importance in Europe, North America and Australasia and genetic resistance to these. Discussion of chemical and biological control and of specific pests and diseases prevalent in Asia, Africa and South America is more limited.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Biology of Apples and Pears , pp. 448 - 472
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, A. N. (1988a). Apple chat fruit disease. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, p. 118. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Adams, A. N. (1988b). Apple rubbery wood disease. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 120–1. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Aldwinkle, H. S. and Beer, S. V. (1979). Fire blight and its control. Horticultural Reviews 1, 423–76Google Scholar
Alston, F. H. (1967). Varietal response to Gloeosporium perennans in the apple. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1966, 132–4
Anon. (1992a). Codling moth. In Crop Pests in the U.K., ed. M. Gratwick, pp. 108–11. London: Chapman and Hall
Anon. (1992b). Apple and pear suckers. In Crop Pests in the U.K., ed. M. Gratwick, pp. 11–15. London: Chapman and Hall
Anon. (1992c). Fruit tree red spider mite. In Crop Pests in the U.K., ed. M. Gratwick, pp. 341–6. London: Chapman and Hall
Avery, D. J. (1964). Carbon dioxide exchange by plum and apple leaves damaged by fruit tree red spider mite. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1963, 94–7
Avery, D. J. and Briggs, J. B. (1968). The aetiology and development of damage in young fruit trees infested with fruit tree red spider mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Annals of Applied Biology 61, 277–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, R. L. and Zwet, T. (1999). Breeding for host resistance to pear psylla: evaluation of parental germplasm. Acta Horticulturae 484, 471–5Google Scholar
Bell, R. L., Quamme, H. A., Layne, R. E. C. and Skirvin, R. M. (1996). Pears. In Fruit Breeding, Vol. 1. Tree and Tropical Fruits, ed. J. Janick and J. N. Moore, pp. 441–514. New York: John Wiley and Sons
Benic, L. M. and Combrink, J. C. (1996). Control of post-harvest diseases. In Integrated Management of Post-harvest Quality, ed. J. C. Combrink, pp. 57–63. Stellenbosch: Infruitec
Billing, E. (1974). The effect of temperature on the growth of the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora.Journal of Applied Bacteriology 37, 643–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billing, E. (1996). BIS95, An improved approach to fire blight risk assessment. Acta Horticulturae 411, 121–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billing, E. (1999). Fire blight risk assessment: Billing's Integrated System (BIS) and its evaluation. Acta Horticulturae 489, 399–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billing, E. (2000). Fire blight risk assessment systems and models. In Fire Blight: the Disease and its Causative Agent, Erwinia amylovora, ed. J. L. Vanneste, pp. 293–318. Wallingford, UK: CAB InternationalCrossRef
Bonn, W. G. and van der Zwet, T. (2000). Distribution and economic importance of fire blight. In Fire Blight: the Disease and its Causative Agent Erwinia amylovora, ed. J. L. Vanneste, pp. 37–53. Wallingford, UK: CAB InternationalCrossRef
Breth, D. I., Bentley, A., Momol, M. T. and Aldwinkle, H. S. (1999). Alternative control measures for blossom blight in commercial apple and pear orchards. Acta Horticulturae 489, 559–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, A. G. (1975). Apples. In Advances in Fruit Breeding, ed. J. Janick and J. N. Moore, pp. 3–37. West Lafeyette: Purdue University Press
Burchill, R. T. and Edney, K. L. (1972). An assessment of some new treatments for the control of rotting of stored apples. Annals of Applied Biology 72, 249–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butt, D. J. (1988). Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell & Ev) Salmon. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 263–5. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Butt, D. J., Martin, K. J. and Swait, A. A. J. (1983). Apple powdery mildew: damage, loss and economic injury level. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Brighton, 1, 184
Byrde, R. J. W. (1977). Fungal diseases of fruit trees. Scientific Horticulture 29, 14–18Google Scholar
Camilo, A. P., Lamb, R. C. and Aldwinkle, H. S. (1988). Genetic resistance to bitter rot incited by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & von Schrenk in apple (Malus domestica Borkh). Acta Horticulturae 232, 37–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, A. I. (1977). Improved planting material. Scientific Horticulture 28, 151–4Google Scholar
Cropley, R. (1967). Decline and death of pear on quince rootstocks caused by virus infection. Journal of Horticultural Science 42, 113–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, J. N. and Aldwinkle, H. S. (1974). Breeding apple rootstocks. HortScience 9, 367–72Google Scholar
