Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-d8cs5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T21:29:01.934Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - Cultural Appropriation and the Performance of Exegesis in John Tzetzes’ Scholia on Aristophanes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2023

By
Aglae Pizzone
Edited by
Baukje van den Berg ,
Divna Manolova  and
Przemysław Marciniak
Baukje van den Berg
Affiliation:
Central European University, Vienna
Divna Manolova
Affiliation:
University of York
Przemysław Marciniak
Affiliation:
University of Silesia, Katowice
Get access

Summary

Taking its cues from John Tzetzes’ commentaries on Aristophanes, this chapter investigates the idea of exegesis as performance. Commenting on texts was far from a disembodied act in Byzantium; on the contrary, it required an effort that was both intellectual and physical. Not unlike today, holding a class was an exercise calling for a series of structured bodily and mental practices to be successful. The first part of this chapter addresses the entanglements between performativity and manuscript production by looking at what Tzetzes’ scholia on Aristophanes tell us about the setting and the execution of the actual exegetical activity. The second part focuses on Commentary on Aristophanes’ Frogs 843a in order to show that appropriation of non-Hellenic traditions played a part in the performative and exegetical engagement with the classics in Constantinople toward the end of the twelfth century.

Keywords

John TzetzesAristophanesFlavius JosephusperformanceclassroomHebrewJewish presence in Byzantiummanuscript culturemultilingualismcultural encounter
Type
Chapter
Information
Byzantine Commentaries on Ancient Greek Texts, 12th–15th Centuries , pp. 100 - 129
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agapitos, P. (2017) ‘John Tzetzes and the Blemish Examiners: A Byzantine Teacher on Schedography, Everyday Language and Writerly Disposition’, MEG 17: 1–57.Google Scholar
Agapitos, P. (2019) ‘Vom Aktualisierungsversuch zum kommunikativen Code: Johannes Tzetzes und der Epilog seiner Theogonie für die sebastokratorissa Eirene’, in Herbert Hunger und die Wiener Schule der Byzantinistik: Rückblick und Ausblick, ed. Külzer, A., 271–90. Vienna.Google Scholar
Bekker, I. (ed.) (1836) Michaelis Glycae annales. Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae. Bonn.Google Scholar
Bekker, I. (ed.) (1842) ‘Die Theogonie des Johannes Tzetzes aus der Bibliotheca Casanatensis (Ms. J. ii. 10)’, in Philologische und historische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus dem Jahre 1840, 147–69. Berlin.Google Scholar
Benuzzi, F. (2017–18) ‘Erudizione, autorità e autorialità: l’esegesi antica alla commedia sulla cattedra di Giovanni Tzetze’, Incontri triestini di filologia classica 17: 369–86.Google Scholar
Bernard, F. (2014) Writing and Reading Byzantine Secular Poetry, 1025–1081. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford.Google Scholar
Bernard, F. and Demoen, K. (2019) ‘Byzantine Book Epigrams’, in A Companion to Byzantine Poetry, ed. Hörandner, W., Rhoby, A. and Zagklas, N., 404–29. Brill’s Companions to the Byzantine World 4. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
van den Berg, B. (2021) ‘Playwright, Satirist, Atticist: The Reception of Aristophanes in 12th-Century Byzantium’, in Satire in the Middle Byzantine Period: The Golden Age of Laughter?, ed. Marciniak, P. and Nilsson, I., 227–53. Explorations in Medieval Culture 12. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
Bianconi, D. (2010) ‘Età comnena e cultura scritta: materiali e considerazioni alle origini di una ricerca’, in The Legacy of Bernard de Montfaucon: Three Hundred Years of Studies on Greek Handwriting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Colloquium of Greek Palaeography (Madrid–Salamanca, 15–20 September 2008), ed. Bravo García, A. and Pérez Martín, I., vol. 1, 75–96, vol. 2, 668–77. Turnhout.Google Scholar
