Etiology and Phenomenology of Specific OCD Spectrum Disorders

Section 5 - Etiology and Phenomenology of Specific OCD Spectrum Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 December 2018

Edited by

Bunmi O. Olatunji

Show author details

Bunmi O. Olatunji: Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders , pp. 601 - 682

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108140416 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., & Mittelman, A. (2013). The neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 1163–1171.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, J. S., Deacon, B. J., Olatunji, B. O., Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Losardo, D., … Björgvinsson, T. (2010). Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychological Assessment, 22, 180–198.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Abramowitz, J. S. & Jacoby, R. J. (2015). Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders: A critical review of the new diagnostic class. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 165–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813–153713 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Abramowitz, J. S., Khandker, M., Nelson, C. A., Deacon, B. J., & Rygwall, R. (2006). The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1361–1374.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, J. S., Wheaton, M. G., & Storch, E. A. (2008). The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(9), 1026–1033.Google Scholar

Abramowitz, J. S., Whiteside, S., Lynam, D., & Kalsy, S. (2003). Is thought-action fusion specific to obsessive-compulsive disorder?: A mediating role of negative affect. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1069–1079.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Arnold, L. M., Auchenbach, M. B., & McElroy, S. L. (2001). Psychogenic excoriation. CNS Drugs, 15, 351–359.Google Scholar

Bandelow, B., Baldwin, D., Abelli, M., Altamura, C., Dell’Osso, B., Domschke, K., … Riederer, P. (2016). Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD – a consensus statement. Part I: Neuroimaging and genetics. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 17(5), 321–365.Google Scholar

Bandelow, B., Baldwin, D., Abelli, M., Bolea-Alamanac, B., Bourin, M., Chamberlain, S. R., … Riederer, P. (2017). Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 18(3), 162–214.Google Scholar

Baxter, L. R., Schwartz, J. M., Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E., & Pahl, J. J. (1988). Cerebral glucose metabolic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1560–1563.Google Scholar PubMed

Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press.Google Scholar

Berman, N. C., Wheaton, M. G., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2012). The “Arnold Schwarzenegger Effect”: Is strength of the “victim” related to misinterpretations of harm intrusions? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 761–766.Google Scholar

Bogetto, F., Venturello, S., Albert, U., Maina, G., & Ravizza, L. (1999). Gender-related clinical differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder. European Psychiatry, 14, 434–441.Google Scholar

Buhr, K. & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931–945.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Christenson, G. A., Ristvedt, S. L., & Mackenzie, T. B. (1993). Identification of trichotillomania cue profiles. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 315–320.Google Scholar

Cisler, J. M., Brady, R. E., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M. (2010). Disgust and obsessive beliefs in contamination-related OCD. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(5), 439–448.Google Scholar

Clark, D. A. (2004). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OCD. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Coles, M. E., Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., & Rhéaume, J. (2003). “Not just right experiences”: perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive features and general psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 681–700.Google Scholar

Eisen, J. L., Rasmussen, S. A., Phillips, K. A., Price, L. H., Davidson, J., Lydiard, R. B., Ninan, P., & Piggott, T. (2001). Insight and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 494–497.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fineberg, N. A., Saxena, S., Zohar, J., & Craig, K. J. (2007). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Boundary issues. CNS Spectrums, 12, 359–375.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fineberg, N. A., Saxena, S., Zohar, J., & Craig, K. J. (2011). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Boundary issues. In Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders: Refining the Research Agenda for DSM-V, ed. Hollander, E., Zohar, J., Sirovatka, P. J., & Regier, D. A. (pp. 1–32). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Fitzgerald, K. D., Moore, G. J., Paulson, L. A., Stewart, C. M., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2000). Proton spectroscopic imaging of the thalamus in treatment-naive pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 174–182.Google Scholar

Foa, E. B., Amir, N., Gershuny, B., Molnar, C., & Kozak, M. J. (1997). Implicit and explicit memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 119–129.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Foa, E. B. & Kozak, M. J. (1995). DSM-IV field trial: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 90–96.Google Scholar PubMed

Frankenburg, F. R. (1984). Hoarding in anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 57(1), 57–60.Google Scholar

Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Gagnon, F., & Thibodeau, N. (1993). Beliefs about obsessional thoughts. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15, 1–21.CrossRef Google Scholar

Frost, R. O. & Steketee, G. (eds.). (2002). Cognitive Approaches to Obsessions and Compulsions: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. New York, NY: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001). A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1568–1578.Google Scholar

Hollander, E., DeCaria, C. M., Nitescu, A., Gully, R., Suckow, R. F., Cooper, T. B., … Liebowitz, M. R. (1992). Serotonergic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to oral m-chlorophenylpiperazine and fenfluramine in patients and healthy volunteers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 21–28.Google Scholar

Hollander, E., Kwon, J. H., Stein, D. J., & Broatch, J. (1996). Obsessive-compulsive and spectrum disorders: Overview and quality of life issues. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 3–6.Google Scholar

Insel, T. R., Mueller, E. A., Alterman, I., Linnoila, M., & Murphy, D. L. (1985). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and serotonin: Is there a connection? Biological Psychiatry, 20, 1174–1188.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.Google Scholar

Keuthen, N. J., Deckersbach, T., Wilhelm, S., Hale, E., Fraim, C., Baer, L., … Jenike, M. A. (2000). Repetitive skin-picking in a student population and comparison with a sample of self-injurious skin-pickers. Psychosomatics, 41, 210–215.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ladouceur, R., Rhéaume, J., Freeston, M. H., Aublet, F., Jean, K., Lachance, S., … de Pokomandy-Morin, K. (1995). Experimental manipulations of responsibility: An analogue test for models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 937–946.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lopatka, C. & Rachman, S. (1995). Perceived responsibility and compulsive checking: An experimental analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 673–684.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Luchins, D. J., Goldman, M. B., Lieb, M., & Hanrahan, P. (1992). Repetitive behaviors in chronically institutionalized schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research, 8(2), 119–123.Google Scholar

McKay, D., Abramowitz, J. S., Calamari, J. E., Kyrios, M., Radomsky, A., Sookman, D., … Wilhelm, S. (2004). A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: Symptoms versus mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 283–313.Google Scholar

McNally, R. J. & Kohlbeck, P. A. (1993). Reality monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 249–253.Google Scholar

Mowrer, O. (1960). Learning Theory and Behavior. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

National Institute of Mental Health. (2008). The National Institute of Mental Health strategic plan (NIH Publication No. 08–6368). Retrieved from www.nimh.nih.gov/about/strategic-planning-reports/index.shtml Google Scholar

Nestadt, G., Grados, M., & Samuels, J. F. (2010). Genetics of OCD. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33, 141–158.Google Scholar

Nielen, M. M., Den Boer, J. A., & Smid, H. (2009). Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder are impaired in associative learning based on external feedback. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1519–1526.Google Scholar

Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (1997). Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 667–681.Google Scholar

Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2003). Psychometric validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory: Part I. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 863–878.Google Scholar

Phillips, K. A., Wilhelm, S., Koran, L. M., Didie, E. R., Fallon, B. A., Feusner, J., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Body dysmorphic disorder: Some key issues for DSM‐V. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 573–591.Google Scholar

Rachman, S. (1998). A cognitive theory of obsessions: Elaborations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 385–401.Google Scholar

Rachman, S. (2003). The Treatment of Obsessions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Rachman, S. & de Silva, P. (1978). Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 233–248.Google Scholar

Rachman, S., Elliott, C. M., Shafran, R., & Radomsky, A. S. (2009). Separating hoarding from OCD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(6), 520–522.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, S. A. & Eisen, J. L. (1992). The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 743–758.Google Scholar

Rassin, E., Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., & Spaan, V. (1999). Thought-action fusion as a causal factor in the development of intrusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 231–237.Google Scholar