Daeman, E. (1994). The use of formalin to control replant problems of fruit trees. Acta Horticulturae 363, 191–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, D. L. and Eyre, S. (1996). Detection of phytoplasmas associated with pear decline in pear psyllids by polymerase chain reaction. BCPC Symposium Proceedings No. 65, Diagnostics in Crop Production, 67–72
Davies, D. L., Barbara, D. J. and Clark, M. F. (1995). The detection of MLOs associated with pear decline in pear trees and pear psyllids by polymerase chain reaction. Acta Horticulturae 386, 484–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, D. L., Guise, C. M., Clark, M. F. and Adams, A. N. (1992). Parry's disease of pears is similar to pear decline and is associated with mycoplasma-like organisms transmitted by Cacopsylla pyricola. Plant Pathology 41, 195–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delbos, R. P. and Dunez, J. (1988). Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 5–7. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Ferree, D. C., Hall, F. R. and Ellis, M. A. (1986). Influence of mites and diseases on net photosynthesis of apple leaves. In The Regulation of Photosynthesis in Fruit Trees, ed. A. N. Lakso and F. Lenz. Symposium Proceedings Publication. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.
Geldart, H. G. (1994). The impact of replant problems on the economics of high density apple plantings. Acta Horticulturae 363, 11–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouk, S. C., Spink, M. and Laurenson, M. R. (1999). Firework, a windows-based computer program for prediction of fire blight on apples. Acta Horticulturae 489, 407–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoestra, H. (1968). Replant Diseases of Apple in The Netherlands. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen, 68–13, 105 pp
Jackson, J. E. (1973). Effects of soil fumigation on the growth of apple and cherry rootstocks on land previously cropped with apples. Annals of Applied Biology 74, 99–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. E. (1979). Soil fumigation against replant disease of apple. In Soil Disinfestation, ed. D. Mulder, pp. 185–202. Developments in Agricultural and Managed-Forest Ecology, 6. Amsterdam: ElsevierCrossRef
Janick, J., Cummins, J. N., Brown, S. K. and Hemmatt, M. (1996). Apples. In Fruit Breeding, Vol. 1. Tree and Tropical Fruits, ed. J. Janick and J. N. Moore. New York: John Wiley and sons
Kajiura, I. (1994). Nashi (Japanese pear). In Horticulture in Japan, ed. K. Konishi, S. Iwahori, H. Kitagawa and T. Yakuwa, pp. 40–7. Tokyo: Asakura Publishing Co. Ltd
Knight, R. L. and Alston, F. H. (1968). Sources of field immunity to mildew (Podosphaeria leucotricha) in apple. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 10, 294–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, R. L., Briggs, J. B., Massee, A. M. and Tydeman, H. M. (1962). The inheritance of resistance to woolly aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hsmnn in the apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 37, 207–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunze, L. (1988). Apple proliferation MLO. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 118–20. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Laurens, F. (1999). Review of the current apple breeding programmes in the world: objectives for scion cultivar improvement. Acta Horticulturae 484, 163–9Google Scholar
Lelliot, R. A. (1988). Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 187–9. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Lespinasse, Y. and Aldwinkle, H. S. (2000). Breeding for resistance to fire blight. In Fire Blight: the Disease and its Causative Agent Erwinia amylovora, ed. J. L. Vanneste, pp. 253–73. Wallingford, UK: CAB InternationalCrossRef
Lightner, G. W., Zwet, T. and Steiner, P. W. (1999). Fifteen year summary of the efficacy of the Maryblyt prediction system on apple in West Virginia (1984–1998). Acta Horticulturae 489, 445–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mai, W. F., Merwin, I. A. and Abawi, G. S. (1994). Diagnosis, etiology and management of replant disorders in New York cherry and apple orchards. Acta Horticulturae 363, 33–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manulis, S., Zutra, D., Kleitman, F., Dror, O., David, I.Zilberstaine, M. and Shabi, E. (1999). Streptomycin resistance of Erwinia amylovora in Israel and occurrence of fire blight in pear orchards in autumn. Acta Horticulturae 489, 85–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, W. D. (1955). Fire blight development on apple in western New York. Plant Disease Reporter 39, 206–7Google Scholar