Billerbeck, M. and Neumann-Hartmann, A. (eds.) (2016) Stephani Byzantii Ethnika, vol. 4: Π–Υ. Berlin–Boston.Google Scholar
Billerbeck, M., Lentini, G. and Neumann-Hartmann, A. (eds.) (2014) Stephani Byzantii Ethnika, vol. 3: Κ–Ο. Berlin–Boston.Google Scholar
Boissonade, J. F. (ed.) (1851) Tzetzae allegoriae Iliadis. Paris.Google Scholar
Bonfil, R., Irshai, O., Stroumsa, G. G. and Talgam, R. (eds.) (2012) Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture 14. Leiden–Boston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, S. (1987) ‘Josephus in Byzantium’, in Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, ed. Feldman, L. H. and Hata, G., 362–85. Detroit.Google Scholar
Bowman, S. (2014) ‘The Jewish Experience in Byzantium’, in The Jewish-Greek Tradition in Antiquity and the Byzantine Empire, ed. Aitken, J. and Carleton Paget, J., 37–53. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Braccini, T. (2009–10) ‘Erudita invenzione: riflessioni sulla Piccola grande Iliade di Giovanni Tzetze’, Incontri Triestini di Filologia Classica 9: 153–73.Google Scholar
Braccini, T. (2011) ‘Riscrivere l’epica: Giovanni Tzetzes di fronte al ciclo troiano’, CentoPagine 5: 43–57.Google Scholar
Brett, G. (1942) ‘The Mosaic of the Great Palace in Constantinople’, JWI 5: 34–43.Google Scholar
Browning, R. (1961) ‘The Death of John Comnenus’, Byzantion 31: 229–35.Google Scholar
Canart, P. and Perria, L. (1991) ‘Les écritures livresques des xi et xii siècles’, in Paleografia e codicologia greca. Atti del ii Colloquio internazionale Berlino-Wolfenbüttel, 17–20 ottobre 1983, ed. Harlfinger, D. and Prato, G., 67–116. Alessandria.Google Scholar
Colonna, A. (1963) ‘II commento di Giovanni Tzetzes agli “Halieutica” di Oppiano’, in Lanx satura Nicolao Terzaghi oblata: miscellanea philologica, 101–4. Genoa.Google Scholar
Conley, T. M. (2005) ‘Byzantine Criticism and the Uses of Literature’, in The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, vol. 2: The Middle Ages, ed. Minnis, A. and Johnson, I., 669–92. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cramer, J. A. (ed.) (1836) Anecdota Oxoniensia, vol. 3. Oxford.Google Scholar
Cullhed, E. (2012) ‘The Autograph Manuscripts Containing Eustathius’ Commentary on the Odyssey’, Mnemosyne 65: 445–61.Google Scholar
Cullhed, E. (2014) ‘The Blind Bard and “I”: Homeric Biography and Authorial Personas in the Twelfth Century’, BMGS 38: 49–67.Google Scholar
Cullhed, E. (ed. and trans.) (2016) Eustathios of Thessalonike, Commentary on the Odyssey, vol. 1: On Rhapsodies A–B. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Byzantina Upsaliensia 17. Uppsala.Google Scholar
Cutler, A. (1968) ‘The De Signis of Nicetas Choniates: A Reappraisal’, AJA 72: 113–18.Google Scholar
Dagron, G. (1994) ‘Formes et fonctions du pluralisme linguistique à Byzance (XIe–XIIe siècle)’, T&MByz 12: 234–40.Google Scholar
Déroche, V. (2012) ‘Forms and Functions of Anti-Jewish Polemics: Polymorphy, Polysémy’, in Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, ed. Bonfil, R., Irshai, O., Stroumsa, G. G. and Talgam, R., 535–48. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture 14. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
van Dieten, J. (ed.) (1975) Nicetae Choniatae historia. Berlin.Google Scholar
Dindorf, W. (ed.) (1855) Scholia Graeca in Homeri Odysseam, 2 vols. Oxford.Google Scholar
Doblhofer, E. (1983) ‘Bellerophon und Kirke zwischen Heiden und Christen’, in Festschrift für Robert Muth: Zum 65. Geburtstag am 1. Januar 1981, ed. Händel, P. and Meid, W., 73–87. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft 22. Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Dondaine, A. (1952) ‘Hugues Etherien et Léon Toscan’, AHMA 19: 473–83.Google Scholar
Dönitz, S. (2016) ‘Sefer Yosippon (Josippon)’, in A Companion to Josephus, ed. Chapman, H. H. and Rodgers, Z., 382–9. Malden–Oxford–Chicester.Google Scholar