Rosario-Campos, M. C., Leckman, J. F., Curi, M., Quatrano, S., Katsovitch, L., Miguel, E. C., & Pauls, D. L. (2005). A family study of early‐onset obsessive‐compulsive disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 136, 92–97.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M. (1985). Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571–583.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M. (1989). Cognitive-behavioural factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 677–682.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M. & Harrison, J. (1984). Abnormal and normal obsessions: A replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 549–552.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P., Shafran, R., Rachman, S., & Freeston, M. H. (1999). Multiple pathways to inflated responsibility beliefs in obsessional problems: Possible origins and implications for therapy and research. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 1055–1072.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Salkovskis, P. M., Wroe, A. L., Gledhill, A., Morrison, N., Forrester, E., Richards, C., … Thorpe, S. (2000). Responsibility attitudes and interpretations are characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 347–372.Google Scholar

Schreiber, L., Odlaug, B. L., & Grant, J. E. (2011). Impulse control disorders: Updated review of clinical characteristics and pharmacological management. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 1–11.Google Scholar

Shafran, R., Thordarson, D. S., & Rachman, S. (1996). Thought-action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 379–391.Google Scholar

Snorrason, Í., Smári, J., & Ólafsson, R. P. (2010). Emotion regulation in pathological skin picking: Findings from a non-treatment seeking sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 238–245.Google Scholar

Stewart, S. E., Yu, D., Scharf, J. M., Neale, B. M., Fagerness, J. A., Mathews, C. A., … Pauls, D. L. (2013). Genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 18, 788–798.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Taylor, S., Abramowitz, J. S., McKay, D., Calamari, J. C., Sookman, D., Kyrios, M., Wilhelm, S., & Carmin, C. (2006). Do dysfunctional beliefs play a role in all types of obsessive-compulsive disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 85–97.Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Kozak, M. J., & Foa, E. B. (2001). Fixity of belief, perceptual aberration, and magical ideation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15, 501–510.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tolin, D. F., Hamlin, C., & Foa, E. B. (2002). Directed forgetting in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 793–803.Google Scholar

van Grootheest, D. S., Cath, D. C., Beekman, A. T., & Boomsma, D. I. (2005). Twin studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 8, 450–458.Google Scholar

Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Fabricant, L. E., Berman, N. C., & Franklin, J. C. (2011). Is hoarding a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder? International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4(3), 225–238.Google Scholar

Whiteside, S. P., Port, J. D., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 132, 69–79.Google Scholar

Woods, C. M., Vevea, J. L., Chambless, D. L., & Bayen, U. J. (2002). Are compulsive checkers impaired in memory? A meta‐analytic review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9, 353–366.Google Scholar

Zohar, J. & Insel, T. R. (1987). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Psychobiological approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 667–687.Google Scholar

References

Angelakis, I., Gooding, P. A., & Panagioti, M. (2016). Suicidality in BDD: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 55–66.Google Scholar

Anson, M., Veale, D., & Miles, S (2015). Appearance comparison in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and controls. Body Image, 15, 132–140.Google Scholar

Baldock, E., Anson, M., & Veale, D. (2012). The stopping criteria for mirror-gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 323–344.Google Scholar

Baldock, E. & Veale, D. (2017). The Self as an Aesthetic Object: Body Image, Beliefs about the Self, and Shame in a Cognitive-Behavioural Model of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. In Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Advances in Research and Clinical Practice. Edited by Dr Katharine A. Phillips.Google Scholar

Beilharz, F., Castle, D. J., Grace., S., & Rossell, S. L. (2017). A systematic review of visual processing and associated treatments in BDD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 136, 16–36.Google Scholar

Bjornsson, A. S., Didie, E. R., Grant, J. E., Menard, W., Stalker, E., & Phillips, K. A. (2013). Age at onset and clinical correlates in body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54, 893–903.Google Scholar

Blum, A. W., Redden, S. A., & Grant, J. E. (2017) Neurocognitive functioning in young adults with subclinical BDD. Psychiatric Quarterly. doi: 10.1007/s11126-017–9510-2.Google Scholar

Boyda, D. & Shevlin, M. (2011). Childhood victimisation as a predictor of muscle dysmorphia in adult male bodybuilders. Irish Journal of Psychology, 32, 105–115.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Cook, L. M., Fama, J. M., & Wilhelm, S. (2007). Perceived teasing experiences in BDD. Body Image, 4(4), 381–385.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Etcoff, N. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2006). Emotion recognition bias for contempt and anger in BDD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 105–111.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Etcoff, N. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2008). Facial attractiveness ratings and perfectionism in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 540–547.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Gleiss, M. J., Rupf, L., Zschenderlein, K., & Kathmann, N.(2011). Modifying emotion recognition deficits in BDD: An experimental investigation. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 924–931.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Marques, L. M., & Wilhelm, S. (2012). Traumatic experiences in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200, 95–98.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., McNally, R. J., Etcoff, N. L., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Wilhelm, S. (2004). Emotion recognition deficits in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 201–206.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., McNally, R. J., Wilhelm, S., & Florin, I. (2002). Selective processing of emotional information in BDD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 289–298.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Teachman, B. A., & Kathmann, N. (2011). Evaluating implicit attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder using the Go/No-go Association Task. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 192–197.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Teachman, B. A., Naumann, E., Fehlinger, T., & Rief, W. (2009). The meaning of beauty: Implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 694–702.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Buhlmann, U., Wacker, R., & Dziobek, I. (2015). Inferring other people’s states of mind: Comparison across social anxiety, body dysmorphic, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 34, 107–113.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Buhlmann, U., Wilhelm, S., Glaesmer, H., Mewes, R., Brähler, E., & Rief, W. (2011). Perceived appearance-related teasing in body dysmorphic Disorder: A population-based survey. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4(4), 342–348.Google Scholar

Buhlmann, U., Winter, A., & Kathmann, N. (2013). Emotion recognition in BDD: Application of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task. Body Image, 10, 247–250.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cash, T. (2004). Body image: Past, present, and future. Body Image, 1, 1–5.Google Scholar

Clerkin, E. M., Bethany, A., Teachman, A. R., & Smith, A. R. (2014). Specificity of implicit-shame associations: Comparison across body dysmorphic, obsessive-compulsive, and social anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(5), 560–575.Google Scholar

Clerkin, E. M. & Teachman, A. R. (2009). Automatic and strategic measures of mirror gazing among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 197(8), 589–598.Google Scholar

Cooper, M. & Osman, S. (2007). Metacognition in body dysmorphic disorder: A preliminary exploration. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21(2), 148–155.Google Scholar

Didie, E., Tortolani, C. C., Pope, C. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., & Phillips, K. A. (2006). Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 1105–1115.Google Scholar

Feusner, J. D., Moller, H., Altstein, L., Sugar, C., Bookheimer, S., Yoon, J., & Hembacher, E. (2010). Inverted face processing in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(15), 1088–1094.Google Scholar

Feusner, J. D., Yaryura-Tobias, J., & Saxena, J. (2008). The pathophysiology of body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 5, 3–12.Google Scholar

Geremia, J. & Neziroglu, F. (2001). Cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 8, 243–251.Google Scholar

Gorbis, E. (2004). Crooked mirrors: The externalization of self-image in BDD. Behavior Therapy, 27, 74–76.Google Scholar

Grace, S. A., Labuschagne, I., Kaplan, R. A., & Rossell, S. L. (2017). The neurobiology of body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and theoretical model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 83, 83–96.Google Scholar

Greenberg, J. L., Mothi, S. S., & Wilhelm, S. (2016). CBT for adolescent BDD: A pilot study. Behavior Therapy, 47, 213–224.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Greenberg, J. L., Reuman, L., Hartmann, A. S., Kasarskis, I., & Wilhelm, S. (2014). Visual hot spots: An eye tracking study of attention bias in BDD. Psychiatry Research, 57, 125–132.Google Scholar

Grocholewski, A., Kliem, S., & Heinrichs, N. (2012). Selective attention to imagined facial ugliness is specific to body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 9, 261–269.Google Scholar

Happe, F. & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5–25.Google Scholar

Harrison, A., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Enander, J., Radua, J., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 48(4), 3–51.Google Scholar

Jansen, A., Smeets, T., Martijn, C., & Nederkoorn, C. (2006). I see what you see: The lack of a self-serving body-image bias in eating disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 123–135.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Jefferies, K., Laws, K. R., & Fineberg, N. (2012). Superior face recognition in BDD. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1, 175–179.CrossRef Google Scholar