Momol, M. T. and Saygili, H. (1999) Editors. Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Fire Blight. Acta Horticulturae489, Leuven: ISHS
Momol, M. T., Norelli, J. L. and Aldwinkle, H. S. (1999). Evaluation of biological control agents, systemic acquired resistance inducers and bactericides for the control of fire blight on apple blossom. Acta Horticulturae 489, 553–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyls, A. L., Hocking, R. P., Neilsen, G. H. and Hogue, E. J. (1994). Apple tree growth response in greenhouse pot tests using heat-treated replant soil versus orchard replant trees with in situ heated soil. Acta Horticulturae 363, 57–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oehl, V. H. (1980). The long term effects of pre-planting soil fumigation on the growth and cropping of cvs ‘Laxton's Fortune’ and ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ on ‘M.2’ rootstock, planted on land affected with a replant disease of apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 55, 259–66Google Scholar
Oehl, V. H. and Jackson, J. E. (1979). Evaluating rootstocks for resistance to apple replant disease. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1978, 53
Oostenbrink, M. and Hoestra, H. (1961). Nematode damage and specific sickness in Rosa, Malus and Laburnum.Tijdschrift voor Plantenziekten 63, 264–72Google Scholar
Otto, G. and Winkler, H. (1998). Influence of root pathogenic Actinomycetes on the trimming of the rootlets of some species of Rosaceae with root hairs. Acta Horticulturae 447, 49–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otto, G., Winkler, H. and Szabo, K. (1994). Proof of actinomycetes in rootlets of species of Rosaceae from a SARD soil – a contribution to the specificity of replant diseases. Acta Horticulturae 363, 43–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, A. B. and Hinman, H. (1994). The economics of replanting apple orchards in Washington State. ActaHorticulturae 363, 19–23Google Scholar
Pitcher, R. S., Way, D. W. and Savory, B. M. (1966). Specific replant diseases of apple and cherry and their control by soil fumigation. Journal of Horticultural Science 41, 379–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posnette, A. F. (1977). Virus diseases of woody plants. Scientific Horticulture 29, 7–13Google Scholar
Pruyne, P. T., Merwin, I. A., Mullin, P. G. and Gibson, D. M. (1994). Diagnosis of apple replant problems in New York orchard soils and evaluation of nematode-suppressive cover crops. Acta Horticulturae 363, 121–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, J. (1988a). Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 385–6. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Richter, J. (1988b). Venturia pirini Alderhold. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. I. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, p. 386. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Robinson, T. L., Cummins, J. N., Hoying, S. A. and Smith, W. H. (1997). Commercial orchard evaluation of the New Cornell-Geneva Apple Rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae 451, 113–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, T. L., Hoying, S. A., Cummins, J. N., Johnson, W. C., Norelli, J. L. and Aldwinkle, H. S. (1999). Orchard performance of fire blight-resistant Geneva apple rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae 489, 287–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roche, P., Brown, L. M., King, G. J., Alston, F. H., Evans, K. M, Maliepaard, C., Heusden, S., Vrielink, R., Laurens, F., Dunemann, F., Markussen, T. and Tartarini, S. (1999). Identification and development of markers linked to aphid resistance in apple. Acta Horticulturae 484, 519–22Google Scholar
Ryan, C. L. J. (1975). Specific replant disease in Hawke's Bay. Part III. Apple rootstock evaluation for replant sites. Orchardist of New Zealand 48, 191–3Google Scholar
Savory, B. M. (1966). Specific replant diseases, causing root necrosis and growth depression in perennial fruit and plantation crops. Research Review. Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture, East Malling, No. 1. 64 pp
Savory, B. M. (1967). Specific replant diseases of apple and cherry. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1966, 205–8
Seemüller, E. (1988). Pear decline MLO. In European Handbook of Plant Diseases, ed. J. M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R. A. Lelliot and S. A. Archer, pp. 127–9. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
Sewell, G. W. F. (1979). Reappraisal of the nature of the “specific replant disease” of apple. Commonwealth Mycological Institute Review of Plant Pathology 58 (6), 209–11Google Scholar
Sewell, G. F. W. (1981). Effects of Pythium species on the growth of apple and their possible causal role in apple replant disease. Annals of Applied Biology 97, 31–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, G. W. F. and Roberts, A. L. (1986). Reciprocal plantings of four species in their respective soils. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1985, 119