Drachmann, A. B. (ed.) (1925) Isaac Tzetzes de metris Pindaricis commentarius. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Erbse, H. (ed.) (1972) Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem (scholia vetera), vol. 2. Berlin.Google Scholar
Gaisford, T. (ed.) (1823) Poetae Minores Graeci, vol. 2: Scholia ad Hesiodum. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Galadza, D. (2018) Liturgy and Byzantinization in Jerusalem. Oxford.Google Scholar
Gaul, N. (2014) ‘Rising Elites and Institutionalization – Ēthos/Mores – Debts and Drafts: Three Concluding Steps towards Comparing Networks of Learning in Byzantium and the “Latin” West, c. 1000–1200’, in Networks of Learning: Perspectives on Scholars in Byzantine East and Latin West, c. 1000–1200, ed. Steckel, S., Gaul, N. and Grünbart, M., 235–80. Zurich–Berlin.Google Scholar
Giannachi, F. (2014) ‘Un nuovo manoscritto del De metris di Giovanni Tzetzes: Schøyen ms. 1660’, ARF 16: 133–50.Google Scholar
Goldwyn, A. (2017) ‘Theory and Method in John Tzetzes’ Allegories of the Iliad and Allegories of the Odyssey’, Scandinavian Journal of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 3: 141–71.Google Scholar
Goldwyn, A. J. and Kokkini, D. (trans.) (2015) John Tzetzes, Allegories of the Iliad. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 37. Cambridge, ma.Google Scholar
Goldwyn, A. J. and Kokkini, D. (trans.) (2019) John Tzetzes, Allegories of the Odyssey. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 56. Cambridge, ma.Google Scholar
Goor, A. (1966) ‘The History of the Grape-Vine in the Holy Land’, Economic Botany 20: 46–64.Google Scholar
Grünbart, M. (1994) ‘Tzurichos, ein Häretiker aus der ersten Hälfte des 12. Jhs. (Io. Tzetzes, ep. 55)’, ByzSlav 55: 15–18.Google Scholar
Heckscher, W. (1956) ‘The “Anadyomene” in The Mediaeval Tradition: (Pelagia – Cleopatra – Aphrodite) A Prelude to Botticelli’s “Birth of Venus”’, Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek (NKJ) / Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art 7: 1–38.Google Scholar
Henry, R. (ed.) (1959–91) Photius, Bibliothèque, 9 vols. Paris.Google Scholar
Hunger, H. (ed.) (1955) ‘Johannes Tzetzes, Allegorien zur Odyssee, Buch 13–24, kommentierte Textausgabe’, ByzZ 48: 11–38.Google Scholar
Hunger, H. (ed.) (1956) ‘Johannes Tzetzes, Allegorien zur Odyssee, Buch 1–12, kommentierte Textausgabe’, ByzZ 49: 249–310.Google Scholar
Jacoby, D. (2012) ‘The Jews in the Byzantine Economy (Seventh to Mid-Fifteenth Century)’, in Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, ed. Bonfil, R., Irshai, O., Stroumsa, G. G. and Talgam, R., 219–56. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture 14. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
Janin, R. (1964) Constantinople Byzantine. Paris.Google Scholar
Jones, P. (2006) Cleopatra: A Source Book. Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture 31. Norman.Google Scholar
Koster, W. J. W. (1960) ‘Prolegomena’, in Jo. Tzetzae Commentarii in Aristophanem, fasc. i: Prolegomena et commentarius in Plutum. Groningen.Google Scholar
Koster, W. J. W. (ed.) (1962) Jo. Tzetzae Commentarii in Aristophanem, fasc. iii: Commentarium in Ranas et in Aves; Argumentum Equitum, Commentarii in Ranas et in Aves. Groningen.Google Scholar
Koster, W. J. W. (ed.) (1975) Prolegomena de comoedia; Scholia in Acharnenses, Equites, Nubes, fasc. i.i.a: Prolegomena de comoedia. Groningen.Google Scholar
Labuk, T. (2016) ‘Aristophanes in the Service of Niketas Choniates – Gluttony, Drunkenness and Politics in the Χρονικὴ διήγησις’, JÖByz 66: 127–51.Google Scholar
de Lange, N. (1991) ‘The Classical Tradition in Byzantium’, in A Traditional Quest: Essays in Honour of Louis Jacobs, ed. Cohn-Sherlock, D., 86–101. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 114. Sheffield.Google Scholar
de Lange, N. (1998) ‘Hebraism and Hellenism: The Case of Byzantine Jewry’, Poetics Today 19.1: Hellenism and Hebraism Reconsidered: The Poetics of Cultural Influence and Exchange i: 129–45.Google Scholar