Jefferies-Sewell, K., Chamberlain, S. R., Fineberg, N. A., & Laws, K. R. Cognitive dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder: New implications for nosological systems and neurobiological models. CNS Spectrums, 22(1), 51–60.Google Scholar

Khemlani-Patel, J., & Neziroglu, F. (2011). CBT for BDD: A comparative investigation. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4, 363–380.Google Scholar

Kollei, I., Horndasch, S., Erim, Y., & Martin, A. (2017). Visual selective attention in body dysmorphic disorder, bulimia nervosa and healthy controls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 92, 26–33.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lopez, C., Tchanturia, K., Stahl, D., Booth, R., & Holliday, J. (2008). An examination of the concept of central coherence in women with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 143–152.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mataix-Cols, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Isomura, K., Anson, M., Turner, C., Monzani, B., Cadman, J., Bowyer, L., Heyman, I., Veale, D., & Krebs, G. (2015). A pilot randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 895–904.Google Scholar

Menees, L., Grieve, F. G., Mienaltowski, A., & Pope, J. (2013). Critical comments about the body and muscle dysmorphia symptoms in collegiate men. International Journal of Men’s Health, 12, 17–28.Google Scholar

Miller, M. L. & Brock, R. L. (2017). The effect of trauma on the severity of obsessive-compulsive spectrum symptoms: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 47, 29–44.Google Scholar

Möllmann, A., Dietel, F. A., Hunger, A., & Buhlmann, U. (2017). Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and associated features in German adolescents: A self-report survey.Google Scholar

Monzani, B., Rijsdijk, F., Iervolino, A. C., Anson, M., Cherkas, L., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2012). Evidence for a genetic overlap between body dysmorphic concerns and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in an adult female community twin sample. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 159B, 376–382.Google Scholar

Neziroglu, F. (2004). A behavioral model for BDD. Psychiatric Annals, 34, 915–920.CrossRef Google Scholar

Neziroglu, F., Khemlani-Patel, S., & Yaryura-Tobias, J. A. (2006). Rates of abuse in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Body Image, 3, 189–193.Google Scholar

Norton, P. J. & Paulus, D. J. (2017). Transdiagnostic models of anxiety disorder: Theoretical and empirical underpinnings. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 122–137.Google Scholar

Osman, S., Cooper., M., Hackmann, M., & Veale, D. (2004). Spontaneously occurring images and early memories in people with body dysmorphic disorder. Memory, 12, 428–436.Google Scholar

Phillips, K. A. (2005). The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Phillips., K. A., Menard, W., Fay, C., & Weisberg, R. (2005). Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity etc. Psychosomatics, 46, 317–325.Google Scholar

Phillips, K. A., Pagano, M. E., Menard, W., & Stout, R. L. (2006). A 12-month follow-up study of the course of body dysmorphic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 907–912.Google Scholar

Phillips, K. A., Zai, G., & King, N. A. (2015). A prelim candidate gene study in BDD. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 6, 72–76.Google Scholar

Premo, J. E., Sarfan, L. D., & Clerkin, E. M. (2016). Training interpretation biases among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Body Image, 16, 54–62.Google Scholar

Richter, M. A., Tharmalingam, S., & Burroughs, E. (2004). A preliminary genetics investigation of BDD and OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29 (suppl. 1), S200.Google Scholar

Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19, 6–19.Google Scholar

Schneider, S. C., Mond, J., Turner, C. M., & Hudson, J. L. (2017). Subthreshold BDD in adolescents: Prevalence and impact. Psychiatry Research, 251, 125–130.Google Scholar

Silverstein, S., Elliott, C. M., Feusner, J. D., Keane, B. P., Mikkilineni, D., Hansen, N., Hartmann, A., & Wilhelm, S. (2015). Comparison of visual perception organization in schizophrenia and body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 426–433.Google Scholar

Summers, B. J. & Cougle, J. R. (2016). Modifying interpretation biases in body dysmorphic disorder: Evaluation of a brief computerized treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 87, 117–127.Google Scholar

Toh, W. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. J. (2015). Facial affect recognition in body dysmorphic disorder versus obsessive-compulsive disorder: An eye-tracking study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 35, 49–59.Google Scholar

Toh, W. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2017a). Attentional biases in BDD: Eye-tracking using the emotional Stroop task. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 74, 151–161.Google Scholar

Toh, W. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. J. (2017b). Characterisation of BDD versus OCD: In light of current DSM-5 nosology. Journal of OC and R Disorders, 12, 117–126.Google Scholar

Toh, W. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2017c). Face and object perception in BDD versus OCD: The Mooney Faces Task. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 22, 1–10.Google Scholar

Toh, W. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2017d). How individuals with BDD process their own face: A quantitative and qualitative investigation based on eye-tracking paradigm. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 22(3), 213–232.Google Scholar

Vasudeva, S. B. & Hollander, E. (2017). BDD in patients with ASD: A reflection of increased local processing and self-focus. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(4), 313–316.Google Scholar

Veale, D. (2002). Over-valued ideas: A conceptual analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 383–400.Google Scholar

Veale, D., Anson, M., Miles, S., Pieta, M., Costa, A., & Ellison, N. (2014). Efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy CBT versus anxiety management for BDD: An RCT. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 341–353.Google Scholar

Veale, D., Boocock, A., Gournay, K., Dryden, W., Shah, F., Willson, R., & Walburn, J. (1996). Body dysmorphic disorder: A survey of 50 cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 196–201.Google Scholar

Veale, D., & Gilbert, P. (2014) Body dysmorphic disorder: The functional and evolutionary context and a compassionate mind. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3, 150–160.Google Scholar

Veale, D., Gledhill, L., Christodoulou, P., & Hodsoll, J. (2016). Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: A systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body Image, 18, 168–186.Google Scholar

Veale, D., Kinderman, P., Riley, S., & Lambrou, C. (2003) Self-discrepancy in body dysmorphic disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 157–169.Google Scholar

Veale, D. & Matsunaga, H. (2014) Body dysmorphic disorder and olfactory reference disorder: Proposals for ICD11. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria: RBP Psychiatry, 36, Suppl. 1, 14–20.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Veale, D., Miles, S., Read, J., Troglia, A., Carmona, L., Fiorito, C., Wells, H., Wylie, K., & Muir, G. (2015). Environmental and physical risk factors for men to develop body dysmorphic disorder concerning penis size compared to men anxious about their penis size and men with no concerns: A cohort study. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 6, 49–58.Google Scholar

Veale, D. & Neziroglu, F. (2010). Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual. Chichester: Wiley.CrossRef Google Scholar

Veale, D. & Riley, S. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathology of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic sisorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1381–1393.Google Scholar

Webb, H. J., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Mastro, S. (2016). Stress exposure and generation: A conjoint longitudinal model of body dysmorphic symptoms, peer acceptance, popularity, and victimization. Body Image, 18, 14–18.Google Scholar

Weingarden, H., Curley, E. E., Renshaw, K. D., & Wilhelm, S. (2017). Patient-identified events implicated in the development of body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 21, 19–25.Google Scholar

Weingarden, H., Renshaw, K. D., Davidson, E., & Wilhelm, S. (2017). Relative relationships of general shame and body shame with body dysmorphic phenomenology and psychosocial outcomes. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 14, 1–6.Google Scholar

Weingarden, H., Renshaw, K. D., Wilhelm, S., Tangney, J. P., & DiMauro, J. (2016). Anxiety and shame as risk factors for depression, suicidality, and functional impairment in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204, 832–839.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S., Phillips, K. A., Didie, E., Buhlmann, U., Greenberg, J. L., Fama, J. M., Keshaviah, A., & Steketee, G. (2014) Modular cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 45, 314–327.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, S., Phillips, K., & Steketee, G. (2013). Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual. New York, NY: Guildford Press.Google Scholar

Willson, R., Veale, D., & Freeston, M. (2016). Imagery rescripting in body dysmorphic disorder: A single case experimental design. Behavior Therapy, 47(2), 248–261.Google Scholar