Sewell, G. W. F. and White, G. C. (1979). The effects of formalin and other soil treatments on the replant disease of apple. Journal of Horticultural Science 54, 333–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, G. W. F. and Wilson, J. F. (1975). The role of Thielaviopsis basicola in the specific replant disorders of cherry and plum. Annals of Applied Biology 79, 149–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sewell, G. W. F., Preece, D. A. and Elsey, R. F. (1988). Apple replant disease: the influence of soil phosphorus and other factors on the growth responses of apple seedlings to soil fumigation with chloropicrin. Annals of Applied Biology 113, 605–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shtienberg, D., Kritzman, G., Herzog, Z., Openhaim, D., Zillberstein, M. and Blatchinsky, D. (1999). Development and evaluation of a decision support system for management of fire blight in Israel. Acta Horticulturae 489, 385–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T. J. (1994). Successful management of orchard replant disease in Washington. Acta Horticulturae 363, 161–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T. J. (1999). Report on the development and use of Cougarblight 98C – a situation-specific fire blight risk assessment model for apple and pear. Acta Horticulturae 489, 429–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabo, K., Winkler, H., Petzold, H. and Marwitz, R. (1998). Evidence for the pathogenicity of Actinomycetes in rootlets of apple seedlings from soils conducive to specific apple replant disease. Acta Horticulturae 477, 53–65Google Scholar
Szczygiel, A. and Zepp, A. I. (1998). Results of pot experiments on control of apple replant disease. Acta Horticulturae 477, 103–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J. A. (1959). The occurrence of areas of poor growth in a fruit tree nursery. Report of the East Malling Research Station for 1958, 80–2
Thomson, S. V., Schroth, M. N. and Moller, W. J. (1982). A forecasting model for fire blight of pear. Plant Disease 66, 576–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, S. V., Schroth, M. N., Moller, W. J., Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. and Davis, C. S. (1977). Pesticide applications can be reduced by forecasting the occurrence of fireblight bacteria. California Agriculture 31(10), 12–14Google Scholar
Utkhede, R. S. (1998). Influence of cultural practices on the growth and yield of young apple trees planted in replant disease soil. Acta Horticulturae 477, 27–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utkhede, R. S. and Smith, E. M. (1994a). Biotic and abiotic causes of replant problems of fruit trees. Acta Horticulturae 363, 25–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Utkhede, R. S. and Smith, E. M. (1994b). Development of biological control of apple replant disease. Acta Horticulturae 363, 129–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwet, T. and Beer, S. V. (1995). Fire Blight – Its Nature, Prevention and Control: A Practical Guide to Integrated Disease Management. US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 631, 97 ppGoogle Scholar
Zwet, T., Zoller, B. G. and Thomson, S. V. (1988). Control of fire blight of pear and apple by accurate prediction of the blossom blight phase. Plant Disease 72, 464–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oosten, H. J., Meijneke, C. A. R. and Peerbooms, H. (1982). Growth, yield and fruit quality of virus-infected and virus-free ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees, 1968–1982. Acta Horticulturae 130, 213–20Google Scholar
Way, D. W. and Pitcher, R. S. (1971). Specific replant diseases of tree fruits and their control by soil fumigation. Proceedings of the 6th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, pp. 263–73
Webster, A. D., Tobutt, K. R., James, D. A., Evans, K. M. and Alston, F. A. (1997). Rootstock breeding and orchard testing at Horticultural Research International East Malling. Acta Horticulturae 451, 83–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, A. G. and Bus, V. G. (1999). Breeding commercial apple cultivars in New Zealand with resistances to pests and diseases. Acta Horticulturae 484, 157–61Google Scholar
Willet, M., Smith, T. J., Peterson, A. B., Hinman, H., Stevens, R. G., Ley, T. and Tvergyak, P. (1994). A successful apple replant educational program in Washington State. Acta Horticulturae 363, 153–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoller, B. G. and Sisevich, J. (1979). Blossom populations of Erwinia amylovora in pear orchards vs accumulated degree hours over 18.3 degrees Celsius, 1972–1976. Phytopathology 69, 1050 (Abstr.)Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×