Lasker, D., Niehoff-Panagiotidis, J. and Sklare, D. (2018) Editing Theology at a Crossroad: A Preliminary Edition of Judah Hadassi’s Eshkol ha-Kofer, First Commandment, and Studies of the Book’s Judaeo-Arabic and Byzantine Contexts. Leiden.Google Scholar
Leone, P. L. M. (ed.) (1972) Ioannis Tzetzae Epistulae. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Leone, P. L. M. (ed.) (2007) Ioannis Tzetzae Historiae, second edition. Galatina.Google Scholar
Leoni, T. (2016) ‘The Text of the Josephan Corpus: Principal Greek Manuscripts, Ancient Latin Translations, and the Indirect Tradition’, in A Companion to Josephus, ed. Chapman, H. H. and Rogers, Z., 307–21. Malden–Oxford–Chicester.Google Scholar
von Leutsch, E. L. and Schneidewin, F. W. (eds.) (1839) Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum, vol. 1. Göttingen.Google Scholar
Linder, A. (2012) ‘The Legal Status of Jews in the Byzantine Empire’, in Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, ed. Bonfil, R., Irshai, O., Stroumsa, G. G. and Talgam, R., 149–218. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture 14. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
Luzzatto, M. J. (1999) Tzetzes lettore di Tucidide: note sul Codice Heidelberg Palatino Greco 252. Bari.Google Scholar
Macrides, R. and Magdalino, P. (1992) ‘The Fourth Kingdom and the Rhetoric of Hellenism’, in The Perception of the Past in Twelfth-Century Europe, ed. Magdalino, P., 117–56. London.Google Scholar
Magdalino, P. (1993) The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magdalino, P. (2000) ‘The Maritime Neighborhoods of Constantinople: Commercial and Residential Functions, Sixth to Twelfth Centuries’, DOP 54: 209–26.Google Scholar
Marzano, T. M. (2016) ‘Entre filólogos comnenos y copistas paleólogos: Opiano y Eurípides en el Salmanticensis 31 (con una carta al patriarca de Constantinopla)’, ExClass 20: 147–62.Google Scholar
Massa Positano, L. (ed.) (1960) Jo. Tzetzae Commentarii in Aristophanem, fasc. I: Prolegomena et commentarius in Plutum. Groningen.Google Scholar
Mastronarde, D. J. (2017) Preliminary Studies on the Scholia to Euripides. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Mazzucchi, C. M. (2003) ‘Ambrosianus C 222 Inf. (Graecus 886): il codice e il suo autore, parte prima: il codice’, Aevum 77: 263–75.Google Scholar
Mazzucchi, C. M. (2004) ‘Ambrosianus C 222 Inf. (Graecus 886): il codice e il suo autore, parte seconda: l’autore’, Aevum 78: 411–40.Google Scholar
Metzler, K. (ed. and trans.) (2006) Eustathii Thessalonicensis De emendanda vita monachica. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 45. Berlin.Google Scholar
de Meyïer, K. A. (1955) Codices Vossiani graeci et miscellanei. Leiden.Google Scholar
Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou, M. (ed.) (1980) Βυζαντινὰ ἔγγραφα τῆς μονῆς Πάτμου Βʹ - Δημοσίων λειτουργῶν. Athens.Google Scholar
Olkinuora, J. (2015) Byzantine Hymnography for the Feast of the Theotokos. Helsinki.Google Scholar
Papadopoulos-Kerameus, A. (ed.) (1908) ‘Glossarion hebraiohellenikon’, in Festschrift zu Ehren des Dr. A. Harkavy, ed. von Günzburg, G. and Markon, I., 68–90. Saint Petersburg.Google Scholar
Papageorgiou, A. (2016) ‘The Political Ideology of John II Komnenos’, in John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son, ed. Bucossi, A. and Rodriguez Suarez, A., 37–52. Abingdon–New York.Google Scholar
Papaioannou, S. (2014) ‘Voice, Signature, Mask: The Byzantine Author’, in The Author in Middle Byzantine Literature: Modes, Functions, and Identities, ed. Pizzone, A., 132–40. Berlin–New York.Google Scholar
Papathomopoulos, M. (ed.) (2007) Ἐξήγησις Ἰωάννου Γραμματικοῦ τοῦ Τζέτζου εἰς τὴν Ὁμήρου Ἰλιάδα. Athens.Google Scholar
Petridès, S. (1903) ‘Vers inédits de Jean Tzetzès’, ByzZ 12: 568–70.Google Scholar
Pietrosanti, P. (2009) ‘Il prologo dell’ἐξήγησις di Giovanni Tzetzes agli ἔργα καὶ ἡμέραι di Esiodo: polemica letteraria e programma ermeneutico’, I Quaderni del Cairoli 23: 77–90.Google Scholar
Pizzone, A. (2017) ‘The Historiai of John Tzetzes: A Byzantine “Book of Memory”?’, BMGS 41.2: 182–207.Google Scholar
Pizzone, A. (2020) ‘Self-authorization and Strategies of Autography in John Tzetzes: The Logismoi Rediscovered’, GRBS 60: 652–90.Google Scholar
Pizzone, A. (2022) ‘Tzetzes and the prokatastasis: A Tale of People, Manuscripts and Performances’, in Τζετζικαὶ ἔρευναι, ed. Prodi, E. E., 19–73. Bologna.Google Scholar
Pontani, F. (1998) ‘Mosé del Brolo e la sua lettera da Costantinopoli’, Aevum 72: 143–75.Google Scholar
Radici Colace, P. (ed.) (1979) Choerili Samii Reliquiae. Rome.Google Scholar
Rhoby, A. (2010) ‘Ioannes Tzetzes als Auftragsdichter’, Graeco-Latina Brunensia 15: 150–77.Google Scholar
Rodriguez Suarez, A. (2016) ‘From Greek into Latin: Western Scholars and Translators in Constantinople during the Reign of John II’, in John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son, ed. Bucossi, A. and Rodriguez Suarez, A., 91–109. Abingdon–New York.Google Scholar
Scattolin, P. (2003) ‘Su alcuni codici degli scolii all’Elettra di Sofocle’, in Il dramma sofocleo: testo, lingua, interpretazione, ed. Avezzù, A., 307–20. Stuttgart–Weimar.Google Scholar
Scheer, E. (ed.) (1908) Lycophronis Alexandra, vol. 2: Scholia continens. Berlin.Google Scholar
Schreckenberg, H. (1972) Die Flavius-Josephus-Tradition in Antike und Mittelalter. Leiden.Google Scholar
Shukurov, R. (2016) The Byzantine Turks, 1204–1461. Leiden.Google Scholar
Simpson, A. (2013) Niketas Choniates: A Historiographical Study. Oxford.Google Scholar
Starr, J. (ed.) (1934) ‘A Fragment of a Greek Mishnaic Glossarium’, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 6: 353–67.Google Scholar
Strugnell, J. (1958) ‘Flavius Josephus and the Essenes: Antiquities xviii.18–22’, Journal of Biblical Literature 77: 106–15.Google Scholar
Toth, I. (2018) ‘Modern Encounters with Byzantine Texts and Their Reading Public’, in Reading in the Byzantine Empire and Beyond, ed. Shawcross, T. and Toth, I., 37–54. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Troianos, S. N. (2012) ‘Christians and Jews in Byzantium: A Love–Hate Relationship’, in Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, ed. Bonfil, R., Irshai, O., Stroumsa, G. G. and Talgam, R., 133–48. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture 14. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
van der Valk, M. (ed.) (1971–87) Eustathii archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem pertinentes ad fidem codicis Laurentiani editi, 4 vols. Leiden.Google Scholar
Wendel, C. (1948) ‘Tzetzes Johannes’, in Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft vii A 2, 1959–2011. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, T. (2013) Beyond the Second Sophistic: Adventures in Greek Postclassicism. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Xenophontos, S. (2014) ‘“A Living Portrait of Cato”: Self-Fashioning and the Classical Past in John Tzetzes’ Chiliads’, Estudios Byzantinos 2: 187–204.Google Scholar
Zagklas, N. (2019) ‘“How Many Verses Shall I Write and Say?”: Poetry in the Komnenian Period (1081–1204)’, in A Companion to Byzantine Poetry, ed. Hörandner, W., Rhoby, A. and Zagklas, N., 237–63. Brill’s Companions to the Byzantine World 4. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
Zagklas, N. (2021) ‘Satire in the Komnenian Period: Poetry, Satirical Strands, and Intellectual Antagonism’, in Satire in the Middle Byzantine Period: The Golden Age of Laughter?, ed. Marciniak, P. and Nilsson, I., 279–303. Explorations in Medieval Culture 12. Leiden–Boston.Google Scholar
Zumbo, A. (1997) ‘Una misconosciuta ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ ΠΕΡΙ ΑΤΛΑΝΤΟΣ di Giovanni Tzetzes (Schol. Oppian. Hal. 1,622)’, RSBN 33: 275–8.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×