Windheim, K., Veale, D., & Anson, M. (2011). Mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder and healthy controls: Effects of duration of gazing. Behaviour Therapy and Research, 49, 555–564.Google Scholar

Wolke, D. & Sapouna, M. (2008). Big men feeling small: Childhood bullying experience, muscle dysmorphia and other mental health problems in bodybuilders. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 595–604.Google Scholar

Woodward, J. (2003). Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

References

Ahearn, E. P., Speer, M. C., Chen, Y. T., Steffens, D. C., Cassidy, F., Van Meter, S., … Krishnan, K. R. (2002). Investigation of Notch3 as a candidate gene for bipolar disorder using brain hyperintensities as an endophenotype. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114(6), 652–658. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10512Google Scholar

Alexander, N., Osinsky, R., Schmitz, A., Mueller, E., Kuepper, Y., & Hennig, J. (2010). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(6), 949–953. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.008Google Scholar

Alvarez, J. A. & Emory, E. (2006). Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 16(1), 17–42. doi: 10.1007/s11065-006–9002-xGoogle Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

An, S. K., Mataix-Cols, D., Lawrence, N. S., Wooderson, S., Giampietro, V., Speckens, A., … Phillips, M. L. (2009). To discard or not to discard: The neural basis of hoarding symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 14(3), 318–331. doi: 4002129 [pii] 10.1038/sj.mp.4002129Google Scholar

Anderson, S. W., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). A neural basis for collecting behaviour in humans. Brain, 128(Pt. 1), 201–212.Google Scholar

Aranovich, G. J., Cavagnaro, D. R., Pitt, M. A., Myung, J. I., & Mathews, C. A. (2017). A model-based analysis of decision making under risk in obsessive-compulsive and hoarding disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 90, 126–132.Google Scholar

Ayers, C. R., Castriotta, N., Dozier, M. E., Espejo, E. P., & Porter, B. (2014). Behavioral and experiential avoidance in patients with hoarding disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(3), 408–414. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.04.005Google Scholar

Ayers, C. R., Dozier, M. E., Wetherell, J. L., Twamley, E. W., & Schiehser, D. M. (2016). Executive functioning in participants over age of 50 with hoarding disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(5), 342–349. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.10.009Google Scholar

Ayers, C. R., Wetherell, J. L., Schiehser, D., Almklov, E., Golshan, S., & Saxena, S. (2013). Executive functioning in older adults with hoarding disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(11), 1175–1181. doi: 10.1002/gps.3940CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Baldwin, P. A., Whitford, T. J., & Grisham, J. R. (2016). The relationship between hoarding symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, and error-related negativity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 1–9.Google Scholar

Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 53–63.Google Scholar

Benedict, R. H. (1997). Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised. Germany: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Google Scholar

Blom, R. M., Samuels, J. F., Grados, M. A., Chen, Y., Bienvenu, O. J., Riddle, M. A., … Nestadt, G. (2011). Cognitive functioning in compulsive hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1139–1144. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.005Google Scholar

Braff, D. L., Freedman, R., Schork, N. J., & Gottesman, I. I. (2007). Deconstructing schizophrenia: An overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(1), 21–32. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl049Google Scholar

Caldwell, W., McInnis, O. A., McQuaid, R. J., Liu, G., Stead, J. D., Anisman, H., & Hayley, S. (2013). The role of the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain derived neurotrophic factor gene in coping strategies relevant to depressive symptoms. PLoS One, 8(6), e65547. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065547Google Scholar

Calkins, M. E., Dobie, D. J., Cadenhead, K. S., Olincy, A., Freedman, R., Green, M. F., … Braff, D. L. (2007). The Consortium on the Genetics of Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia: Model recruitment, assessment, and endophenotyping methods for a multisite collaboration. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(1), 33–48. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl044Google Scholar

Carbonella, J. Y. & Timpano, K. R. (2016). Examining the link between hoarding symptoms and cognitive flexibility deficits. Behavior Therapy, 47(2), 262–273. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.003Google Scholar

Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92–100. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6Google Scholar

Chen, D., Bienvenu, O. J., Krasnow, J., Wang, Y., Grados, M. A., Cullen, B., … Samuels, J. (2017). Parental bonding and hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 73, 43–52. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.004Google Scholar

Chen, J., Lipska, B. K., Halim, N., Ma, Q. D., Matsumoto, M., Melhem, S., … Weinberger, D. R. (2004). Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. American Journal of Human Genetics, 75(5), 807–821. doi: 10.1086/425589Google Scholar

Cromer, K. R., Schmidt, N. B., & Murphy, D. L. (2007). Do traumatic events influence the clinical expression of compulsive hoarding? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(11), 2581–2592.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cuthbert, B. N. (2014). The RDoC framework: Facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 28–35. doi: 10.1002/wps.20087Google Scholar

Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.Google Scholar

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011–143750Google Scholar

Dinn, W. M., Sisman, S., & Aycicegi-Dinn, A. (2013). Neurocognitive and clinical correlates of compulsive hoarding. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 355–359.Google Scholar

Dozier, M. E., Wetherell, J. L., Twamley, E. W., Schiehser, D. M., & Ayers, C. R. (2016). The relationship between age and neurocognitive and daily functioning in adults with hoarding disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(12), 1329–1336. doi: 10.1002/gps.4438Google Scholar

Eslinger, P. J. & Damasio, A. R. (1985). Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR. Neurology, 35, 1731–1741.Google Scholar

Frost, R. O. & Gross, R. (1993). The hoarding of possessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 367–382. doi: 10.1016/0005–7967(93)90094-BGoogle Scholar

Frost, R. O., Hartl, T., Christian, R., & Williams, N. (1995). The value of possessions in compulsive hoarding: Patterns of use and attachment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 897–902.Google Scholar

Frost, R. O. & Shows, D. L. (1993). The nature and measurement of compulsive indecisiveness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(7), 683–692.Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Tolin, D. F. (2011). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28(10), 876–884. doi: 10.1002/da.20861Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Tolin, D. F., Sinopoli, N., & Ruby, D. (2015). Motives for acquiring and saving in hoarding disorder, OCD, and community controls. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 4, 54–59.Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., & Maltby, N. (2010). Insight-related challenges in the treatment of hoarding. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17, 404–413.Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Steketee, G., Fitch, K. E., & Selbo-Bruns, A. (2009). Excessive acquisition in hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(5), 632–639.Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., Steketee, G., & Oh, M. (2011). Indecisiveness and hoarding. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4, 253–262.Google Scholar

Glahn, D. C., Knowles, E. E., McKay, D. R., Sprooten, E., Raventos, H., Blangero, J., … Almasy, L. (2014). Arguments for the sake of endophenotypes: Examining common misconceptions about the use of endophenotypes in psychiatric genetics. American Journal of Medical Genetics B Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 165B(2), 122–130. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32221Google Scholar

Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., … Charney, D. S. (1989). The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 1006–1011. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007Google Scholar

Gottesman, I. I. & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4), 636–645. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.636Google Scholar

Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E., & van den Brink, W. (2006). Psychophysiological determinants and concomitants of deficient decision making in pathological gamblers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84(3), 231–239. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.007Google Scholar

Grisham, J. R. & Baldwin, P. A. (2015). Neuropsychological and neurophysiological insights into hoarding disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 951–962. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S62084Google Scholar

Grisham, J. R., Brown, T. A., Savage, C. R., Steketee, G., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Neuropsychological impairment associated with compulsive hoarding. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1471–1483.Google Scholar

Grisham, J. R., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Kim, H. J., Tarkoff, A., & Hood, S. (2009). Formation of attachment to possessions in compulsive hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(3), 357–361. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.12.006Google Scholar

Grisham, J. R., Norberg, M. M., Williams, A. D., Certoma, S. P., & Kadib, R. (2010). Categorization and cognitive deficits in compulsive hoarding. Behavior Research and Therapy, 48(9), 866–872. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.011Google Scholar

Gur, R. E., Calkins, M. E., Gur, R. C., Horan, W. P., Nuechterlein, K. H., Seidman, L. J., & Stone, W. S. (2007). The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia: Neurocognitive endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(1), 49–68. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl055Google Scholar

Hall, B. J., Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2013). An exploration of comorbid symptoms and clinical correlates of clinically significant hoarding symptoms. Depression and Anxiety, 30(1), 67–76.Google Scholar

Hartl, T. L., Duffany, S. R., Allen, G. J., Steketee, G., & Frost, R. O. (2005). Relationships among compulsive hoarding, trauma, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43(2), 269–276. doi: S0005-7967(04)00053–1Google Scholar

Hartl, T. L., Frost, R. O., Allen, G. J., Deckersbach, T., Steketee, G., Duffany, S. R., & Savage, C. R. (2004). Actual and perceived memory deficits in individuals with compulsive hoarding. Depression and Anxiety, 20(2), 59–69. doi: 10.1002/da.20010Google Scholar

Hasler, G., Drevets, W. C., Gould, T. D., Gottesman, I. I., & Manji, H. K. (2006). Toward constructing an endophenotype strategy for bipolar disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 60(2), 93–105. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.006Google Scholar

Heaton, R. H., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual: Revised and Expanded. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

Herrmann, M. J., Wurflein, H., Schreppel, T., Koehler, S., Muhlberger, A., Reif, A. … Fallgatter, A. J. (2009). Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype affects neural correlates of aversive stimuli processing. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(2), 168–172. doi: 10.3758/CABN.9.2.168Google Scholar

Hough, C. M., Luks, T. L., Lai, K., Vigil, O., Guillory, S., Nongpiur, A., … Mathews, C. A. (2016). Comparison of brain activation patterns during executive function tasks in hoarding disorder and non-hoarding OCD. Psychiatry Research, 255, 50–59. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.007Google Scholar

Hwang, J. P., Tsai, S. J., Yang, C. H., Liu, K. M., & Lirng, J. F. (1998). Hoarding behavior in dementia. A preliminary report. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 285–289.Google Scholar

Iervolino, A. C., Perroud, N., Fullana, M. A., Guipponi, M., Cherkas, L., Collier, D. A., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2009). Prevalence and heritability of compulsive hoarding: A twin study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(10), 1156–1161. doi: appi.ajp.2009.08121789Google Scholar

Iervolino, A. C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Cherkas, L., Fullana, M. A., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2011). A multivariate twin study of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(6), 637–644. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.54Google Scholar

Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379Google Scholar

Knutson, B., Rick, S., Wimmer, G. E., Prelec, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2007). Neural predictors of purchases. Neuron, 53(1), 147–156. doi: S0896-6273(06)00904–4Google Scholar

Koran, L. M., Faber, R. J., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806–1812.Google Scholar

Kringelbach, M. L. (2005). The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(9), 691–702.Google Scholar

Kurz, A., Riemenschneider, M., Drzezga, A., & Lautenschlager, N. (2002). The role of biological markers in the early and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum, (62), 127–133.Google Scholar

Landau, D., Iervolino, A. C., Pertusa, A., Santo, S., Singh, S., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2011). Stressful life events and material deprivation in hoarding disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(2), 192–202. doi: S0887-6185(10)00184–2Google Scholar

Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., Ahern, G. L., Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion. Neuropsychologia, 35(11), 1437–1444.Google Scholar

Lang, U. E., Hellweg, R., Kalus, P., Bajbouj, M., Lenzen, K. P., Sander, T., … Gallinat, J. (2005). Association of a functional BDNF polymorphism and anxiety-related personality traits. Psychopharmacology, 180(1), 95–99. doi: 10.1007/s00213-004–2137-7Google Scholar

Lang, U. E., Hellweg, R., Sander, T., & Gallinat, J. (2009). The Met allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with increased BDNF serum concentrations. Molecular Psychiatry, 14(2), 120–122. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.80Google Scholar

Lawrence, N. S., Wooderson, S., Mataix-Cols, D., David, R., Speckens, A., & Phillips, M. L. (2006). Decision making and set shifting impairments are associated with distinct symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology, 20(4), 409–419.Google Scholar

Lelli-Chiesa, G., Kempton, M. J., Jogia, J., Tatarelli, R., Girardi, P., Powell, J., … Frangou, S. (2011). The impact of the Val158Met catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype on neural correlates of sad facial affect processing in patients with bipolar disorder and their relatives. Psychological Medicine, 41(4), 779–788. doi: 10.1017/S0033291710001431Google Scholar

Lenox, R. H., Gould, T. D., & Manji, H. K. (2002). Endophenotypes in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114(4), 391–406. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10360Google Scholar

Lochner, C., Kinnear, C. J., Hemmings, S. M., Seller, C., Niehaus, D. J., Knowles, J. A., … Stein, D. J. (2005). Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical and genetic correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1155–1160.Google Scholar

Mackin, R. S., Arean, P. A., Delucchi, K. L., & Mathews, C. A. (2011). Cognitive functioning in individuals with severe compulsive hoarding behaviors and late life depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(3), 314–321. doi: 10.1002/gps.2531Google Scholar

Mackin, R. S., Vigil, O., Insel, P., Kivowitz, A., Kupferman, E., Hough, C. M., … Mathews, C. A. (2016). Patterns of clinically significant cognitive impairment in hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 33(3), 211–218. doi: 10.1002/da.22439Google Scholar

Mataix-Cols, D., Wooderson, S., Lawrence, N., Brammer, M. J., Speckens, A., & Phillips, M. L. (2004). Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(6), 564–576.Google Scholar

Mathews, C. A., Delucchi, K., Cath, D. C., Willemsen, G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014). Partitioning the etiology of hoarding and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 44(13), 2867–2876. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714000269Google Scholar

Mathews, C. A., Perez, V. B., Roach, B. J., Fekri, S., Vigil, O., Kupferman, E., & Mathalon, D. H. (2016). Error-related brain activity dissociates hoarding disorder from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 367–379. doi: 10.1017/S0033291715001889Google Scholar

McMillan, S. G., Rees, C. S., & Pestell, C. (2013). An investigation of executive functioning, attention and working memory in compulsive hoarding. Behavioral Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41(5), 610–625. doi: 10.1017/S1352465812000835Google Scholar

Medard, E. & Kellett, S. (2014). The role of adult attachment and social support in hoarding disorder. Behavioral Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(5), 629–633. doi: 10.1017/S1352465813000659Google Scholar

Miltenberger, R. G., Redlin, J., Crosby, R., Stickney, M., Mitchell, J., Wonderlich, S., … Smyth, J. (2003). Direct and retrospective assessment of factors contributing to compulsive buying. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(1), 1–9.Google Scholar

Montag, C., Jurkiewicz, M., & Reuter, M. (2012). The role of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene in personality and related psychopathological disorders. CNS Neurological Disorders Drug Targets, 11(3), 236–250.Google Scholar

Morein-Zamir, S., Papmeyer, M., Pertusa, A., Chamberlain, S. R., Fineberg, N. A., Sahakian, B. J., … Robbins, T. W. (2014). The profile of executive function in OCD hoarders and hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Research, 215(3), 659–667. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.026Google Scholar

Moshier, S. J., Wootton, B. M., Bragdon, L. B., Tolin, D. F., Davis, E., DiMauro, J., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2016). The relationship between self-reported and objective neuropsychological impairments in patients with hoarding disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 9, 9–15.Google Scholar

Nakaaki, S., Murata, Y., Sato, J., Shinagawa, Y., Hongo, J., Tatsumi, H., … Furukawa, T. A. (2007). Impairment of decision-making cognition in a case of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) presenting with pathologic gambling and hoarding as the initial symptoms. Cognitive Behavioral Neurology, 20(2), 121–125.Google Scholar

Nedelisky, A. & Steele, M. (2009). Attachment to people and to objects in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An exploratory comparison of hoarders and non-hoarders. Attachment & Human Development, 11(4), 365–383. doi: 10.1080/14616730903016987Google Scholar

Neugroschl, J. & Davis, K. L. (2002). Biological markers in Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(6), 660–677.Google Scholar

Nieuwenhuis, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Blom, J., Band, G. P., & Kok, A. (2001). Error-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: Evidence from an antisaccade task. Psychophysiology, 38(5), 752–760.Google Scholar

Norberg, M. M., Keyan, D., & Grisham, J. R. (2015). Mood influences the relationship between distress intolerance and discarding. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 6, 77–82.Google Scholar

Northoff, G., Grimm, S., Boeker, H., Schmidt, C., Bermpohl, F., Heinzel, A., … Boesiger, P. (2006). Affective judgment and beneficial decision making: Ventromedial prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. Human Brain Mapping, 27(7), 572–587.Google Scholar

Park, J. M., Samuels, J. F., Grados, M. A., Riddle, M. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Goes, F. S., … Geller, D. A. (2016). ADHD and executive functioning deficits in OCD youths who hoard. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 82, 141–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.024Google Scholar

Paulus, M. P. & Stein, M. B. (2006). An insular view of anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 60(4), 383–387. doi: S0006-3223(06)00476–8 [pii] 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042Google Scholar

Pertusa, A., Frost, R. O., Fullana, M. A., Samuels, J., Steketee, G., Tolin, D., … Mataix-Cols, D. (2010). Refining the diagnostic boundaries of compulsive hoarding: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(4), 371–386. doi: S0272-7358(10)00020–6 [pii]10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.007Google Scholar

Phung, P. J., Moulding, R., Taylor, J. K., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2015). Emotional regulation, attachment to possessions and hoarding symptoms. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(5), 573–581. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12239Google Scholar

Przeworski, A., Cain, N., & Dunbeck, K. (2014). Traumatic life events in individuals with hoarding symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and comorbid obsessive-compulsive and hoarding symptoms. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(1), 52–59.Google Scholar

Raines, A. M., Portero, A. K., Unruh, A. S., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). An initial investigation of the relationship between insomnia and hoarding. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(7), 707–714. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22161Google Scholar

Raines, A. M., Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Effects of clutter on information processing deficits in individuals with hoarding disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 30–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.074Google Scholar

Rasmussen, J., Brown, T. A., Steketee, G., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Impulsivity in hoarding. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2, 183–191.Google Scholar

Riesel, A., Kathmann, N., & Endrass, T. (2014). Overactive performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder is independent of symptom expression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264(8), 707–717.Google Scholar

Samuels, J. F., Bienvenu, O. J., Grados, M. A., Cullen, B., Riddle, M. A., Liang, K. Y., … Nestadt, G. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46(7), 836–844.Google Scholar

Samuels, J. F., Bienvenu, O. J., Pinto, A., Fyer, A. J., McCracken, J. T., Rauch, S. L., … Nestadt, G. (2007). Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 673–686. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.05.008Google Scholar

Sawyer, K. S., Poey, A., Ruiz, S. M., Marinkovic, K., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2015). Measures of skin conductance and heart rate in alcoholic men and women during memory performance. PeerJ, 3, e941.Google Scholar

Saxena, S., Brody, A. L., Maidment, K. M., Smith, E. C., Zohrabi, N., Katz, E., … Baxter, L. R., Jr. (2004). Cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive-compulsive hoarding. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(6), 1038–1048.Google Scholar

Sen, S., Nesse, R. M., Stoltenberg, S. F., Li, S., Gleiberman, L., Chakravarti, A., … Burmeister, M. (2003). A BDNF coding variant is associated with the NEO personality inventory domain neuroticism, a risk factor for depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(2), 397–401. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300053Google Scholar

Sheppard, B., Chavira, D., Azzam, A., Grados, M. A., Umana, P., Garrido, H., & Mathews, C. A. (2010). ADHD prevalence and association with hoarding behaviors in childhood-onset OCD. Depression and Anxiety, 27(7), 667–674. doi: 10.1002/da.20691Google Scholar

Steketee, G. & Frost, R. O. (2003). Compulsive hoarding: Current status of the research. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 905–927.Google Scholar

Steketee, G., Frost, R. O., & Kyrios, M. (2003). Cognitive aspects of compulsive hoarding. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 463–479.Google Scholar

Sumner, J. M., Noack, C. G., Filoteo, J. V., Maddox, W. T., & Saxena, S. (2016). Neurocognitive performance in unmedicated patients with hoarding disorder. Neuropsychology, 30(2), 157–168. doi: 10.1037/neu0000234Google Scholar

Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Fukushima, A., & Kawashima, R. (2013). Brain structures associated with executive functions during everyday events in a non-clinical sample. Brain Structure and Function, 218(4), 1017–1032. doi: 10.1007/s00429-012–0444-zGoogle Scholar

Talati, A. & Hirsch, J. (2005). Functional specialization within the medial frontal gyrus for perceptual go/no-go decisions based on “what,” “when,” and “where” related information: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(7), 981–993. doi: 10.1162/0898929054475226Google Scholar

Timpano, K. R., Rasmussen, J., Exner, C., Rief, W., Schmidt, N. B., & Wilhelm, S. (2013). Hoarding and the multi-faceted construct of impulsivity: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(3), 363–370. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.10.017Google Scholar

Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2013). The relationship between self-control deficits and hoarding: A multimethod investigation across three samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 13–25. doi: 10.1037/a0029760Google Scholar

Timpano, K. R., Schmidt, N. B., Wheaton, M. G., Wendland, J. R., & Murphy, D. L. (2011). Consideration of the BDNF gene in relation to two phenotypes: Hoarding and obesity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 700–707. doi: 10.1037/a0024159Google Scholar

Timpano, K. R., Shaw, A. M., Cougle, J. R., & Fitch, K. E. (2014). A multifaceted assessment of emotional tolerance and intensity in hoarding. Behavior Therapy, 45(5), 690–699. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.04.002Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2007). An open trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive hoarding. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1461–1470.Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F., Kiehl, K. A., Worhunsky, P., Book, G. A., & Maltby, N. (2009). An exploratory study of the neural mechanisms of decision making in compulsive hoarding. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 325–336. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708003371Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F., Stevens, M. C., Villavicencio, A. L., Norberg, M. M., Calhoun, V. D., Frost, R. O., … Pearlson, G. D. (2012). Neural mechanisms of decision making in hoarding disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(8), 832–841. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1980Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F. & Villavicencio, A. (2011). Inattention, but not OCD, predicts the core features of hoarding disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(2), 120–125. doi: S0005-7967(10)00249–4 [pii] 10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.002Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F., Villavicencio, A., Umbach, A., & Kurtz, M. M. (2011). Neuropsychological functioning in hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Research, 189(3), 413–418. doi: S0165-1781(11)00502–6 [pii] 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.022Google Scholar

Tolin, D. F., Witt, S. T., & Stevens, M. C. (2014). Hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder show different patterns of neural activity during response inhibition. Psychiatry Research, 221, 142–148.Google Scholar

Vickers, B. D., Preston, S. D., Gonzalez, R., & Angott, A. M. (2016). Hoarders only discount consumables and are more patient for money. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10.Google Scholar

Volle, E., Beato, R., Levy, R., & Dubois, B. (2002). Forced collectionism after orbitofrontal damage. Neurology, 58(3), 488–490.Google Scholar

Wang, J. M., Seidler, R. D., Hall, J. L., & Preston, S. D. (2012). The neural bases of acquisitiveness: Decisions to acquire and discard everyday goods differ across frames, items, and individuals. Neuropsychologia, 50(5), 939–948. doi: S0028-3932(12)00059–0 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.033Google Scholar

Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.Google Scholar

Wheaton, M., Timpano, K. R., Lasalle-Ricci, V. H., & Murphy, D. (2008). Characterizing the hoarding phenotype in individuals with OCD: Associations with comorbidity, severity and gender. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(2), 243–252.Google Scholar

Wincze, J. P., Steketee, G., & Frost, R. O. (2007). Categorization in compulsive hoarding. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(1), 63–72. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.012Google Scholar

Woody, S. R., Kellman-McFarlane, K., & Welsted, A. (2014). Review of cognitive performance in hoarding disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 324–336. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.002Google Scholar

Worden, B. L., DiLoreto, J., & Tolin, D. F. (2014). Insight and motivation. In Frost, R. O. & Steketee, G. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hoarding and Acquiring. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Xu, W., Fu, Z., Wang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Relationship between autistic traits and hoarding in a large non-clinical Chinese sample: Mediating effect of anxiety and depression. Psychological Reports, 116(1), 23–32. doi: 10.2466/15.PR0.116k17w0Google Scholar

Zubieta, J. K., Heitzeg, M. M., Smith, Y. R., Bueller, J. A., Xu, K., Xu, Y., … Goldman, D. (2003). COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science, 299(5610), 1240–1243. doi: 10.1126/science.1078546Google Scholar

References

Ahmari, S. E., Spellman, T., Douglass, N. L., Kheirbek, M. A., Simpson, H. B., Deisseroth, K., … Hen, R. (2013). Repeated cortico-striatal stimulation generates persistent OCD-like behavior. Science, 340(6137), 1234–1239.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar

Bienvenu, O. J., Samuels, J. F., Wuyek, L. A., Liang, K. Y., Wang, Y., Grados, M. A., … Fyer, A. J. (2012). Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an anxiety disorder, and what, if any, are spectrum conditions? A family study perspectives. Psychological Medicine, 42(1), 1–13.Google Scholar

Boedhoe, P. S., Schmaal, L., Abe, Y., Ameis, S. H., Arnold, P. D., Batistuzzo, M. C., … Brem, S. (2016). Distinct subcortical volume alterations in pediatric and adult OCD: A worldwide meta-and mega-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(1), 60–69.Google Scholar

Bouwer, C. & Stein, D. J. (1998). Trichobezoars in trichotillomania: Case report and literature overview. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(5), 658–660.Google Scholar

Burguière, E., Monteiro, P., Feng, G., & Graybiel, A. M. (2013). Optogenetic stimulation of lateral orbitofronto-striatal pathway suppresses compulsive behaviors. Science, 340(6137), 1243–1246.Google Scholar

Burguière, E., Monteiro, P., Mallet, L., Feng, G., & Graybiel, A. M. (2015). Striatal circuits, habits, and implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30, 59–65.Google Scholar

Christenson, G. A., Ristvedt, S. L., & Mackenzie, T. B. (1993). Identification of trichotillomania cue profiles. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(3), 315–320.Google Scholar

Cloninger, C. R. (1986). A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. Psychiatric Developments, 3(2), 167–226.Google Scholar

d’Angelo, L. S. C., Eagle, D. M., Grant, J. E., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2014). Animal models of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. CNS Spectrums, 19(1), 28–49.Google Scholar

Davis, L. K., Yu, D., Keenan, C. L., Gamazon, E. R., Konkashbaev, A. I., Derks, E. M., … Barr, C. L. (2013). Partitioning the heritability of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder reveals differences in genetic architecture. PLoS Genetics, 9(10), e1003864.Google Scholar

Dias-Ferreira, E., Sousa, J. C., Melo, I., Morgado, P., Mesquita, A. R., Cerqueira, J. J., … Sousa, N. (2009). Chronic stress causes frontostriatal reorganization and affects decision-making. Science, 325(5940), 621–625.Google Scholar

du Toit, P. L., van Kradenburg, J., Niehaus, D. J. H., & Stein, D. J. (2001). Characteristics and phenomenology of hair-pulling: An exploration of subtypes. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(3), 247–256.Google Scholar

Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. (2016). Drug addiction: Updating actions to habits to compulsions ten years on. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 23–50.Google Scholar

Ferrão, Y. A., Miguel, E., & Stein, D. J. (2009). Tourette’s syndrome, trichotillomania, and obsessive-compulsive disorder: How closely are they related?. Psychiatry Research, 170(1), 32–42.Google Scholar

Fineberg, N. A., Chamberlain, S. R., Goudriaan, A. E., Stein, D. J., Vanderschuren, L. J., Gillan, C. M., … Denys, D. (2014). New developments in human neurocognition: Clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity. CNS Spectrums, 19(1), 69–89.Google Scholar

Flessner, C. A., Knopik, V. S., & McGeary, J. (2012). Hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania): Genes, neurobiology, and a model for understanding impulsivity and compulsivity. Psychiatry Research, 199(3), 151–158.Google Scholar

Flessner, C. A., Lochner, C., Stein, D. J., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., & Keuthen, N. J. (2010). Age of onset of trichotillomania symptoms: Investigating clinical correlates. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(12), 896–900.Google Scholar

Grant, J. E., Menard, W., & Phillips, K. A. (2006). Pathological skin picking in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28(6), 487–493.Google Scholar

Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., Chamberlain, S. R., Keuthen, N. J., Lochner, C., & Stein, D. J. (2012). Skin picking disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(11), 1143–1149.Google Scholar

Grant, J. E. & Stein, D. J. (2014). Body-focused repetitive behavior disorders in ICD-11. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria, 36, 59–64.Google Scholar

Greer, J. M. & Capecchi, M. R. (2002). Hoxb8 is required for normal grooming behavior in mice. Neuron, 33(1), 23–34.Google Scholar

Halteh, P., Scher, R. K., & Lipner, S. R. (2017). Onychophagia: A nail-biting conundrum for physicians. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 28(2), 166–172.Google Scholar

Hoppe, L. J., Ipser, J., Lochner, C., Thomas, K. G. F., & Stein, D. J. (2010). Should there be a category: “Grooming disorders?” In Kalueff, A. V., LaPorte, J. L., & Bergner, C. L. (eds.), Neurobiology of Grooming Behavior (pp. 226–251). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Houghton, D. C., Compton, S. N., Twohig, M. P., Saunders, S. M., Franklin, M. E., Neal-Barnett, A. M., … Woods, D. W. (2014). Measuring the role of psychological inflexibility in Trichotillomania. Psychiatry Research, 220(1), 356–361.Google Scholar

Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.Google Scholar

Jefferson, J. W. & Thompson, T. D. (1995). Rhinotillexomania: Psychiatric disorder or habit? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(2), 56–59.Google Scholar

Kariuki-Nyuthe, C., Gomez-Mancilla, B., & Stein, D. J. (2014). Obsessive compulsive disorder and the glutamatergic system. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(1), 32–37.Google Scholar

Kendler, K. S. (2013). A history of the DSM-5 Scientific Review Committee. Psychological Medicine, 43(9), 1793–1800.Google Scholar

Keuthen, N. J., Tung, E. S., Woods, D. W., Franklin, M. E., Altenburger, E. M., Pauls, D. L., & Flessner, C. A. (2015). Replication study of the Milwaukee inventory for subtypes of trichotillomania–adult version in a clinically characterized sample. Behavior Modification, 39(4), 580–599.Google Scholar

Langen, M., Kas, M. J., Staal, W. G., van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2011). The neurobiology of repetitive behavior: of mice …. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 345–355.Google Scholar

Leppink, E. W., Redden, S. A., & Grant, J. E. (2016). Impulsivity in body-focused repetitive behavior disorders: Disparate clinical associations between three distinct measures. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 20(1), 24–31.Google Scholar

Lochner, C., du Toit, P. L., Zungu‐Dirwayi, N., Marais, A., van Kradenburg, J., Seedat, S., … & Stein, D. J. (2002). Childhood trauma in obsessive‐compulsive disorder, trichotillomania, and controls. Depression and Anxiety, 15(2), 66–68.Google Scholar

Lochner, C., Roos, A., & Stein, D. J. (2017). Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: A systematic review of treatment options. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 1867.Google Scholar

Lochner, C., Seedat, S., du Toit, P. L., Nel, D. G., Niehaus, D. J., Sandler, R., & Stein, D. J. (2005). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: A phenomenological comparison. BMC Psychiatry, 5(1), 2.Google Scholar

Lochner, C., Stein, D. J., Woods, D., Pauls, D. L., Franklin, M. E., Loerke, E. H., & Keuthen, N. J. (2011). The validity of DSM-IV-TR criteria B and C of hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania): Evidence from a clinical study. Psychiatry Research, 189(2), 276–280.Google Scholar

Marais, L., Daniels, W., Brand, L., Viljoen, F., Hugo, C., & Stein, D. J. (2006). Psychopharmacology of maternal separation anxiety in vervet monkeys. Metabolic Brain Disease, 21(2–3), 191–200.Google Scholar

Martin, L. J., Spicer, D. M., Lewis, M. H., Gluck, J. P., & Cork, L. C. (1991). Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions. Journal of Neuroscience, 11(11), 3344–3358.Google Scholar

Matthews, K. & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Early experience as a determinant of adult behavioural responses to reward: The effects of repeated maternal separation in the rat. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 45–55.Google Scholar

McKay, D. & Andover, M. (2012). Should nonsuicidal self-injury be a putative obsessive-compulsive-related condition? A critical appraisal. Behavior Modification, 36(1), 3–17.Google Scholar

Mejido, D. C., Dick, E. J., Jr., Williams, P. C., Sharp, R. M., Andrade, M. C., DiCarlo, C. D., & Hubbard, G. B. (2009). Trichobezoars in baboons. Journal of Medical Primatology, 38(5), 302–309.Google Scholar

Monzani, B., Rijsdijk, F., Harris, J., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2014). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Journal of American Medicine Psychiatry, 71(2), 182–189.Google Scholar

Novak, C. E., Keuthen, N. J., Stewart, S. E., & Pauls, D. L. (2009). A twin concordance study of trichotillomania. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B(7), 944–949.Google Scholar

Odlaug, B. L., Hampshire, A., Chamberlain, S. R., & Grant, J. E. (2016). Abnormal brain activation in excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: Evidence from an executive planning fMRI study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(2), 168–174.Google Scholar

Phillips, K. A., Stein, D. J., Rauch, S. L., Hollander, E., Fallon, B. A., Barsky, A., … Leckman, J. (2010). Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 528–555.Google Scholar

Rapp, J. T. & Vollmer, T. R. (2005). Stereotypy II: A review of neurobiological interpretations and suggestions for an integration with behavioral methods. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(6), 548–564.Google Scholar

Ridley, R. M. (1994). The psychology of perserverative and stereotyped behaviour. Progress in Neurobiology, 44(2), 221–231.Google Scholar

Rieder, E. A. & Tosti, A. (2016). Onychotillomania: An underrecognized disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 75(6), 1245–1250.Google Scholar

Roberts, S., O’Connor, K., & Belanger, C. (2013). Emotion regulation and other psychological models for body-focused repetitive behaviors. Clinical Psychology Review 33(6), 745–762.Google Scholar

Rothbart, R., Amos, T., Siegfried, N., Ipser, J. C., Fineberg, N., Chamberlain, S. R., & Stein, D. J. (2013). Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11 CD007662.Google Scholar

Sarkhel, S., Praharaj, S. K., & Akhtar, S. (2011). Cheek-biting disorder: Another stereotypic movement disorder? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1085–1086.Google Scholar

Schiavone, F. L. & Links, P. S. (2013). Common elements for the psychotherapeutic management of patients with self injurious behavior. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37(2–3), 133–138.Google Scholar

Slikboer, R., Reser, M. P., Nedeljkovic, M., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2017). Systematic review of published primary studies of neuropsychology and neuroimaging in trichotillomania. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(2), 1–18.Google Scholar

Snorrason, I., Belleau, E. L., & Woods, D. W. (2012). How related are hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania) and skin picking disorder? A review of evidence for comorbidity, similarities and shared etiology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 618–629.Google Scholar

Snorrason, I., Olafsson, R. P., Houghton, D. C., Woods, D. W., & Lee, H. J. (2015). “Wanting” and “liking” skin picking: A validation of the Skin Picking Reward Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 250–262.Google Scholar

Snorrason, I., Ricketts, E. J., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Stein, D. J., & Woods, D. W. (2012). Skin picking disorder is associated with other body-focused repetitive behaviors: Findings from an Internet study. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 24(4), 292–299.Google Scholar

Snorrason, I., Smari, J., & Olafsson, R. P. (2010). Emotion regulation in pathological skin picking: Findings from a non-treatment seeking sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(3), 238–245.Google Scholar

Snorrason, I., Stein, D. J., & Woods, D. W. (2013). Classification of excoriation (skin picking) disorder: Current status and future directions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128(5), 406–407.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J. (2000). Neurobiology of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 47(4), 296–304.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J. (2014). An integrative approach to psychiatric diagnosis and research. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 51–53.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Bouwer, C., & Niehaus, D. J. (1997). Stereotypic movement disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(4), 177–178.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Chamberlain, S. R., & Fineberg, N. (2006). An A-B-C model of habit disorders: Hair-pulling, skin-picking, and other stereotypic conditions. CNS Spectrums, 11(11), 824–827.Google Scholar

Stein, D. & Christenson, G. (1998). Stereotypic movement disorder: A neglected problem. Psychiatric Annals, 28(6), 304.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Christenson, G. A., & Hollander, E. (1999). Trichotillomania. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M., Keuthen, N. J., Lochner, C., & Woods, D. W. (2008). Is trichotillomania a stereotypic movement disorder? An analysis of body-focused repetitive behaviors in people with hair-pulling. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 20(4), 194–198.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Fontenelle, L. F., & Reed, G. M. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in ICD-11. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(1), 1–2.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Garner, J. P., Keuthen, N. J., Franklin, M. E., Walkup, J. T., & Woods, D. W. (2007). Trichotillomania, stereotypic movement disorder, and related disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 9(4), 301–302.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Grant, J. E., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N., Lochner, C., Singer, H. S., & Woods, D. W. (2010). Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), skin picking disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder: Toward DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27(6), 611–626.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J. & Hollander, E. (1992). Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 26(2), 237–242.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Kogan, C. S., Atmaca, M., Fineberg, N. A., Fontenelle, L. F., Grant, J. E., … Reed, G. M. (2016). The classification of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders in the ICD-11. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 663–674.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Mullen, L., Islam, M. N., Cohen, L., DeCaria, C. M., & Hollander, E. (1995). Compulsive and impulsive symptomatology in trichotillomania. Psychopathology, 28(4), 208–213.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J. & Phillips, K. A. (2013). Patient advocacy and DSM-5. BMC Medicine, 11, 133.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J., Phillips, K. A., Bolton, D., Fulford, K. W., Sadler, J. Z., & Kendler, K. S. (2010). What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1759–1765.Google Scholar

Stein, D. J. & Woods, D. W. (2014). Stereotyped movement disorder in ICD-11. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 36(1), 65–68.Google Scholar

Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Rapoport, J. L., Lenane, M. C., Goldberger, E. L., & Cheslow, D. L. (1989). A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). New England Journal of Medicine, 321(8), 497–501.Google Scholar

Thierry, A. M., Tassin, J. P., Blanc, G., & Glowinski, J. (1976). Selective activation of mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature, 263(5574), 242–244.Google Scholar

Tucker, B. T., Woods, D. W., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, S. A., & Franklin, M. E. (2011). The Skin Picking Impact Project: Phenomenology, interference, and treatment utilization of pathological skin picking in a population-based sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 88–95.Google Scholar

van Praag, H. M., Asnis, G. M., Kahn, R. S., Brown, S. L., Korn, M., Friedman, J. M., & Wetzler, S. (1990). Nosological tunnel vision in biological psychiatry: A plea for a functional psychopathology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 600, 501–510.Google Scholar

Walther, M. R., Flessner, C. A., Conelea, C. A., & Woods, D. W. (2009). The Milwaukee Inventory for the Dimensions of Adult Skin Picking (MIDAS): Initial development and psychometric properties. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 127–135.Google Scholar

Woods, D. W., Flessner, C. A., Franklin, M. E., Keuthen, N. J., Goodwin, R. D., Stein, D. J., & Walther, M. R. (2006). The Trichotillomania Impact Project (TIP): Exploring phenomenology, functional impairment, and treatment utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(12), 1877–1888.Google Scholar

Book contents

Section 5 - Etiology and Phenomenology of Specific OCD Spectrum Disorders

Summary

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive