Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:51:26.812Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - The Politics of Intergroup Attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2022

Danny Osborne
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Chris G. Sibley
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D., & Sanford, N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper.Google Scholar
Aichholzer, J., & Zandonella, M. (2016). Psychological bases of support for radical right parties. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 185190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.072Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other ‘authoritarian personality’. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 4792). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2Google Scholar
Bakker, B. (2017). Personality traits, income, and economic ideology. Political Psychology, 38(6), 10251041. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45094406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, B. N., Schumacher, G., Gothreau, C., & Arceneaux, K. (2020). Conservatives and liberals have similar physiological responses to threats. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(6), 613621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0823-zGoogle Scholar
Berggren, M., Akrami, N., Bergh, R., & Ekehammar, B. (2019). Motivated social cognition and authoritarianism: Is it all about closed-mindedness? Journal of Individual Differences, 40(4), 204212. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000293Google Scholar
Boer, D., & Fischer, R. (2013). How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitude–value linkages. Psychological Bulletin, 139(5), 11131147. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031347Google Scholar
Brandt, M., & Crawford, J. (2019). Studying a heterogeneous array of target groups can help us understand prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 292298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419830382CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, M., Reyna, C., Chambers, J., Crawford, J., & Wetherell, G. (2014). The ideological-conflict hypothesis: Intolerance among both liberals and conservatives. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 2734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510932Google Scholar
Burger, A., Pfattheicher, S., & Jauch, M. (2020). The role of motivation in the association of political ideology with cognitive performance. Cognition, 195, Article 104124. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104124Google Scholar
Caprara, C., Vecchione, M., & Schwartz, S. (2009). Mediational role of values in linking personality traits to political orientation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(2), 8294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2009.01274.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carl, N. (2014). Verbal intelligence is correlated with socially and economically liberal beliefs. Intelligence, 44(1), 142148. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheon, B., & Esposito, G. (2020). Brief exposure to infants activates social and intergroup vigilance. Behavioral Sciences, 10(4), Article 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10040072Google Scholar
Choma, B., & Hanoch, Y. (2017). Cognitive ability and authoritarianism: Understanding support for Trump and Clinton. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 287291. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2016.10.054CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choma, B., & Hodson, G. (2017). Right-wing ideology: Positive (and negative) relations to threat. Social Cognition, 35(4), 415432. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.415Google Scholar
Choma, B., Sumantry, D., & Hanoch, Y. (2019). Right-wing ideology and numeracy: A perception of greater ability, but poorer performance. Judgment and Decision Making, 14(4), 412422.Google Scholar
Claassen, C. (2020). Does public support help democracy survive? American Journal of Political Science, 64(4), 118134. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12452Google Scholar
Clifton, J., & Kerry, N. (2020). Conservatives do not see the world as more dangerous and decades of research suggesting otherwise can be explained [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar
Cohrs, C., Kielmann, S., Maes, J., & Moschner, B. (2005). Effects of right-wing authoritarianism and threat from terrorism on restriction of civil liberties. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5(1), 263276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00071.xGoogle Scholar
Conway, L., Houck, S., Gornick, L., & Repke, M. (2018). Finding the Loch Ness monster: Left-wing authoritarianism in the United States. Political Psychology, 39(5), 10491069. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12470Google Scholar
Conway, L., & McFarland, J. (2019). Do right-wing and left-wing authoritarianism predict election outcomes? Support for Obama and Trump across two United States presidential elections. Personality and Individual Differences, 138, 8487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.033Google Scholar
Costello, T., Bowes, S., Malka, A., Baldwin, M., & Lilienfeld, S. (2020). Thinking, left and right: Revisiting the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar
Costello, T., Bowes, S., Stevens, S., Waldman, I., & Lilienfeld, S. (in press). Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism [Manuscript submitted for publication].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowson, H. (2009). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as mediators of worldview beliefs on attitudes related to the war on terror. Social Psychology, 40(2), 93103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Oliveira, P., Guimond, S., & Dambrun, M. (2012). Power and legitimising ideologies in hierarchy-enhancing vs. hierarchy-attenuating environments. Political Psychology, 33(2), 867885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00909.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhont, K., Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2013). The intergenerational transmission of need for closure underlies the transmission of authoritarianism and anti-immigrant prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(6), 779784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.016Google Scholar
Dhont, K., Van Hiel, A., & Hewstone, M. (2014). Changing the ideological roots of prejudice: Longitudinal effects of ethnic intergroup contact on social dominance orientation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(1), 2744. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213497064Google Scholar
Duckitt, J. (2009). Authoritarianism and dogmatism. In Leary, M. & Hoyle, R. (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 298317). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Duckitt, J., & Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24(1), 199222. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). The dual process motivational model of prejudice. In Sibley, C. G. and Barlow, F. K. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice (pp. 188221). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.009Google Scholar
Duriez, B., Van Hiel, A., & Kossowska, M. (2005). Authoritarianism and social dominance in Western and Eastern Europe: The importance of the sociopolitical context and of political interest and involvement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 299320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00419.xGoogle Scholar
Federico, C., & Malka, A. (2018). The contingent, contextual nature of the relationship between needs for security and certainty and political preferences: Evidence and implications. Advances in Political Psychology, 39(S1), 348. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12477Google Scholar
Federico, C., Weber, C., Ergun, D., & Hunt, C. (2013). Mapping the connections between politics and morality: The multiple sociopolitical orientations involved in moral intuition. Political Psychology, 34(4), 589610. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 4174. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00316Google Scholar
Feldman, S., & Huddy, L. (2014). Not so simple: The multidimensional nature and diverse origins of political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 312313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X13002562Google Scholar
Feldman, S., & Stenner, K. (1997). Perceived threat and authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 18(4), 741770. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00077Google Scholar
Fischer, R., Hanke, K., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). Cultural and institutional determinants of social dominance orientation: A cross-cultural meta-analysis of 27 societies. Political Psychology, 33(4), 437467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00884.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funk, C., Smith, K., Alford, J., et al. (2013). Genetic and environmental transmission of political orientations. Political Psychology, 34(6), 805819. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00915.xGoogle Scholar
Gaughan, E., Miller, J., & Lynam, D. (2012). Examining the utility of general models of personality in the study of psychopathy: A comparison of the HEXACO-PI-R and NEO PI-R. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(4), 513523. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.4.513Google Scholar
Guimond, S., Dambrun, M., Michinov, N., & Duarte, S. (2003). Does social dominance generate prejudice? Integrating individual and contextual determinants of intergroup cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 697721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.697Google Scholar
Hadarics, M., & Kende, A. (2018). The dimensions of generalized prejudice within the dual-process model: The mediating role of moral foundations. Current Psychology, 37(4), 731739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9544-xGoogle Scholar
Hatemi, P., & McDermott, R. (2012). The genetics of politics: Discovery, challenges, and progress. Trends in Genetics, 28(10), 525533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2012.07.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaven, P., Ciarrochi, J., & Leeson, P. (2011). Cognitive ability, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation: A five-year longitudinal study amongst adolescents. Intelligence, 39(1), 1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2010.12.001Google Scholar
Hetherington, M., & Suhay, E. (2011). Authoritarianism, threat, and Americans’ support for the war on terror. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 546560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00514.xGoogle Scholar
Hibbing, J., Smith, K., & Alford, J. (2014). Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 297350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X13001192Google Scholar
Houtman, D. (2003). Lipset and ‘working-class’ authoritarianism. The American Sociologist, 34(1), 85103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-003-1008-8Google Scholar
Hufer, A., Kornadt, A., Kandler, C., & Riemann, R. (2020). Genetic and environmental variation in political orientation in adolescence and early adulthood: A nuclear twin family analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(4), 762776. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000258Google Scholar
Hurley, D., & Hurley, M. (2015). Education alone is not the answer: The specter of right-wing authoritarianism for criminal justice majors at three institutions. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 26(4), 371389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2015.1049629Google Scholar
Jackson, L., & Gaertner, L. (2010). Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their differential use by right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation in support of war. Aggressive Behavior, 36(4), 238250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jost, J., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A., & Sulloway, F. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339Google Scholar
Jost, J., Sterling, J., & Stern, C. (2017). Getting closure on conservatism, or the politics of epistemic and existential motivation. In Kopetz, C. & Fishbach, A. (Eds), The motivation-cognition interface: From the lab to the real world: A festschrift in honor of Arie W. Kruglanski (pp. 5687). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315171388_4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, J., Stern, C., Rule, N., & Sterling, J. (2017). The politics of fear: Is there an ideological asymmetry in existential motivation? Social Cognition, 35(4), 324353. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.324Google Scholar
Jugert, P., & Duckitt, J. (2009). A motivational model of authoritarianism: Integrating personal and situational determinants. Political Psychology, 30(5), 693719. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41502456Google Scholar
Kahn, D., Björklund, F., & Hirschberger, G. (2020). The intent and extent of collective threats: A data-driven conceptualization of collective threats and their relation to political preferences. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/evxu6Google Scholar
Kandler, C., Bell, E., & Riemann, R. (2016). The structure and sources of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. European Journal of Personality, 30(4), 406420. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2061Google Scholar
Kandler, C., Bleidorn, W., & Riemann, R. (2012). Left or right? Sources of political orientation: The roles of genetic factors, cultural transmission, assortative mating, and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 633645. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025560CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerry, N., & Murray, D. (2018). Conservative parenting: Investigating the relationships between parenthood, moral judgment, and social conservatism. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 8896. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619853598Google Scholar
Kleppestø, T., Czajkowskia, N., Vassend, O., et al. (2019). Correlations between social dominance orientation and political attitudes reflect common genetic underpinnings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(36), 1774117746. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818711116Google Scholar
Laustsen, L., & Petersen, M. (2016). Winning faces vary by ideology: Nonverbal source cues influence election and communication success in politics. Political Communication, 33(2), 188211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1050565Google Scholar
Laustsen, L., & Petersen, M. (2017). Perceived conflict and leader dominance: Individual and contextual factors behind preferences for dominant leaders. Political Psychology, 38(6), 10831101. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Ogunfowora, B., Bourdage, J., & Shin, K.-H. (2010). The personality bases of socio-political attitudes: The role of honesty-humility and openness to experience. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 115119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.08.007Google Scholar
Lewis, G. (2018). Early-childhood conduct problems predict economic and political discontent in adulthood: Evidence from two large, longitudinal UK cohorts. Psychological Science, 29(5), 711722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617742159Google Scholar
Lewis, G., & Bates, T. (2018). Higher levels of childhood intelligence predict increased support for economic conservatism in adulthood. Intelligence, 70, 3641. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617742159Google Scholar
Ludeke, S., & Rasmussen, S. (2018). Different political systems suppress or facilitate the impact of intelligence on how you vote: A comparison of the U.S. and Denmark. Intelligence, 70, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2018.06.003Google Scholar
Ludeke, S., Tagar, M., & DeYoung, C. (2016). Not as different as we want to be: Attitudinally consistent trait desirability leads to exaggerated associations between personality and sociopolitical attitudes. Political Psychology, 37(1), 125135. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12221Google Scholar
Malka, A., Letes, Y., & Soto, C. (2019). Are cultural and economic conservatism positively correlated? A large-scale cross-national test. British Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 10451069. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000072Google Scholar
Miller, S. (2017). Economic threats or societal turmoil? Understanding preferences for authoritarian political systems. Political Behavior, 39(2), 457478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9363-7Google Scholar
Nagoshi, J., Terrell, H., & Nagoshi, C. (2007). Changes in authoritarianism and coping in college students immediately after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7), 17221732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.05.010Google Scholar
Napier, J., & Jost, J. (2008). The ‘antidemocratic personality’ revisited: A cross-national investigation of working-class authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 64(3), 595617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00579.xGoogle Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., & Cornelis, I. (2013). Threat and right-wing attitudes: A cross-national approach. Political Psychology, 34(5), 791803. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43783736Google Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., De Keersmaecker, J., & Fontaine, J. (2017). The relationship of trait emotional intelligence with right-wing attitudes and subtle racial prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 2730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.017Google Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., & Dhont, K. (2013). The relationship between right-wing ideological attitudes and psychological wellbeing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(4), 509522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213478199Google Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Schitterkatte, M., & De Pauw, S. (2015). The association of cognitive ability with right-wing ideological attitudes and prejudice: A meta-analytic review. European Journal of Personality, 29(6), 599622. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2027Google Scholar
Osborne, D., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). Authoritarianism and national identity: Examining the longitudinal effects of SDO and RWA on nationalism and patriotism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), 10861099. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217704196Google Scholar
Osmundsen, M., Hendry, D., Laustsen, L., Smith, K., & Petersen, M. (in press). The psychophysiology of political ideology: Replications, reanalysis and recommendations. Journal of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1086/714780Google Scholar
Perry, R., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). Big-Five personality prospectively predicts social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.009Google Scholar
Perry, R., Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2013). Dangerous and competitive worldviews: A meta-analysis of their associations with social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(1), 116127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.10.004Google Scholar
Peterson, M., & Laustsen, L. (2019). Upper-body strength and political egalitarianism: Twelve conceptual replications. Political Psychology, 40(2), 375393. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12505Google Scholar
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L., & Malle, B. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741Google Scholar
Roccato, M., & Ricolfi, L. (2005). On the correlation between right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 27(3), 187200. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2703_1Google Scholar
Rokeach, M. (1954). The nature and meaning of dogmatism. Psychological Review, 61(3), 194204. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060752Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Wilson, M., Henry, J., et al. (2016). Age differences in right-wing authoritarianism and their relation to emotion recognition. Emotion, 16(2), 226236. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000107Google Scholar
Russo, S., Roccato, M., & Mosso, C. (2019). Authoritarianism, societal threat, and preference for antidemocratic political systems. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 26(3), 419429. https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM26.3.7Google Scholar
Šerek, J., & Lomičova, L. (2020). Adolescents’ transitions between different views on democracy: Examining individual-level moderators. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 66(101104), 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101104Google Scholar
Shils, E. (1954). Authoritarianism: ‘Right’ and ‘left’. In Christie, R. & Jahoda, M. (Eds.), Studies in the scope and method of ‘the authoritarian personality’ (pp. 2449). Free Press.Google Scholar
Shook, N., Hopkins, P., & Koech, J. (2016). The effect of intergroup contact on secondary group attitudes and social dominance orientation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(3), 328342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215572266Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 248279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308319226Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The personality bases of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism: A one-year longitudinal study. Journal of Social Psychology, 150, 540559. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540903365364Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2013). The dual process model of ideology and prejudice: A longitudinal test during a global recession. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(4), 448466. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.757544Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., Feshbach, S., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (1997). The interface between ethnic and national attachment: Ethnic pluralism or ethnic dominance? Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 103133. https://doi.org/10.1086/297789Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., Levin, S., Liu, J., & Pratto, F. (2000). Social dominance orientation, antiegalitarianism, and the political psychology of gender: An extension and cross-cultural replication. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(1), 4167. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200001/02)30:1<41::AID-EJSP976>3.0.CO;2-OGoogle Scholar
Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614712Google Scholar
Stern, C., & Crawford, J. (2020). Ideological conflict and prejudice: An adversarial collaboration examining correlates and ideological (a)symmetries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(1), 4253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620904275Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Asbrock, F., Dhont, K., & Roets, A. (2018). The diversity challenge for high and low authoritarians: Multilevel and longitudinal effects through intergroup contact and threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(8), 11631179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218764653Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Dhont, K., & Pettigrew, T. (2019). The social‐psychological bases of far‐right support in Europe and the United States. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 385401. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2407Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Van Hiel, A., Dhont, K., & Roets, A. (2019). Broadening the individual differences lens on party support and voting behavior: Cynicism and prejudice as relevant attitudes referring to modern-day political alignments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), 190199. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2377Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., De Keersmaecker, J., Onraet, E., Haesevoets, T., Roets, A., & Fontaine, J. (2019). The relationship between emotional abilities and right-wing and prejudiced attitudes. Emotion, 19(5), 917922. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000497Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Duriez, B., & Kossowska, M. (2006). The presence of left-wing authoritarianism in Western Europe and its relationship with conservative ideology. Political Psychology, 27(5), 769793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00532.xGoogle Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Onraet, E., Bostyn, D., et al. (2020). A meta-analytic integration of research on the relationship between right-wing ideological attitudes and aggressive tendencies. European Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 183221. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1778324Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Onraet, E., Crowson, H., & Roets, A. (2016). The relationship between rightwing attitudes and cognitive style: A comparison of self‐ report and behavioural measures of rigidity and intolerance of ambiguity. European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 523531. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2082Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Onraet, E., & De Pauw, S. (2010). The relationship between social‐cultural attitudes and behavioral measures of cognitive style: A meta‐ analytic integration of studies. Journal of Personality, 78(6), 17651800. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00669.xGoogle Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Pandelaere, M., & Duriez, B. (2004). The impact of need for closure on conservative beliefs and racism: Differential mediation by authoritarian submission and authoritarian dominance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 824837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264333Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J., & Krouwel, A. (2019). Psychological features of extreme political ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 159163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418817755Google Scholar
Vize, C., Lynam, D., Miller, J., & Collison, K. (2018). Differences among dark triad components: A meta-analytic investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research & Treatment, 9(2), 101111. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000222Google Scholar
Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139540919Google Scholar
Wilson, G. (1973). A dynamic theory of conservatism. In Wilson, G. (Ed.), The psychology of conservatism (pp. 257267). Academic.Google Scholar
Zettler, I., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B., & Moshagen, M. (2020). The nomological net of the HEXACO model of personality: A large-scale meta-analytic investigation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 723760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895036Google Scholar
Zmigrod, L. (2020). The role of cognitive rigidity in political ideologies: Theory, evidence, and future directions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 3439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.016Google Scholar

References

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper.Google Scholar
Alabrese, E., Becker, S. O., Fetzer, T., & Novy, D. (2019). Who voted for Brexit? Individual and regional data combined. European Journal of Political Economy, 56, 132150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.08.002Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other ‘authoritarian personality’. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 4792). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2Google Scholar
Bausch, A. W. (2015). The geography of ethnocentrism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(3), 510527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002713515401Google Scholar
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. Sage.Google Scholar
Bizumic, B. (2014). Who coined the concept of ethnocentrism? A brief report. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v2i1.264Google Scholar
Bizumic, B. (2015). Ethnocentrism. In Segal, R. A. & von Stuckrad, K. (Eds.), Vocabulary for the study of religion (Vol. 1, pp. 533539). Brill Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Bizumic, B. (2019). Ethnocentrism: Integrated perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642970Google Scholar
Bizumic, B., & Duckitt, J. (2012). What is and is not ethnocentrism? A conceptual analysis and political implications. Political Psychology, 33(6), 887909. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00907.xGoogle Scholar
Bizumic, B., Duckitt, J., Popadic, D., Dru, V., & Krauss, S. (2009). A cross-cultural investigation into a reconceptualization of ethnocentrism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(6), 871899. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.589Google Scholar
Bizumic, B., Kenny, A., Iyer, R., Tanuwira, J., & Huxley, E. (2017). Are the ethnically tolerant free of discrimination, prejudice and political intolerance? European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(4), 457471. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2263Google Scholar
Bizumic, B., Monaghan, C., & Priest, D. (2020). The return of ethnocentrism. Advances in Political Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12710Google Scholar
Blank, T., & Schmidt, P. (2003). National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data. Political Psychology, 24(2), 289312. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00329Google Scholar
Boer, D., Fischer, R., González Atilano, M. L., et al. (2013). Music, identity, and musical ethnocentrism of young people in six Asian, Latin American, and Western cultures. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(12), 23602376. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12185Google Scholar
Booth, K. (2014). Strategy and ethnocentrism. Routledge. (Original work published 1979). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315769738Google Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (2016). Ethnocentrism and the optimal distinctiveness theory of social identity. In Sternberg, R. J., Fiske, S. T., & Foss, D. J. (Eds.), Scientists making a difference: One hundred eminent behavioral and brain scientists talk about their most important contributions (pp. 360364). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316422250.078Google Scholar
Brown, D. E. (2000). Human universals and their implications. In Roughley, N. (Ed.), Being humans: Anthropological universality and particularity in transdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 156174). Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110822809.156Google Scholar
Brown, D. E. (2004). Human universals, human nature and human culture. Daedalus, 133(4), 4754. https://doi.org/10.1162/0011526042365645Google Scholar
Burlin, A. (2020, 22 June). Sweden’s shameful record on racism shows why we need Black Lives Matter. Jacobin. https://jacobinmag.com/2020/06/sweden-black-lives-matter-defund-the-police-europe-neoliberalism-racismGoogle Scholar
Chang, E. C., & Ritter, E. H. (1976). Ethnocentrism in Black college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 100(1), 8998. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1976.9711910Google Scholar
Cleveland, M., Laroche, M., & Papadopoulos, N. (2009). Cosmopolitanism, consumer ethnocentrism, and materialism: An eight-country study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of International Marketing, 17(1), 116146. https://doi.org/10.1509/jimk.17.1.116Google Scholar
Crocker, J., & Schwartz, I. (1985). Prejudice and ingroup favouritism in a minimal intergroup situation: Effects of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11(4), 379386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167285114004Google Scholar
Faanu, P., & Graham, E. (2017). The politics of ethnocentrism: A viability test of Ghana’s democracy? Insight on Africa, 9(2), 141158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975087817715534Google Scholar
Fisher, M. (2013, 17 May). A revealing map of the world’s most and least ethnically diverse countries. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/05/16/a-revealing-map-of-the-worlds-most-and-least-ethnically-diverse-countries/Google Scholar
Graves, S., & Lee, J. (2000). Ethnic underpinnings of voting preference: Latinos and the 1996 U.S. Senate election in Texas. Social Science Quarterly, 81(1), 226236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X06289156Google Scholar
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61139). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60016-7Google Scholar
Gumplowicz, L. (1879). Das Recht der Nationalität und Sprachen in Oesterreich-Ungarn [The right of nationality and languages in Austria-Hungary]. Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Gumplowicz, L. (1881). Rechtsstaat und Socialismus [Legal state and socialism]. Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Gumplowicz, L. (1887). System socyologii [System of sociology]. Spolka Nakladowa.Google Scholar
Gumplowicz, L. (1895). Sociale Sinnestäuschungen [Social illusions]. New German Rundschau, 6, 111.Google Scholar
Gumplowicz, L. (1905). Geschichte der Staatstheorien [History of theories of state]. Wagner’sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Hammond, R. A., & Axelrod, R. (2006). The evolution of ethnocentrism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(6), 926936. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002706293470Google Scholar
Hartshorn, M., Kaznatcheev, A., & Shultz, T. (2012). The evolutionary dominance of ethnocentric cooperation. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 16(3), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.2176Google Scholar
Henley, J. (2018, 9 September). Sweden: Far right gains threaten Europe’s most stable political order. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/09/despite-making-gains-swedens-far-right-party-remains-out-of-powerGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (2016). Strangers in their own land: Anger and mourning on the American right. The New Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. F. (2018). Cultural evolution: People’s motivations are changing, and reshaping the world. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108613880Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. F., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2818659). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2818659Google Scholar
Jones, D. (2018). Kin selection and ethnic group selection. Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(1), 918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.08.004Google Scholar
Kalkan, K. O. (2016, 28 February). What differentiates Trump supporters from other Republicans? Ethnocentrism. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/28/what-differentiates-trump-supporters-from-other-republicans-ethnocentrism/Google Scholar
Kam, C. D., & Kinder, D. R. (2007). Terror and ethnocentrism: Foundations of American support for the war on terrorism. The Journal of Politics, 69(2), 320338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00534.xGoogle Scholar
Kam, C. D., & Kinder, D. R. (2012). Ethnocentrism as a short-term force in the 2008 American presidential election. American Journal of Political Science, 56(2), 326340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00564.xGoogle Scholar
Kinder, D. R., & Dale-Riddle, A. (2012). The end of race? Obama, 2008, and racial politics in America. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300183597Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R., & Kam, C. D. (2009). Us against them: Ethnocentric foundations of American opinion. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226435725.001.0001Google Scholar
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791647Google Scholar
LeVine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Liu, J. H., Campbell, S. M., & Condie, H. (1995). Ethnocentrism in dating preferences for an American sample: The ingroup bias in social context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 95115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250108Google Scholar
Martin, G. (2015). Stop the boats! Moral panic in Australia over asylum seekers. Continuum, 29(3), 304322. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2014.986060Google Scholar
Menzies, G. (2015). Stop the boats: Do the ends justify the means? Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 34(4), 229242. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12113Google Scholar
Mummendey, A., Klink, A., & Brown, R. (2001). Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out-group rejection. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 159172. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164740Google Scholar
Nathan, N. L. (2019). Electoral politics and Africa’s urban transition: Class and ethnicity in Ghana. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108594820Google Scholar
Orban, V. (2017). Notable quotes: Prime Minister Viktor Orban. The Orange Files. https://theorangefiles.hu/notable-quotes-prime-minister-viktor-orban-by-subject/Google Scholar
Osborne, D., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). Authoritarianism and national identity: Examining the longitudinal effects of SDO and RWA on nationalism and patriotism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), 10861099. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217704196Google Scholar
Osborne, D., Satherley, N., Yogeeswaran, K., Hawi, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2019). White nationalism and multiculturalism support: Investigating the interactive effects of White identity and national attachment on support for multiculturalism. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 48(1), 6270. https://www.psychology.org.nz/journal-archive/NZJP-Issue-481.pdfGoogle Scholar
Parenti, M. (1967). Ethnic politics and the persistence of ethnic identification. The American Political Science Review, 61(3), 717726. https://doi.org/10.2307/1976090Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T. F., Jackson, J. S., Brika, J. B., et al. (1997). Outgroup prejudice in Western Europe. European Review of Social Psychology, 8(1), 241273. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000009Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2007). Spring 2007 survey data (dataset). https://www.pewresearch.org/global/dataset/spring-2007-survey-data/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2018). Eastern and Western Europeans differ on importance of religion, views of minorities, and key social issues. https://www.pewforum.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2018/10/Eastern-Western-Europe-FOR-WEB.pdfGoogle Scholar
Raden, D. (2003). Ingroup bias, classic ethnocentrism, and non-ethnocentrism among American whites. Political Psychology, 24(4), 803828. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9221.2003.00355.xGoogle Scholar
Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group’s moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 698711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1986). On ethnocentrism: A reply to Clifford Geertz. Michigan Quarterly Review, 25(3), 525534.Google Scholar
Scott, J. (2007). Ludwig Gumplowicz. In Scott, J. (Ed.), Fifty key sociologists: The formative theorists (pp. 5860). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203117279Google Scholar
Sheppard, H., Bizumic, B., & Iino, N. (2020). Applying the ethnocentrism framework to nationalism in ethnic majority and minority groups [Unpublished manuscript].Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (2010). Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history (2nd ed.). Polity.Google Scholar
Staerklé, C., Sidanius, J., Green, E. G. T., & Molina, L. E. (2010). Ethnic minority‐majority asymmetry in national attitudes around the world: A multilevel analysis. Political Psychology, 31(4), 491519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00766.xGoogle Scholar
Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals. Ginn and Company.Google Scholar
Sumner, W. G. (1911). War and other essays. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 139. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245Google Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Worchel, S. & Austin, W. G. (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 724). Nelson Hall.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1987-98657-000Google Scholar
van den Berghe, P. L. (1999). Racism, ethnocentrism and xenophobia: In our genes or in our memes? In Thienpont, K. & Cliquet, R. (Eds.), In-group/out-group behaviour in modern societies: An evolutionary perspective (pp. 2133). NIDI CBGS.Google Scholar
van der Geest, S., & Reis, R. (Eds.). (2002). Ethnocentrism: Reflections on medical anthropology (2nd ed.). Het Spinhuis Publishers.Google Scholar
Ward, L. F. (1909). Ludwig Gumplowicz. American Journal of Sociology, 15(3), 410413. https://doi.org/10.1086/211790Google Scholar
Wenzel, M., Mummendey, A., & Waldzus, S. (2007). Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model. European Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 331372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701728302Google Scholar
Wenzel, M., Waldzus, S., & Steffens, M. (2016). Ingroup projection as a challenge of diversity: Consensus about and complexity of superordinate categories. In Sibley, C. G. & Barlow, F. K. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice (pp. 6589). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.004Google Scholar
Worchel, S. (1999). Written in blood: Ethnic identity and the struggle for human harmony. Worth Publishers.Google Scholar
Yarkoni, T. (2010). The abbreviation of personality, or how to measure 200 personality scales with 200 items. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(2), 180198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.002Google Scholar

References

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(4), 317334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180403Google Scholar
Abramson, A. (2018, 18 September). Read the letter from Christine Blasey Ford’s lawyers requesting an FBI inquiry into Kavanaugh allegation. Time. https://time.com/5400239/christine-blasey-ford-investigation-letter/Google Scholar
Adorno, T. (1998). Critical models: Interventions and catchwords. Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1963)Google Scholar
Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Amiot, C. E., & Sansfaçon, S. (2011). Motivations to identify with social groups: A look at their positive and negative consequences. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15(2), 105127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023158Google Scholar
Biddlestone, M., Cichocka, A., Główczewski, M., & Cislak, A. (2020). Their own worst enemy? Collective narcissists are willing to conspire against their in-group. [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar
Biddlestone, M., Cichocka, A., Žeželj, I., & Bilewicz, M. (2020). Conspiracy theories and intergroup relations. In Butter, M. & Knight, P. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of conspiracy theories (pp. 219230). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429452734Google Scholar
Bocian, K., Cichocka, A., & Wojciszke, B. (2021). Moral tribalism: Moral judgments of actions supporting ingroup interests depend on collective narcissism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, Article 104098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104098CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., & Sedikides, C. (2016). Separating self-esteem from narcissism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(1), 813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415619737Google Scholar
Cai, H., & Gries, P. (2013). National narcissism: Internal dimensions and international correlates. PsyCh Journal, 2(2), 122132. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.26Google Scholar
Cameron, J. E. (2004). A three-factor model of social identity. Self and Identity, 3(3), 239262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27(1), 283317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2016.1252530Google Scholar
Cichocka, A., & Cislak, A. (2020). Nationalism as collective narcissism. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 6974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.12.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., Gronfeldt, B., Wojcik, A., & Winiewski, M. (in press). Can ingroup love harm the in-group? Collective narcissism and objectification of in-group members. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302211038058Google Scholar
Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., Stronge, S., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. (2019). Does high self-esteem foster narcissism? Testing the bidirectional relationships between self-esteem, narcissistic admiration and rivalry. Journal of Research in Personality, 83, Article 103882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103882Google Scholar
Cichocka, A., Golec de Zavala, A., Marchlewska, M., Bilewicz, M., Jaworska, M., & Olechowski, M. (2018). Personal control decreases narcissistic but increases non-narcissistic in-group positivity. Journal of Personality, 86(3), 465480. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12328CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., Golec de Zavala, A., & Olechowski, M. (2016). ‘They will not control us’: Ingroup positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies. British Journal of Psychology, 107(3), 556576. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12158Google Scholar
Cislak, A., Cichocka, A., Wojcik, A., & Milfont, T. (2021). Words not deeds: National identity and support for greenwashing policies versus genuine proenvironmental campaigns. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 74, Article 101576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101576Google Scholar
Cislak, A., Marchlewska, M., Wojcik, A., et al. (2021). National narcissism and support for voluntary vaccination policy: The mediating role of vaccination conspiracy beliefs. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(5), 701719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220959451Google Scholar
Cislak, A., Pyrczak, M., Mikiewicz, A., & Cichocka, A. (2020). Brexit and Polexit: Collective narcissism is associated with the support for leaving the European Union. Social Psychological Bulletin, 15(1), Article e2645. https://doi.org/10.32872/spb.2645Google Scholar
Cislak, A., Wojcik, A. D., & Cichocka, A. (2018). Cutting the forest down to save your face: Narcissistic national identification predicts support for anti-conservation policies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 59, 6573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.08.009Google Scholar
de Figueiredo, R. J. P., & Elkins, Z. (2003). Are patriots bigots? An inquiry into the vices of in-group pride. American Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 171188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00012Google Scholar
Dyduch-Hazar, K., Mrozinski, B., & Golec de Zavala, A. (2019). Collective narcissism and in-group satisfaction predict opposite attitudes toward refugees via attribution of hostility. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01901Google Scholar
Eker, I., Cichocka, A., & Sibley, C. (2020). Investigating motivations underlying collective narcissism and in-group identification [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar
Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobilityJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 617626. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.617Google Scholar
Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.11Google Scholar
Federico, C., & Golec de Zavala, A. (2018). Collective narcissism and the 2016 US presidential vote. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(1), 110121. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx048Google Scholar
Forgas, J. P., & Lantos, D. (2019). Understanding populism: Collective narcissism and the collapse of democracy in Hungary. In Forgas, J. P., Fiedler, K., & Crano, W. (Eds.), Applications of social psychology: How social psychology can contribute solution of real-world problems (pp. 267291). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Fromm, E. (1973). The anatomy of human destructiveness. Pimlico/Random House.Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A. (2018). Collective narcissism: Antecedents and consequences of exaggeration of the in-group image. In Hermann, A., Brunell, A, & Foster, J. (Eds.), Handbook of trait narcissism: Key advances, research methods, and controversies (pp. 7989). Springer.Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., & Cichocka, A. (2012). Collective narcissism and anti-Semitism in Poland. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(2), 213229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211420891Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2013). The paradox of in-group love: Differentiating collective narcissism advances understanding of the relationship between in-group and out-group attitudes. Journal of Personality, 81(1), 1628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00779.xGoogle Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 10741096. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016904Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Iskra-Golec, I. (2013). Collective narcissism moderates the effect of in-group image threat on intergroup hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 10191039. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032215Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Dyduch-Hazar, K., & Lantos, D. (2019). Collective narcissism: Consequences of investing worth in the ingroup’s image. Advances in Political Psychology, 40(Suppl. 1), 3774. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12569Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., & Federico, C. (2018). Collective narcissism and the growth of conspiracy thinking over the 2016 United States presidential election: A longitudinal analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(7), 10111018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2496Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Federico, C. M., Sedikides, C., et al. (2020). Low-self-esteem predicts out-group derogation via collective narcissism, but this relationship is obscured by in-group satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 741764. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000260Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Guerra, R., & Simao, C. (2017). The relationship between the Brexit vote and individual predictors of prejudice: Collective narcissism, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02023Google Scholar
Golec de Zavala, A., Peker, M., Guerra, R., & Baran, T. (2016). Collective narcissism predicts hypersensitivity to in-group insult and direct and indirect retaliatory intergroup hostility. European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 532551. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2067Google Scholar
Górska, P., Stefaniak, A., Malinowska, K., et al. (2019). Too great to act in solidarity: The negative relationship between collective narcissism and solidarity-based collective action. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 561–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2638Google Scholar
Gries, P., Sanders, M. A., Stroup, D. A., & Cai, H. (2015). Hollywood in China: How American popular culture shapes Chinese views of the ‘beautiful imperialist’ – an experimental analysis. The China Quarterly, 224, 10701082. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741015000831Google Scholar
Gronfeldt, B., Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., Sternisko, A., & Eker, I. (2021, 4 July). A small price to pay: National narcissism predicts readiness to sacrifice in-group members to defend the in-group’s image. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7fmrxCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gronfeldt, B., Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., & Wyatt, M. (2020, 23 September). Partisanship and political work: Differential associations of partisan identification and partisan narcissism with politicians’ skills and performance. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ke4trGoogle Scholar
Hamer, K., Penczek, M., & Bilewicz, M. (2018). Between universalistic and defensive forms of group attachment: The indirect effects of national identification on intergroup forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasko, K., Webber, D., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2019). Social context moderates the effects of quest for significance on violent extremism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(6), 11651187. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000198Google Scholar
Johnson, B. (2020). PM speech in Greenwich: 3 February 2020 [Transcript]. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-in-greenwich-3-february-2020Google Scholar
Klar, Y., & Bilewicz, M. (2017). From socially motivated lay historians to lay censors: Epistemic conformity and defensive group identification. Memory Studies, 10(3), 334346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750698017701616Google Scholar
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791647Google Scholar
Larkin, B., & Fink, J. S. (2019). Toward a better understanding of fan aggression and dysfunction: The moderating role of collective narcissism. Journal of Sport Management, 33(2), 6978. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 932943. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932Google Scholar
Leach, C. W., van Zomeren, M., Zebel, S., et al. (2008). Group-level self-definition and self-investment: A hierarchical (multicomponent) model of in-group identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 144165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.95.1.144Google Scholar
Lincoln, M. (2020). Study the role of hubris in nations’ COVID-19 response. Nature, 585(7825), Article 325. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586–020-02596-8Google Scholar
Lyons, P. A., Kenworthy, J., & Popan, J. (2010). Ingroup identification and group level narcissism as predictors of U.S. citizens’ attitudes and behavior toward Arab immigrants. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(9), 12671280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210380604Google Scholar
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Jaworska, M., Golec de Zavala, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2020). Superficial ingroup love? Collective narcissism predicts ingroup image defense, outgroup prejudice, and lower ingroup loyalty. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(4), 857875. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12367Google Scholar
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Łozowski, F., Górska, P., & Winiewski, M. (2019). In search of an imaginary enemy: Catholic collective narcissism and the endorsement of gender conspiracy beliefs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159(6), 766779. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1586637Google Scholar
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Panayiotou, O., Cattellanos, K., & Batayneh, J. (2018). Populism as identity politics: Perceived in-group disadvantage, collective narcissism, and support for populism. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(2), 151162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617732393Google Scholar
Marchlewska, M., Górska, P., Malinowska, K., & Kowalski, J. (2021). Threatened masculinity: Gender-related collective narcissism predicts prejudice toward gay and lesbian people among heterosexual men in Poland. Journal of Homosexuality. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2021.1907067Google Scholar
Mashuri, A., van Leeuwen, E., Zaduqisti, E., & Sukmawati, F. (2020). The psychological antecedents of resistance to humanitarian aid. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220962179Google Scholar
Molenda, Z., Marchlewska, M., Gorska, P., Lipowska, K., & Malinowska, K. (2020). The fear of criticism? Catholic collective narcissism and paedophilia myths acceptance [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar
Muller, J. W. (2016). What is populism? University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Niblett, R. (2016). Britain, EU, and the sovereignty myth. Chatham House research paper. https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/britain-eu-and-sovereignty-mythGoogle Scholar
Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jans, L. (2012). A single-item measure of social identification: Reliability, validity, and utility. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(4), 597617. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, A. L., Ross, M. Q., Soter, L. K., & Roediger, H. L. (2018). Collective narcissism: Americans exaggerate the role of their home state in appraising U.S. history. Psychological Science, 29(9), 14141422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618772504Google Scholar
Randsley de Moura, G., Abrams, D., Retter, C., Gunnarsdottir, S., & Ando, K. (2009). Identification as organizational anchor: How identification and job satisfaction combine to predict turnover intention. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(4), 540557. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.553Google Scholar
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890Google Scholar
Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group’s moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 698711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.91.4.698Google Scholar
Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S., Halevy, N., & Eidelson, R. (2008). Toward a unifying model of identification with groups: Integrating theoretical perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 280306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308319225Google Scholar
Rubin, M., & Hewstone, M. (1998). Social identity theory’s self-esteem hypothesis: A review and some suggestions for clarification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 4062. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_3Google Scholar
Schatz, R. T., Staub, E., & Lavine, H. (1999). On the varieties of national attachment: Blind versus constructive patriotism. Political Psychology, 20(1), 151174. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00140Google Scholar
Sternisko, A., Cichocka, A., Cislak, A., & Van Bavel, J. (in press). National narcissism and the belief and the dissemination of conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 56 Countries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211054947 Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict In Austin, W. G & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. (pp. 3347). Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Trump, D. J. (2016). Great again: How to fix our crippled America. Threshold Editions.Google Scholar
Van Bavel, J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., et al. (2020). Using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 460471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562–020-0884-zGoogle Scholar
Von Tunzelmann, A. (2019, 12 August). The imperial myth driving Brexit. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/08/imperial-myths-behind-brexit/595813/Google Scholar
Zaromb, F. M., Liu, J. H., Paez, D., Hanke, K., Putnam, A. L., & Roediger, H. L. (2018). We made history: citizens of 35 countries overestimate their nation’s role in world history. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 7(4), 521528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.05.006Google Scholar

References

Abrajano, M. (2010). Campaigning to the new American electorate: Advertising to Latino voters. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Abrajano, M., & Hajnal, Z. (2015). White backlash. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Abrajano, M., & Panagopoulos, C. (2011). Does language matter? The impact of Spanish versus English-language GOTV efforts on Latino turnout. American Politics Research, 39(4), 643663.Google Scholar
Alamillo, R., & Collingwood, L. (2017). Chameleon politics: Social identity and racial cross-over appeals. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5(4), 533560.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, S., & Fraga, B. L. (2016). Do Americans prefer coethnic representation: The impact of race on house incumbent evaluations. Stanford Law Review, 68(6), 15531594.Google Scholar
Arceneaux, K., & Nicholson, S. P. (2012). Who wants to have a tea party? The who, what, and why of the Tea Party movement. PS: Political Science & Politics, 45(4), 700710.Google Scholar
Austin, S. D. W., & Middleton, R. T. IV (2004). The limitations of the deracialization concept in the 2001 Los Angeles mayoral election. Political Research Quarterly, 57(2), 283293.Google Scholar
Banks, A. J., & Valentino, N. A. (2012). Emotional substrates of White racial attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 56(2), 286297.Google Scholar
Barreto, M. (2010). Ethnic cues: The role of shared ethnicity in Latino political participation. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Barreto, M. A., & Collingwood, L. (2015). Group-based appeals and the Latino vote in 2012: How immigration became a mobilizing issue. Electoral Studies, 40, 490499.Google Scholar
Barreto, M. A., Cooper, B. L., Gonzalez, B., Parker, C. S., & Towler, C. (2011). The Tea Party in the age of Obama: Mainstream conservatism or out-group anxiety? Political Power and Social Theory, 22, 105137.Google Scholar
Barreto, M. A., & Pedraza, F. I. (2009). The renewal and persistence of group identification in American politics. Electoral Studies, 28(4), 595605.Google Scholar
Barreto, M. A., Segura, G. M., & Woods, N. D. (2004). The mobilizing effect of majority–minority districts on Latino turnout. American Political Science Review, 98(1), 6575.Google Scholar
Black, E., & Black, M. (2009). The rise of Southern Republicans. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1989). Issue evolution: Race and the transformation of American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chudy, J. (2017). Racial sympathy in American politics [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan].Google Scholar
Chudy, J., Piston, S., & Shipper, J. (2019). Guilt by association: White collective guilt in American politics. The Journal of Politics, 81(3), 968981.Google Scholar
Citrin, J., Green, D. P., & Sears, D. O. (1990). White reactions to Black candidates: When does race matter? Public Opinion Quarterly, 54(1), 7496.Google Scholar
Collingwood, L. (2020). Campaigning in a racially diversifying America: When and how cross-racial electoral mobilization works. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Collingwood, L., Barreto, M. A., & Garcia-Rios, S. I. (2014). Revisiting Latino voting: Cross-racial mobilization in the 2012 election. Political Research Quarterly, 67(3), 632645.Google Scholar
Collingwood, L., & Gonzalez-O’Brien, B. (2021). Covert cross-racial mobilization, black activism, and political participation pre-Voting Rights Act. Florida Historical Quarterly, 30, 435463. https://www.collingwoodresearch.com/uploads/8/3/6/0/8360930/04_collingwood__1_.pdfGoogle Scholar
Craig, M., & Richeson, J. (2014). On the precipice of a ‘majority-minority’ America: Perceived status threat from the racial demographic shift affects White Americans’ political ideology. Psychological Science, 25(6), 11891197.Google Scholar
Craig, M. A., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2018). Racial and political dynamics of an approaching ‘majority-minority’ United States. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 677(1), 204214.Google Scholar
Davenport, L. D. (2018). Politics beyond Black and White: Biracial identity and attitudes in America. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dawson, M. C. (1995). Behind the mule: Race and class in African-American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Engelhardt, A. M. (2020). Racial attitudes through a partisan lens. British Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 10621079.Google Scholar
Enos, R. (2014). Causal effect of intergroup contact on exclusionary attitudes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(10), 36993704.Google Scholar
Enos, R. (2015). What the demolition of public housing teaches us about the impact of racial threat on political behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 60(1), 123142.Google Scholar
Fraga, B. L. (2016). Candidates or districts? Reevaluating the role of race in voter turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 60(1), 97122.Google Scholar
Glaser, J. M. (1998). Race, campaign politics, and the realignment in the South. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Golash-Boza, T. (2006). Dropping the hyphen? Becoming Latino(a)-American through racialized assimilation. Social Forces, 85(1), 2755.Google Scholar
Hajnal, Z. L. (2006). Changing White attitudes toward Black political leadership. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hillygus, D. S., & Jackman, S. (2003). Voter decision making in election 2000: Campaign effects, partisan activation, and the Clinton legacy. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 583596.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (2016). The ecstatic edge of politics: Sociology and Donald Trump. Contemporary Sociology, 45(6), 683689.Google Scholar
Holbrook, T. (1996). Do campaigns matter? SAGE Publications Inc.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. (2010). Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. The American Political Science Review, 104(1), 4060.Google Scholar
Hutchings, V. L., Wong, C., Jackson, J., & Brown, R. E. (2011). Explaining perceptions of competitive threat in a multiracial context. In Charles, G.-U. E., Gerken, H. K., & Kang, M. S. (Eds.), Race, reform and regulation of the electoral process: Recurring puzzles in American democracy (pp. 5274). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jardina, A. (2019). White identity politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kam, C., & Kinder, D. (2012). Ethnocentrism as a short‐term force in the 2008 American presidential election. American Journal of Political Science, 56(2), 326340.Google Scholar
Kinder, D., & Kam, C. (2010). Us against them: Ethnocentric foundations of American opinion. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Knowles, E., & Peng, K. (2005). White selves: Conceptualizing and measuring a dominant-group identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(2), 223241.Google Scholar
Krupnikov, Y., & Piston, S. (2015). Accentuating the negative: Candidate race and campaign strategy. Political Communication, 32(1), 152173.Google Scholar
Lamont, M., Park, B. Y., & Ayala‐Hurtado, E. (2017). Trump’s electoral speeches and his appeal to the American White working class. The British Journal of Sociology, 68(S1), S153–180.Google Scholar
Lee, T. (2002). Mobilizing public opinion: Black insurgency and racial attitudes in the civil rights era. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lemi, D. C. (2020). Do voters prefer just any descriptive representative? The case of multiracial candidates. Perspectives on Politics, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001280Google Scholar
Mann, C. B., Michelson, M. R., & Davis, M. (2020). What is the impact of bilingual communication to mobilize Latinos? Exploratory evidence from experiments in New Jersey, North Carolina, and Virginia. Electoral Studies, 65, Article 102132.Google Scholar
Manzano, S., & Sanchez, G. R. (2010). Take one for the team? Limits of shared ethnicity and candidate preferences. Political Research Quarterly, 63(3), 568580.Google Scholar
Masuoka, N., & Junn, J. (2013). The politics of belonging: Race, public opinion, and immigration. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McConnaughy, C. M., White, I. K., Leal, D. L., & Casellas, J. P. (2010). A Latino on the ballot: Explaining coethnic voting among Latinos and the response of White Americans. The Journal of Politics, 72(4), 11991211.Google Scholar
McCormick, J., & Jones, C. E. (1993). The conceptualization of deracialization: Thinking through the dilemma. In Persons, G. (Ed.), Dilemmas of Black politics (pp. 6684). Harper Collins.Google Scholar
McIlwain, C. D., & Caliendo, S. M. (2009). Black messages, White messages: The differential use of racial appeals by Black and White candidates. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 732743.Google Scholar
McIlwain, C. D., & Caliendo, S. M. (2011). Race appeal: How candidates invoke race in U.S. political campaigns. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
McIlwain, C. D., & Caliendo, S. M. (2014). Mitt Romney’s racist appeals: How race was played in the 2012 presidential election. American Behavioral Scientists, 58(9), 11571168.Google Scholar
Mendelberg, T. (2001). The race card: Campaign strategy, implicit messages, and the norm of equality. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Michelson, M. R. (2003). Getting out the Latino vote: How door-to-door canvassing influences voter turnout in rural central California. Political Behavior, 25(3), 247263.Google Scholar
Michelson, M. R. (2005). Meeting the challenge of Latino voter mobilization. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 601(1), 85101.Google Scholar
Michelson, M. R. (2006). Mobilizing the Latino youth vote: Some experimental results. Social Science Quarterly, 87(5), 11881206.Google Scholar
Mutz, D. C. (2018). Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(19), E4330E4339.Google Scholar
Newman, B. (2013). Acculturating contexts and Anglo opposition to immigration in the United States. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 374390.Google Scholar
Newman, B., Merolla, J. L., Shah, S., Lemi, D. C., Collingwood, L., & Ramakrishnan, S. K. (2021). The Trump effect: An experimental investigation of the emboldening effect of racially inflammatory elite communication. British Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 11381159.Google Scholar
Newman, B., Shah, S., & Collingwood, L. (2018). Race, place, and building a base. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(1), 122134.Google Scholar
Nuño, S. A. (2007). Latino mobilization and vote choice in the 2000 presidential election. American Political Review, 35(2), 273293.Google Scholar
Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1986). Racial formation in the United States (1st ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States (3rd ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Orey, B. D. (2006). Deracialization or racialization: The making of a Black mayor in Jackson, Mississippi. Politics & Policy, 34(4), 814836.Google Scholar
Orey, B. D., & Ricks, B. E. (2007). A systematic analysis of the deracialization concept. The Expanding Boundaries of Black Politics, 11, 325334.Google Scholar
Ostfeld, M. C. (2019). The new White flight?: The effects of political appeals to Latinos on White democrats. Political Behavior, 41(3), 561582.Google Scholar
Pantoja, A. D., Ramirez, R., & Segura, G. M. (2001). Citizens by choice, voters by necessity: Patterns in political mobilization by naturalized Latinos. Political Research Quarterly, 54(4), 729750.Google Scholar
Parker, C., & Barreto, M. (2013). Change they can’t believe in. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Perry, H. L. (1991). Deracialization as an analytical construct in American urban politics. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 27(2), 181191.Google Scholar
Piston, S. (2010). How explicit racial prejudice hurt Obama in the 2008 election. Political Behavior, 32(4), 431451.Google Scholar
Pulido, L., & Pastor, M. (2013). Where in the world is Juan – and what color is he? The geography of Latina/o racial identity in Southern California. American Quarterly, 65(2), 309341.Google Scholar
Ramírez, R. (2005). Giving voice to Latino voters: A field experiment on the effectiveness of a national nonpartisan mobilization effort. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 601(1), 6684.Google Scholar
Reeves, K. (1997). Voting hopes or fears?: White voters, Black candidates & racial politics in America. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reny, T. T, Collingwood, L., & Valenzuela, A. A (2019). Vote switching in the 2016 election: How racial and immigration attitudes, not economics, explain shifts in White voting. Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(1), 91113.Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. R., & Masuoka, N. (2010). Brown-utility heuristic? The presence and contributing factors of Latino linked fate. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(4), 519531.Google Scholar
Schaffner, B. (2011). Racial salience and the Obama vote. Political Psychology, 32(6), 963988.Google Scholar
Schaffner, B., MacWilliams, M., & Nteta, T. (2018). Understanding White polarization in the 2016 vote for president: The sobering role of racism and sexism. Political Science Quarterly, 133(1), 571597.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, D. J. (2017). White attitudes about descriptive representation in the US: The roles of identity, discrimination, and linked fate. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5(1), 84106.Google Scholar
Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2005). Over thirty years later: A contemporary look at symbolic racism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 95150.Google Scholar
Sears, D. O., Hensler, C. P., & Speer, L. K. (1979). Whites’ opposition to ‘busing’: Self-interest or symbolic politics? American Political Science Review, 73(2), 369384.Google Scholar
Sears, D. O., & Kinder, D. R. (1985). Whites’ opposition to busing: On conceptualizing and operationalizing group conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(5), 11411147.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. R. (1999a). A study of presidential campaign event effects from 1952 to 1992. The Journal of Politics, 61(2), 387422.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. R. (1999b). The effect of TV ads and candidate appearances on statewide presidential votes, 1988–96. American Political Science Review, 93(2), 345361.Google Scholar
Sides, J., Tesler, M., & Vavreck, L. (2018). Identity crisis. Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sides, J., Tesler, M., & Vavreck, L. (2019). Identity crisis: The 2016 presidential campaign and the battle for the meaning of America. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, B., McConnell, M., & Michelson, M. (2013). Local canvassing: The efficacy of grassroots voter mobilization. Political Communication, 30(1), 4257.Google Scholar
Sinclair, L., & Kunda, Z. (1999). Reactions to a Black professional: Motivated inhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 885904.Google Scholar
Sonenshein, R. J. (2018). Politics in Black and White: Race and power in Los Angeles. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Stout, C. T. (2015). Bringing race back in: Black politicians, deracialization, and voting behavior in the age of Obama. University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Tate, K. (1994). From protest to politics: The new Black voters in American elections. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tate, K. (2001). The political representation of Blacks in Congress: Does race matter? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 26(4), 623638.Google Scholar
Terkildsen, N. (1993). When White voters evaluate Black candidates: The processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self-monitoring. American Journal of Political Science, 37(4), 10321053.Google Scholar
Tesler, M. (2012). The spillover of racialization into health care: How President Obama polarized public opinion by racial attitudes and race. American Journal of Political Science, 56(3), 690704.Google Scholar
Tesler, M. (2016). Post-racial or most-racial? The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tesler, M., & Sears, D. O. (2010). Obama’s race: The 2008 election and the dream of a post-racial America. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tuch, S., & Hughes, M. (2011). Whites’ racial policy attitudes in the twenty-first century: The continuing significance of racial resentment. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 634(1), 134152.Google Scholar
Valentino, N., & Brader, T. (2011). The sword’s other edge: Perceptions of discrimination and racial policy opinion after Obama. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 75, 201226.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., & White, I. K. (2002). Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. The American Political Science Review, 96(1), 7590.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Neuner, F. G., & Vandenbroek, L. M. (2018). The changing norms of racial political rhetoric and the end of racial priming. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 757771.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, A. A., & Michelson, M. R. (2016). Turnout, status, and identity: Mobilizing Latinos to vote with group appeals. American Political Science Review, 110(4), 615630.Google Scholar
Vavreck, L. (2009). The message matters: The economy and presidential campaigns. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weller, N., & Junn, J. (2018). Racial identity and voting: Conceptualizing White identity in spatial terms. Perspectives on Politics, 16(2), 436448.Google Scholar

References

Alesina, A., Baqir, R., & Easterly, W. (1999). Public goods and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(4), 12431284. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556269Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Biggs, M., & Knauss, S. (2012). Explaining membership in the British National Party: Multilevel analysis of contact and threat. European Sociological Review, 28(5), 633646. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr031Google Scholar
Blalock, H. M. Jr. (1957). Per cent non-white and discrimination in the South. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 677682. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pacific Sociological Review, 1(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388607Google Scholar
Bobo, L. D. (1999). Prejudice as group position: Microfoundations of a sociological approach to racism and race relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 445472. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00127Google Scholar
Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 37, pp. 255343). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5Google Scholar
Budescu, D. V., & Budescu, M. (2012). How to measure diversity when you must. Psychological Methods, 17(2), 215227. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027129Google Scholar
Christ, O., Hewstone, M., Schmid, K., et al. (2017). Advanced multilevel modeling for a science of groups: A short primer on multilevel structural equation modeling. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 21(3), 121134. https://doi.org/10.1037/gdn0000065Google Scholar
Craig, M. A., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2018). The pitfalls and promise of increasing racial diversity: Threat, contact, and race relations in the 21st century. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 188193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417727860Google Scholar
Crandall, C. S., Eshleman, A., & O’Brien, L. (2002). Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 359378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359Google Scholar
De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2020). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world (6th ed.). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dinesen, P. T., Schaeffer, M., & Sønderskov, K. M. (2020). Ethnic diversity and social trust: A narrative and meta-analytical review. Annual Review of Political Science, 23(1), 441465. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052918-020708Google Scholar
Dinesen, P. T., & Sønderskov, K. M. (2015). Ethnic diversity and social trust: Evidence from the micro-context. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 550573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415577989Google Scholar
Dinesen, P. T., & Sønderskov, K. M. (2018). Ethnic diversity and social trust: A critical review of the literature and suggestions for a research agenda. In Uslaner, E. M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook on social and political trust (pp. 175204). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.13Google Scholar
Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2010). Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: A dual-process motivational model. Journal of Personality, 78(6), 18611894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00672.xGoogle Scholar
Eurostat. (2004). European regional statistics reference guide. Office for Official Publication of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Fasel, N., Green, E. G. T., & Sarrasin, O. (2013). Facing cultural diversity: Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe. European Psychologist, 18(4), 253262. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000157Google Scholar
Ford, R., & Goodwin, M. J. (2010). Angry white men: Individual and contextual predictors of support for the British National Party. Political Studies, 58(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00829.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, E. G. T., Fasel, N., & Sarrasin, O. (2010). The more the merrier? The effects of type of cultural diversity on exclusionary immigration attitudes in Switzerland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4(2), 177190. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-2824Google Scholar
Green, E. G. T., Sarrasin, O., Baur, R., & Fasel, N. (2016). From stigmatized immigrants to radical right voting: A multilevel study on the role of threat and contact. Political Psychology, 37(4), 465480. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12290Google Scholar
Green, E. G. T., Visintin, E. P., & Sarrasin, O. (2018). From ethnic group boundary demarcation to deprovincialization: The interplay of immigrant presence and ideological climate. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 59(5–6), 383402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715218801422Google Scholar
Green, E. G. T., Visintin, E. P., Sarrasin, O., & Hewstone, M. (2020). When integration policies shape the impact of intergroup contact on threat perceptions: A multilevel study across 20 European countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(3), 631648. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550159Google Scholar
Guimond, S., de la Sablonnière, R., & Nugier, A. (2014). Living in a multicultural world: Intergroup ideologies and the societal context of intergroup relations. European Review of Social Psychology, 25(1), 142188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2014.957578Google Scholar
Gundelach, B., & Manatschal, A. (2017). Ethnic diversity, social trust and the moderating role of subnational integration policy. Political Studies, 65(2), 413431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716644613Google Scholar
Hewstone, M. (2015). Consequences of diversity for social cohesion and prejudice: The missing dimension of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 71(2), 417438. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12120Google Scholar
Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Voci, A., Hamberger, J., & Niens, U. (2006). Intergroup contact, forgiveness, and experience of ‘The Troubles’ in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 62(1), 99120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00441.xGoogle Scholar
Hox, J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Huo, Y. J., Dovidio, J. F., Jiménez, T. R., & Schildkraut, D. J. (2018). Local policy proposals can bridge Latino and (most) white Americans’ response to immigration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(5), 945950. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711293115Google Scholar
International Organisation for Migration. (2019). World migration report 2018. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/f45862f3-en.Google Scholar
Jones, J. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2018). Change, challenge, and prospects for a diversity paradigm in social psychology. Social Issues and Policy Review, 12(1), 756. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12039Google Scholar
Koopmans, R., & Schaeffer, M. (2013). De-composing diversity: In-group size and out-group entropy and their relationship to neighbourhood cohesion. Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Migration, Integration, Transnationalization, SP VI 2013-104. WZB Berlin Social Science Center.Google Scholar
Laurence, J., Schmid, K., Rae, J. R., & Hewstone, M. (2019). Prejudice, contact, and threat at the diversity-segregation nexus: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of how ethnic out-group size and segregation interrelate for inter-group relations. Social Forces, 97(3), 10291066. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy079Google Scholar
Lubbers, M., Gijsberts, M., & Scheepers, P. (2002). Extreme right‐wing voting in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 41(3), 345378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00015Google Scholar
Lucassen, G., & Lubbers, M. (2012). Who fears what? Explaining far-right-wing preference in Europe by distinguishing perceived cultural and economic ethnic threats. Comparative Political Studies, 45(5), 547574. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011427851Google Scholar
Nezlek, J. B. (2001). Multilevel random coefficient analyses of event- and interval-contingent data in social and personality psychology research. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 771785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201277001Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T. F. (1996). How to think like a social scientist. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T. F. (2018). The emergence of contextual social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(7), 963971. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218756033Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751Google Scholar
Pottie‐Sherman, Y., & Wilkes, R. (2017). Does size really matter? On the relationship between immigrant group size and anti‐immigrant prejudice. International Migration Review, 51(1), 218250. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12191Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D. (2007). E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century – The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.xGoogle Scholar
Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60(4), 586611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096296Google Scholar
Savelkoul, M., Scheepers, P., Tolsma, J., & Hagendoorn, L. (2011). Anti-Muslim attitudes in the Netherlands: Tests of contradictory hypotheses derived from ethnic competition theory and intergroup contact theory. European Sociological Review, 27(6), 741758. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq035Google Scholar
Schaeffer, M. (2013). Can competing diversity indices inform us about why ethnic diversity erodes social cohesion? A test of five diversity indices in Germany. Social Science Research, 42(3), 755774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.018Google Scholar
Schaeffer, M. (2014). Ethnic diversity and social cohesion: Immigration, ethnic fractionalization and potentials for civic action. Ashgate.Google Scholar
Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Coenders, M. (2002). Ethnic exclusionism in European countries: Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 18(1), 1734.Google Scholar
Schlueter, E., & Scheepers, P. (2010). The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: A theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat- and intergroup contact theory. Social Science Research, 39(2), 285295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.07.006Google Scholar
Schlueter, E., & Wagner, U. (2008). Regional differences matter: Examining the dual influence of the regional size of the immigrant population on derogation of immigrants in Europe. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49(2–3), 153173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020815207088910Google Scholar
Schmid, K., Ramiah, A. A., & Hewstone, M. (2015). Neighborhood ethnic diversity and trust: The role of intergroup contact and perceived threat. Psychological Science, 25(3), 665674. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613508956Google Scholar
Stein, R. M., Post, S. S., & Rinden, A. L. (2000). Reconciling context and contact effects on racial attitudes. Political Research Quarterly, 53(2), 285303. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290005300204Google Scholar
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology, pp. 2345). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Swart, H., Hewstone, M., Christ, O., & Voci, A. (2011). Affective mediators of intergroup contact: A three-wave longitudinal study in South Africa. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 12211238. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024450Google Scholar
Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J., & Cairns, E. (2009). Intergroup trust in Northern Ireland. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(1), 4559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208325004Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Asbrock, F., Dhont, K., & Roets, A. (2018). The diversity challenge for high and low authoritarians: Multilevel and longitudinal effects through intergroup contact and threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(8), 11631179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218764653CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Assche, J., Roets, A., Dhont, K., & Van Hiel, A. (2014). Diversity and out-group attitudes in the Netherlands: The role of authoritarianism and social threat in the neighbourhood. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(9), 14141430. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.876895Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Roets, A., Dhont, K., & Van Hiel, A. (2016). The association between actual and perceived ethnic diversity: The moderating role of authoritarianism and implications for outgroup threat, anxiety, and mistrust. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(7), 807817. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2211.Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Roets, A., Van Hiel, A., & Dhont, K. (2019). Diverse reactions to ethnic diversity: The role of individual differences in authoritarianism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(6), 523527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419857769Google Scholar
Van der Meer, T., & Tolsma, J. (2014). Ethnic diversity and its effects on social cohesion. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 459478. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043309Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Yogeeswaran, K. (2020). Cultural diversity and its implications for intergroup relations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.010.Google Scholar
Wagner, U., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., Stellmacher, J., & Wolf, C. (2006). Prejudice and minority proportion: Contact instead of threat effects. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(4), 380390. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250606900406Google Scholar
Wagner, U., Christ, O., Wolf, H., et al. (2008). Social and political context effects on intergroup contact and intergroup attitudes. In Wagner, U., Tropp, L. R., Finchilescu, G., & Tredoux, C. (Eds.), Improving intergroup relations: Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew (Social Issues and Interventions. pp. 195209). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303117.ch13Google Scholar
Werts, H., Scheepers, P., & Lubbers, M. (2013). Euro-scepticism and radical right-wing voting in Europe, 2002–2008: Social cleavages, socio-political attitudes and contextual characteristics determining voting for the radical right. European Union Politics, 14(2), 183205. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116512469287Google Scholar
Whitley, B. E., & Webster, G. D. (2019). The relationships of intergroup ideologies to ethnic prejudice: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(3), 207237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318761423Google Scholar

References

Atkeson, L. R. (2003). Not all cues are created equal: The conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement. Journal of Politics, 65(4), 10401061. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00124Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D., & Beaulieu, E. (2014). Gender stereotypes and corruption: How candidates affect perceptions of election fraud. Politics and Gender, 10(3), 365391. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000221Google Scholar
Bauer, N. (2017). The effects of counterstereotypic gender strategies on candidate evaluations. Political Psychology, 38(2), 279295. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12351Google Scholar
Bauer, N. M. (2020). Shifting standards: How voters evaluate the qualifications of female and male candidates. The Journal of Politics, 82(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1086/705817Google Scholar
Bejarano, C. E. (2013). The Latina advantage: Gender, race, and political success. University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bejarano, C. E. (2017). New directions at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender. In Bos, A. L. & Schneider, M. C. (Eds.), The political psychology of women in U.S. politics (pp. 111127). Routledge.Google Scholar
Bell, M. A., & Kaufmann, K. M. (2015). The electoral consequences of marriage and motherhood: How gender traits influence voter evaluations of female candidates. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 36(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2015.985150Google Scholar
Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354364. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.88.4.354Google Scholar
Biernat, M., & Manis, M. (1994). Shifting standards and stereotype-based judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 520. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.5Google Scholar
Bittner, A., & Goodyear-Grant, E. (2017). Sex isn’t gender: Reforming concepts and measurements in the study of public opinion. Political Behavior, 39(4), 10191041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9391-yGoogle Scholar
Brooks, D. J. (2013). He runs, she runs: Why gender stereotypes do not harm women candidates. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Burns, N., Schlozman, K. L., & Verba, S. (2001). The private roots of public action: Gender, equality, and political participation. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. E., & Wolbrecht, C. (2006). See Jane run: Women politicians as role models for adolescents. Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00402.xGoogle Scholar
Campbell, R., & Heath, O. (2017). Do women vote for women candidates? Attitudes toward descriptive representation and voting behavior in the 2010 British Election. Politics and Gender, 13(2), 209231. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X16000672Google Scholar
Carey, T. E. Jr., & Lizotte, M. (2019). Political experience and the intersection between race and gender. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 7(2), 243266. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1354036Google Scholar
Cargile, I. A. M. (2016). Latina issues: An analysis of the policy issue competencies of Latina candidates. In Brown, N. E. & Gershon, S. A. (Eds.), Distinct identities: Minority women in U.S. politics (pp. 134150). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Carroll, S. J., & Sanbonmatsu, K. (2013). More women can run: Gender and pathways to the state legislatures. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cassese, E., & Holman, M. (2018). Party and gender stereotypes in campaign attacks. Political Behavior, 40(3), 785807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9423-7Google Scholar
Cassese, E., & Holman, M. (2019). Playing the ‘woman card’: Ambivalent sexism in the 2016 U.S. presidential race. Political Psychology, 40(1), 5574. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12492Google Scholar
Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP). (2020). Women in elective office 2020. Fact Sheet. Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University.Google Scholar
Cohen, C. J., Jones, K. B., & Tronto, J. C. (Eds.). (1997). Women transforming politics: An alternative reader. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Cowell-Meyers, K., Evans, E., & Shin, K. (2020). Women’s parties: A new party family. Politics & Gender, 16(1), 425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X19000588Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 129, 139167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039Google Scholar
Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 9911004. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.991Google Scholar
Ditonto, T. (2017). A high bar or a double standard? Gender, competence, and information in political campaigns. Political Behavior, 39(2), 301325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9357-5Google Scholar
Ditonto, T. M., Hamilton, A. J., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2014). Gender stereotypes, information search, and voting behavior in political campaigns. Political Behavior, 36(2), 335358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9232-6Google Scholar
Dittmar, K. (2015). Navigating gendered terrain: Stereotypes and strategy in political campaigns. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Dittmar, K. (2019). Unfinished business: Women running in 2018 and beyond. Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. https://womenrun.rutgers.eduGoogle Scholar
Doan, A. E., & Haider-Markel, D. P. (2010). The role of intersectional stereotypes on evaluations of gay and lesbian political candidates. Politics & Gender, 6(1), 6391. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09990511Google Scholar
Dolan, K. (2004). Voting for women: How the public evaluates women candidates. Westview Press.Google Scholar
Dolan, K. (2006). Symbolic mobilization? American Politics Research, 34(6), 687704. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673X06289155Google Scholar
Dolan, K. (2008). Is there a ‘gender affinity effect’ in American politics? Information, affect, and candidate sex in U.S. House elections. Political Research Quarterly, 61(1), 7989.Google Scholar
Dolan, K. (2014). When does gender matter? Women candidates and gender stereotypes in American elections. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203781906Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573Google Scholar
Fox, R. L. (1997). Gender dynamics in congressional elections. Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Fraga, L. R., Lopez, L., Martinez-Ebers, V., & Ramirez, R. (2008). Representing gender and ethnicity: Strategic intersectionality. In Reingold, B. (Ed.), Legislative women: Getting elected, getting ahead (pp. 157174). Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Frasure-Yokley, L. (2018). Choosing the velvet glove: Women voters, ambivalent sexism, and vote choice in 2016. Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics, 3(1), 325. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2017.35Google Scholar
Fridkin, K. L., & Kenney, P. J. (2014). How the gender of U.S. senators influences people’s understanding and engagement in politics. Journal of Politics, 76(4), 10171031. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381614000589Google Scholar
Fulton, S. A. (2012). Running backwards and in high heels: The gendered quality gap and incumbent electoral success. Political Research Quarterly, 65(2), 303314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912911401419Google Scholar
Garcia Bedolla, L., Tate, K., & Wong, J. (2014). Indelible effects: The impact of women of color in the U.S. Congress. In Thomas, S. & Wilcox, C. (Eds.), Women and elective office: Past, present, and future (3rd ed., pp. 235252). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ghavami, N., & Peplau, L. A. (2013). An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnic stereotypes: Testing three hypotheses. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(1), 113127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312464203Google Scholar
Giddings, P. (1996). When and where I enter: The impact of Black women on race and sex in America. William Morrow Paperbacks.Google Scholar
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.49Google Scholar
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 119135. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.xGoogle Scholar
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2011). Ambivalent sexism revisited. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530535. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361684311414832Google Scholar
Golebiowska, E. A. (2001). Group stereotypes and political evaluation. American Politics Research, 29(6), 535565. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X01029006001Google Scholar
Greenlee, J., Deason, G., & Langner, C. (2017). The impact of motherhood and maternal messages on political candidacies. In Bos, A. L. & Schneider, M. C. (Eds.), The political psychology of women in U.S. politics (pp. 184201). Routledge.Google Scholar
Haider-Markel, D., Miller, P., Flores, A., Lewis, D. C., Tadlock, B., & Taylor, J. (2017). Bringing ‘T’ to the table: Understanding individual support of transgender candidates for public office. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5(3), 399417. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2016.1272472Google Scholar
Hardy-Fanta, C., Lien, P., Pinderhughes, D., & Sierra, C. M. (2016). Contested transformation: Race, gender and political leadership in 21st century America. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, D. (2011). When gender and party collide: Stereotyping in candidate trait attribution. Politics & Gender, 7(2), 133165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X11000055Google Scholar
Hayes, D., & Lawless, J. (2016). Women on the run: Gender, media, and political campaigns in a polarized era. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hill Collins, P. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge.Google Scholar
Holman, M. R., Merolla, J. L., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2011). Sex, stereotypes, and security: A study of the effects of terrorist threat on assessments of female leadership. Journal of Women Politics & Policy, 32(3), 173192. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2011.589283Google Scholar
Holman, M. R., Merolla, J. L., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2016). Terrorist threat, male stereotypes, and candidate evaluations. Political Research Quarterly, 69(1), 134147.Google Scholar
hooks, b. (1984). Feminist theory from margin to center. South End Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119147. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1065912915624018Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2020). Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=6&year=2020Google Scholar
Kahn, K. F. (1996). The political consequences of being a woman: How stereotypes influence the conduct and consequences of political campaigns. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
King, D. C., & Matland, R. E. (2003). Sex and the Grand Old Party: An experimental investigation of the effect of candidate sex on support for a Republican candidate. American Politics Research, 31(6), 595612. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532673X03255286Google Scholar
Koch, J. W. (2000). Do citizens apply gender stereotypes to infer candidates’ ideological orientations? Journal of Politics, 62(2), 414429. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00019Google Scholar
Krook, M., & Restrepo Sanín, J. (2019). The cost of doing politics? Analyzing violence and harassment against female politicians. Perspectives on Politics, 18(3), 740755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719001397Google Scholar
Kuperberg, R. (2018). Intersectional violence against women in politics. Politics and Gender, 14(4), 685690. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000612Google Scholar
Ladam, C., Harden, J. J., & Windett, J. H. (2018). Prominent role models: High-profile female politicians and the emergence of women as candidates for public office. American Journal of Political Science, 62(2), 369381. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12351Google Scholar
Lawless, J. (2004). Politics of presence? Congresswomen and symbolic representation. Political Research Quarterly, 57(1), 8199. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106591290405700107Google Scholar
Lefkofridi, Z., Giger, N., & Holli, A. (2019). When all parties nominate women: The role of political gender stereotypes in voters’ choices. Politics & Gender, 15(4), 746772. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X18000454Google Scholar
Lien, P. (2001). The making of Asian America through political participation. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Matland, R. E., & King, D. C. (2002). Women as candidates in congressional elections. In Rosenthal, C. S. (Ed.), Women transforming Congress (pp. 119145). University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Matland, R. E., & Tezcür, G. M. (2011). Women as candidates: An experimental study in Turkey. Politics and Gender, 7(3), 365390. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X11000262Google Scholar
McDermott, M. L. (2016). Masculinity, femininity, and American political behavior. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, D. (2018). ‘Righting’ conventional wisdom: Women and right parties in established democracies. Politics & Gender, 14(1), 2755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X17000514Google Scholar
Oliver, S., & Conroy, M. (2020). Who runs? The masculine advantage in candidate emergence. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Reingold, B., & Harrell, J. (2010). The impact of descriptive representation on women’s political engagement: Does party matter? Political Research Quarterly, 63(2), 280294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908330346Google Scholar
Roth, B. (2004). Separate roads to feminism: Black, Chicana, and White feminist movements in America’s second wave. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, K. (2002). Gender stereotypes and vote choice. American Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 2044. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088412Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, K. (2003). Political knowledge and gender stereotypes. American Politics Research, 31(6), 575594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X03255167Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, K., & Dolan, K. (2009). Do gender stereotypes transcend party? Political Research Quarterly, 62(3), 485494. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908322416Google Scholar
Schneider, M. (2014). The effects of gender-bending on candidate evaluations. Journal of Women, Politics and Policy, 35(1), 5577. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2014.863697Google Scholar
Schneider, M., & Bos, A. L. (2014). Measuring stereotypes of female politicians. Political Psychology, 35(2), 245266. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12040Google Scholar
Schneider, M., & Bos, A. L. (2016). The interplay of candidate party and gender in evaluations of political candidates. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 37(3), 274294. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554477X.2016.1188598Google Scholar
Schneider, M., & Bos, A. L. (2019). The application of social role theory to the study of gender in politics. Political Psychology: Supplement: Advances in Political Psychology, 40(S1), 173213. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12573Google Scholar
Simien, E. M., & Hampson, S. C. (2017). Hillary Clinton and the women who supported her. Du Bois Review, 14(1), 93116. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X16000382Google Scholar
Stalsburg, B. L. (2010). Voting for mom: The political consequences of being a parent for male and female candidates. Politics & Gender, 6(3), 373404. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X10000309Google Scholar
Stangor, D., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. (1992). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 207218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.207Google Scholar
Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199214. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199Google Scholar
Teele, D. L., Kalla, J., & Rosenbluth, F. (2018). The ties that double bind: Social roles and women’s underrepresentation in politics. American Political Science Review, 112(3), 525541. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000217Google Scholar
Uhlaner, C. J., & Scola, B. (2016). Collective representation as a mobilizer: Race/ethnicity, gender, and their intersections at the state level. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 16(2), 227263. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532440015603576Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Wayne, C., & Oceno, M. (2018). Mobilizing sexism: The interaction of emotion and gender attitudes in the 2016 US presidential election. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(S1), 799821. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfy003Google Scholar
Winter, N. J. (2010). Masculine Republicans and feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans’ explicit and implicit images of the political parties. Political Behavior, 32(4), 587618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9131-zGoogle Scholar

References

Abramowitz, A. I. (1995). It’s abortion, stupid: Policy voting in the 1992 presidential election. The Journal of Politics, 57(1), 176186. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960276Google Scholar
Anderson, D., Binder, D., & Krause, K. (2003). The motherhood wage penalty revisited: Experience, heterogeneity, work effort and work-schedule flexibility. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56(2), 273294. https://doi.org/10.2307/3590938Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), S33S58. https://doi.org/10.1086/298075Google Scholar
Bell, C. (2018, 27 July). How the handmaid became an international protest symbol. British Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-44965210Google Scholar
Benard, S., & Correll, S. J. (2010). Normative discrimination and the motherhood penalty. Gender & Society, 24(5), 616646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210383142Google Scholar
Berglas, N. F., Gould, H., Turok, D. K., Sanders, J. N., Perrucci, A. C., & Roberts, S. C. (2017). State-mandated (mis) information and women’s endorsement of common abortion myths. Women’s Health Issues, 27(2), 129135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.12.014Google Scholar
Biggs, M. A., Upadhyay, U. D., McCulloch, C. E., & Foster, D. G. (2017). Women’s mental health and well-being 5 years after receiving or being denied an abortion: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(2), 169178. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3478Google Scholar
Brake, E. (2005). Fatherhood and child support: Do men have a right to choose? Journal of Applied Philosophy, 22(1), 5573. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.2005.00292.xGoogle Scholar
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2001, 26 March). Abortion for court fight woman. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1242952.stmGoogle Scholar
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2017, 23 January). Trump executive order reverses foreign abortion policy. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38724063Google Scholar
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2019, 14 June). What’s going on in the fight over US abortion rights? https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-47940659Google Scholar
Budig, M., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657415Google Scholar
Cates, W., Jr (1982). ‘Abortion myths and realities’: Who is misleading whom? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 142(8), 954956. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(82)90773-6Google Scholar
Center for Reproductive Rights. (2019). In the spotlight. https://reproductiverights.org/our-regions/europe?page=1Google Scholar
Center for Reproductive Rights. (2020). Interactive map of the world’s abortion laws. http://worldabortionlaws.com/map/Google Scholar
Chalmers, J. C., Petterson, A., Woodford, L., & Sutton, R. M. (2021). The rights of man: Libertarians’ concern for men’s, but not women’s, reproductive autonomy [Manuscript submitted for publication]. School of Psychology, University of Kent.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. R., Baron, R. S., & Inman, M. L. (2006). Misperceptions in intergroup conflict: Disagreeing about what we disagree about. Psychological Science, 17(1), 3845. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01662.xGoogle Scholar
Choudhry, S., Singleton, A., Sapnara, K., et al. (2012). Forced marriage: Introducing a social justice and human rights perspective. Zed Books. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2011.636574Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. (2009). A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany. Nature, 459(7244), 248252. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07995Google Scholar
Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 12971338. https://doi.org/10.1086/511799Google Scholar
Deveny, C. (2016, 18 March). Financial abortion: Should men be able to ‘opt out’ of parenthood? ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-04/financial-abortion-men-opt-out-parenthood/8049576Google Scholar
Filipovic, J. (2012, 14 November). Savita Halappanavar’s medically unnecessary death. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/14/savita-halappanavar-medically-unnecessary-deathGoogle Scholar
Foster, D. G. (2020). The Turnaway Study: Ten years, a thousand women, and the consequences of having – or being denied – an abortion. Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Foster, D. G., Biggs, M. A., Ralph, L., Gerdts, C., Roberts, S., & Glymour, M. M. (2018). Socioeconomic outcomes of women who receive and women who are denied wanted abortions in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 108(3), 407413. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304247Google Scholar
Fox, G. L. (1977). ‘Nice girl’: Social control of women through a value construct. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2(4), 805817. https://doi.org/10.1086/493411Google Scholar
Gallup. (2020). Abortion trends by party identification. https://news.gallup.com/poll/246278/abortion-trends-party.aspxGoogle Scholar
Gaunt, R. (2008). Maternal gatekeeping: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Family Issues, 29(3), 373395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07307851Google Scholar
Gaunt, R., & Pinho, M. (2018). Do sexist mothers change more diapers? Ambivalent sexism, maternal gatekeeping, and the division of childcare. Sex Roles, 79(3–4), 176189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0864-6Google Scholar
Gaunt, R., & Scott, J. (2014). Parents’ involvement in childcare: Do parental and work identities matter?. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(4), 475489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684314533484Google Scholar
Glenza, J. (2020a, 21 January). Will 2020 be the year abortion is banned in the US? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/20/us-abortion-rights-ban-2020Google Scholar
Glenza, J. (2020b, 29 November). Ohio bill orders doctors to ‘reimplant ectopic pregnancy’ or face ‘abortion murder’ charges. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/29/ohio-extreme-abortion-bill-reimplant-ectopic-pregnancyGoogle Scholar
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491Google Scholar
Granberg, D. (1991). Conformity to religious norms regarding abortion. The Sociological Quarterly, 32(2), 267275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00357.xGoogle Scholar
Granberg, D., & Granberg, B. (1980). Abortion attitudes, 1965–1980: Trends and determinants. Family Planning and Perspectives, 12(5), 250261. https://doi.org/10.2307/2134868Google Scholar
Grimes, D. A., Benson, J., Singh, S., et al. (2006). Unsafe abortion: The preventable pandemic. The Lancet, 368(9550), 19081919. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)694Google Scholar
Grzebalska, W., & Pető, A. (2018). The gendered modus operandi of the illiberal transformation in Hungary and Poland. Women’s Studies International Forum, 68, 164172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.12.001Google Scholar
Hebl, M. R., King, E. B., Glick, P., Singletary, S. L., & Kazama, S. (2007). Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: Complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 14991511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1499Google Scholar
Heilman, M. E., & Okimoto, T. G. (2008). Motherhood: A potential source of bias in employment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 189198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.189Google Scholar
Ho, R., & Penney, R. K. (1992). Euthanasia and abortion: Personality correlates for the decision to terminate life. The Journal of Social Psychology, 132(1), 7786. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1992.9924690Google Scholar
Huang, Y., Davies, P. G., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2016). Benevolent sexism, attitudes toward motherhood, and reproductive rights: A multi-study longitudinal examination of abortion attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(7), 970984. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216649607Google Scholar
Huang, Y., Osborne, D., Sibley, C. G., & Davies, P. G. (2014). The precious vessel: Ambivalent sexism and opposition to elective and traumatic abortion. Sex Roles, 71(11–12), 436449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0423-3Google Scholar
Kelly, K. C. (2002). Performing virginity and testing chastity in the Middle Ages. Routledge.Google Scholar
Lips, H., & Lawson, K. (2009). Work values, gender, and expectations about work commitment and pay: Laying the groundwork for the ‘motherhood penalty’? Sex Roles, 61(9–10), 667676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9670-0Google Scholar
MacInnis, C. C., MacLean, M. H., & Hodson, G. (2014). Does ‘humanization’ of the preborn explain why conservatives (vs. liberals) oppose abortion? Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 7782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.009Google Scholar
Marcus, R., & Harper, C. (2015). Social norms, gender norms, and adolescent girls: A brief guide. ODI.Google Scholar
Markovic, M. (2007). Vessels of reproduction: Forced pregnancy and the ICC. Michigan State Journal of International Law, 16, 439458. https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/163Google Scholar
McCulley, M. G. (1998). The male abortion: The putative father’s right to terminate his interests in and obligations to the unborn child. Journal of Law and Policy, 7(1), 155. http://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1394&context=jlpGoogle Scholar
Misra, J., & Strader, E. (2013). Gender pay equity in advanced countries: The role of parenthood and policies. Journal of International Affairs, 67(1), 2741. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24461670Google Scholar
Murphy, A. O., Sutton, R. M., Douglas, K. M., & McClellan, L. M. (2011). Ambivalent sexism and the ‘do’s and ‘don’t’s of pregnancy: Examining attitudes toward proscriptions and the women who flout them. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(7), 812816. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2011.06.031Google Scholar
Ntontis, E. (2020). Antiabortion rhetoric and the undermining of choice: Women’s agency as causing ‘psychological trauma’ following the termination of a pregnancyPolitical Psychology41(3), 517532. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12634Google Scholar
Okimoto, T. G., & Heilman, M. E. (2012). The ‘bad parent’ assumption: How gender stereotypes affect reactions to working mothers. Journal of Social Issues, 68(4), 704724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01772.xGoogle Scholar
Osborne, D., & Davies, P. G. (2009). Social dominance orientation, ambivalent sexism, and abortion: Explaining pro-choice and pro-life attitudes. In Palcroft, L. B. & Lopez, M. V. (Eds.), Personality assessment: New research (pp. 309320). Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Pacilli, M. G., Giovannelli, I., Spaccatini, F., Vaes, J., & Barbaranelli, C. (2018). Elective abortion predicts the dehumanization of women and men through the mediation of moral outrage. Social Psychology, 49(5), 287302. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000351Google Scholar
Pető, A., & Grzebalska, W. (2016, 14 October). How Hungary and Poland have silenced women and stifled human rights. https://theconversation.com/how-hungary-and-poland-have-silenced-women-and-stifled-human-rights-66743Google Scholar
Petterson, A., & Sutton, R. M. (2018). Sexist ideology and endorsement of men’s control over women’s decisions in reproductive health. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(2), 235247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684317744531Google Scholar
Ralph, L. J., Foster, D. G., Kimport, K., Turok, D., & Roberts, S. C. (2017). Measuring decisional certainty among women seeking abortion. Contraception, 95(3), 269278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.09.008Google Scholar
Reiss, I. (1980). Sexual customs and gender roles in Sweden and America: An analysis and interpretation. In Lopata, H. (Ed.), Research on the interweave of social roles: Women and men (pp. 191220). JAI Press.Google Scholar
Reiss, I. (1986). Journey into sexuality: An exploratory voyage. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. C., Biggs, M. A., Chibber, K. S., Gould, H., Rocca, C. H., & Foster, D. G. (2014). Risk of violence from the man involved in the pregnancy after receiving or being denied an abortion. BMC Medicine, 12(1), Article 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0144-zGoogle Scholar
Rye, B. J., & Underhill, A. (2019). Contraceptive context, conservatism, sexual liberalism, and gender-role attitudes as predictors of abortion attitudes. Women’s Reproductive Health, 6(1), 3451. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2018.1556425Google Scholar
Sedgh, G., Singh, S., Shah, I. H., Åhman, E., Henshaw, S. K., & Bankole, A. (2012). Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008. The Lancet, 379(9816), 625632. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786Google Scholar
Sutton, R. M., Douglas, K. M., & McClellan, L. M. (2011). Benevolent sexism, perceived health risks, and the inclination to restrict pregnant women’s freedoms. Sex Roles, 65(7–8), 596605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9869-0Google Scholar
Sutton, R. M., Murphy, A. O., Petterson, A., Douglas, K. M., & Calogero, R. M. (2020). Benevolent sexism and maternal sacrifice [Unpublished manuscript]. University of Kent.Google Scholar
Swartz, J. J., Rowe, C., Morse, J. E., Bryant, A. G., & Stuart, G. S. (2020). Women’s knowledge of their state’s abortion regulations: A national survey. Contraception, 102(5), 318326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2020.08.001Google Scholar
Taylor, A. (2016, 8 March). Men should have the right to ‘abort’ responsibility of an unborn child, Swedish political group says. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/03/08/men-shouldhave-the-right-to-abort-responsibility-for-an-unborn-child-swedish-political-groupsays/?utm_term=.c6748d5c7f3eGoogle Scholar
The Herald. (1997, 23 May). Abortion case goes on with court confusion. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12323635.Abortion_case_goes_on_with_court_ confusion/Google Scholar
Verniers, C., & Vala, J. (2018). Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace: The mediating role of motherhood myths. PLoS ONE, 13(1), Article e0190657. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190657Google Scholar
Walzer, S. (1994). The role of gender in determining abortion attitudes. Social Science Quarterly, 75(3), 687693.Google Scholar
Wang, G., & Buffalo, M. (2004). Social and cultural determinants of attitudes toward abortion: A test of the Reiss hypotheses. The Social Science Journal, 41(1), 93105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2003.10.008Google Scholar
Żuk, P., & Żuk, P. (2017). Women’s health as an ideological and political issue: Restricting the right to abortion, access to in vitro fertilization procedures, and prenatal testing in Poland. Health Care for Women International, 38(7), 689704. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2017.1322595Google Scholar

References

Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brenswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0058772Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5Google Scholar
Bartels, L. M. (2020). Ethnic antagonism erodes Republicans’ commitment to democracy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(37), 2275222759. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007747117Google Scholar
Batson, C. D., & Ventis, W. L. (1982). The religious experience: A social-psychological perspective. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Num Bloom, P., & Arikan, G. (2012). A two-edged sword: The differential effect of religious belief and religious social context on attitudes towards democracy. Political Behavior, 34(2), 249276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-011-9157-xGoogle Scholar
Ben-Nun Bloom, P., & Arikan, G. (2013a). Religion and support for democracy: A cross- national test of the mediating mechanisms. British Journal of Political Science, 43(2), 375397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123412000427Google Scholar
Ben-Nun Bloom, P., & Arikan, G. (2013b). Priming religious belief and religious social behavior affects support for democracy. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(3), 368382. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/eds030Google Scholar
Bratton, M. (2010). The meanings of democracy: Anchoring the ‘D-word’ in Africa. Journal of Democracy, 21(4), 106113. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2010.0006Google Scholar
Canetti-Nisim, D. (2004). The effect of religiosity on endorsement of democratic values: The mediating influence of authoritarianism. Political Behavior, 26, 377398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-004-0901-3Google Scholar
Ciftci, S. (2010). Modernization, Islam, or social capital: What explains attitudes toward democracy in the Muslim world? Comparative Political Studies, 43(11), 14421470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010371903Google Scholar
Diamond, L. (2008). The spirit of democracy: The struggle to build free societies throughout the world. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Drutman, L., Diamond, L., & Goldman, J. (2018). Follow the leader: Exploring American support for democracy and authoritarianism. Democracy Fund Voter Study Group. https://www.voterstudygroup.org/publication/follow-the-leader.Google Scholar
Egan, P. J. (2020). Identity as dependent variable: How Americans shift their identities to align with their politics. American Journal of Political Science, 64(3), 699716. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12496Google Scholar
Ellison, C. G., & Musick, M. A. (1993). Southern intolerance: A fundamentalist effect? Social Forces, 72(2), 379398. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579853Google Scholar
Gibson, J. L., & Gouws, A. (2005). Overcoming intolerance in South Africa: Experiments in democratic persuasion. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550331Google Scholar
Graham, M. H., & Svolik, M. W. (2020). Democracy in America? Partisanship, polarization, and the robustness of support for democracy in the United States. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 392409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000052Google Scholar
Harvey, P. (2016). Civil rights movements and religion in America. In Oxford research encyclopedia of religion. https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/0.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-492Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. Simon & Schuster. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045621Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (2003). How solid is mass support for democracy – and how can we measure it? PS: Political Science & Politics, 36(1), 5157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096503001689Google Scholar
Jamal, A., & Tessler, M. (2008). The Democracy Barometers (Part II): Attitudes in the Arab world. Journal of Democracy, 19(1), 97111. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48600101Google Scholar
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In Pervin, L. A. & John, O. P. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 102138). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. K., Rowatt, W. C., & LaBouff, J. (2010). Priming Christian religious concepts increases racial prejudice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 119126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550609357246Google Scholar
Karpov, V. (1999). Religiosity and political tolerance in Poland. Sociology of Religion, 60(4), 387402. https://doi.org/10.2307/3712022Google Scholar
Kiewiet de Jonge, C. P. (2016). Should researchers abandon questions about ‘democracy’? Evidence from Latin America. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(3), 694716. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw008Google Scholar
Kirsch, H., & Welzel, C. (2019). Democracy misunderstood: Authoritarian notions of democracy around the globe. Social Forces, 98(1), 5992. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33269.99041Google Scholar
Layman, G. C., & Green, J. C. (2006). Wars and rumours of wars: The contexts of cultural conflict in American political behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 36(1), 6189.Google Scholar
Leak, G. K., & Fish, S. (1989). Religious orientation, impression management, and self-deception: Toward a clarification of the link between religiosity and social desirability. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 355359. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386746Google Scholar
Levitsky, S., & Ziblatt, D. (2018). How democracies die. Crown.Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. I., Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., & Teorell, J. (2014). V-Dem: A new way to measure democracy. Journal of Democracy, 25(3), 159169.Google Scholar
Ludeke, S., Johnson, W., & Bouchard Jr, T. J. (2013). ‘Obedience to traditional authority’: A heritable factor underlying authoritarianism, conservatism and religiousness. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(4), 375380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.018Google Scholar
Malka, A. (2013). Religion and domestic political attitudes around the world. In Saroglou, V. (Ed.), Religion, personality, and social behavior (pp. 230254). Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Malka, A., Lelkes, A., Bakker, B. N., & Spivack, E. (2020). Who is open to authoritarian governance within Western democracies? Perspectives on Politics. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720002091.Google Scholar
Margolis, M. F. (2018). From politics to the pews: How partisanship and the political environment shape religious identity. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226555812Google Scholar
Mason, L. (2018). Uncivil agreement: How politics became our identity. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226524689.001.0001Google Scholar
McFarland, S. G. (1989). Religious orientations and the targets of discrimination. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 324336. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386743Google Scholar
Meyer, K., Tope, D., & Price, A. M. (2008). Religion and support for democracy: A cross-national examination. Sociological Spectrum, 28(5), 625653. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170802206260Google Scholar
Miller, S. V. (2017). Economic threats or societal turmoil? Understanding preferences for authoritarian political systems. Political Behavior, 39(2), 457478.Google Scholar
Miller, S. M., & Davis, N. T. (2021). The effect of white social prejudice on support for American democracy. Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics, 6(2), 334351.Google Scholar
Norenzayan, A., & Shariff, A. F. (2008). The origin and evolution of religious prosociality. Science, 322(5898), 5862. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158757Google Scholar
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2011). Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791017Google Scholar
Patrikios, S. (2008). American Republican religion? Disentangling the causal link between religion and politics in the US. Political Behavior, 30(3), 367389. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40213322Google Scholar
Philpott, D. (2007). Explaining the political ambivalence of religion. American Political Science Review, 101(3), 505525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070372Google Scholar
Razmyar, S., & Reeve, C. L. (2013). Individual differences in religiosity as a function of cognitive ability and cognitive style. Intelligence, 41(5), 667673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.09.003Google Scholar
Şandor, S. D., & Popescu, M. (2008). Religiosity and values in Romania. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 4(22), 171180.Google Scholar
Saroglou, V., & Cohen, A. B. (2013). Cultural and cross-cultural psychology of religion. In Paloutzian, R. F. & Park, C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 330353). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Smidt, C., & Penning, J. M. (1982). Religious commitment, political conservatism, and political and social tolerance in the United States: A longitudinal analysis. Sociological Analysis, 43, 231246.Google Scholar
Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1982). Political tolerance and American democracy. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tessler, M. (2002). Do Islamic orientations influence attitudes toward democracy in the Arab world? Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Algeria. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43(3–5), 229249. https://doi.org/10.1177/002071520204300302Google Scholar
Tessler, M. (2010). Religion, religiosity and the place of Islam in political life: Insights from the Arab barometer surveys. Middle East Law and Governance, 2(2), 221252. https://doi.org/10.1163/187633710X500748Google Scholar
Vance, T., Maes, H. H., & Kendler, K. S. (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on multiple dimensions of religiosity. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(10), 755761. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181f4a07cGoogle Scholar
Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139540919Google Scholar
Wulff, D. M. (1997). Psychology of religion: Classic & contemporary (2nd ed.). Hamilton Printing.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, M., Silberman, J., & Hall, J. A. (2013). The relation between intelligence and religiosity: A meta-analysis and some proposed explanations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(4), 325354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313497266Google Scholar

References

Aramovich, N. P., Lytle, B. L., & Skitka, L. J. (2012). Opposing torture: Moral conviction and resistance to majority influence. Social Influence, 7(1), 2134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2011.640199Google Scholar
Bassili, J. N. (1996). Meta-judgmental versus operative indexes of psychological attributes: The case of measures of attitude strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 637653. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.637Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323Google Scholar
Baumgartner, J. N., & Morgan, G. S. (2019). Mindfulness and cognitive depletion shape the relationship between moral conviction and intolerance of dissimilar others. Studia Psychologica, 61(1), 3141. https://doi.org/10.21909/sp.2019.01.770Google Scholar
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483Google Scholar
Corns, J. (2018). Rethinking the negativity bias. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 9(3), 607625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-018-0382-7Google Scholar
Delton, A. W., DeScioli, P., & Ryan, T. J. (2020). Moral obstinacy in political negotiations. Political Psychology, 41(1), 320. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12612Google Scholar
Garrett, K. N. (2018). Fired up by morality: The unique physiological response tied to moral conviction in politics. Political Psychology, 40(3), 543563. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12527Google Scholar
Garrett, K. N., & Bankert, A. (2018). The moral roots of partisan division: How moral conviction heightens affective polarization. British Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 621640. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341700059XGoogle Scholar
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814Google Scholar
Hornsey, M. J., Majkut, L., Terry, D. J., & McKimmie, B. M. (2003). On being loud and proud: Non‐conformity and counter‐conformity to group norms. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(3), 319335. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466603322438189Google Scholar
Janoff-Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C. (2013). Surveying the moral landscape: Moral motives and group-based moralities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(3), 219236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868313480274Google Scholar
Janoff-Bulman, R., Sheikh, S., & Hepp, S. (2009). Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality: Two faces of moral regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 521537. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013779Google Scholar
Kende, A., Lantos, N. A., Belinszky, A., Csaba, S., & Lukács, Z. A. (2017). The politicized motivations of volunteers in the refugee crisis: Intergroup helping as the means to achieve social change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(1), 260281. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i1.642Google Scholar
Mazzoni, D., van Zomeren, M., & Cicognani, E. (2015). The motivating role of perceived right violation and efficacy beliefs in identification with the Italian water movement. Political Psychology, 36(3), 315330. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12101Google Scholar
Morgan, G. S. (2011). Toward a model of morally convicted behavior: Investigating mediators of the moral conviction-action link [Dissertation]. University of Illinois at Chicago.Google Scholar
Morgan, G. S., & Skitka, L. J. (2020). Evidence for meta-ethical monism: Moral conviction predicts perceived objectivity and universality across issues. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Morgan, G. S., Skitka, L. J., & Wisneski, D. C. (2010). Moral and religious convictions and intentions to vote in the 2008 presidential election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 10(1), 307320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2010.01204.xGoogle Scholar
Mueller, A. B., & Skitka, L. J. (2017). Liars, damned liars, and zealots: The effect of moral mandates on transgressive advocacy acceptance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617720272Google Scholar
Mullen, E., & Nadler, J. (2008). Moral spillovers: The effect of moral violations on deviant behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 12391245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.001Google Scholar
Mullen, E., & Skitka, L. J. (2006). Exploring the psychological underpinnings of the moral mandate effect: Motivated reasoning, identification, or affect? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(4), 629643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.001Google Scholar
Nucci, L. P., & Turiel, E. (1978). Social interactions and the development of social concepts in preschool children. Child Development, 90(2), 400407. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128704Google Scholar
Reifen Tagar, M., Morgan, G. S., Halperin, E., & Skitka, L. J. (2014). When ideology matters: Moral conviction and the association between ideology and policy preferences in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(2), 117125. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1993Google Scholar
Ryan, T. J. (2014). Reconsidering moral issues in politics. The Journal of Politics, 76(2), 380397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613001357Google Scholar
Ryan, T. J. (2017). No compromise: Political consequences of moralized attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 409423. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12248Google Scholar
Ryan, T. J. (2019). Actions versus consequences in political arguments: Insights from moral psychology. Journal of Politics, 81(2), 115. https://doi.org/10.1086/701494Google Scholar
Sabucedo, J-M., Dono, M., Alzate, M., & Seoane, G. (2018). The importance of protesters’ morals: Moral obligation as a key variable to understand collective action. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00418Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J. (2002). Do the means always justify the ends or do the ends sometimes justify the means? A value protection model of justice reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(5), 588597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202288003Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., & Bauman, C. W. (2008). Moral conviction and political engagement. Political Psychology, 29(1), 2954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00611.xGoogle Scholar
Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Lytle, B. L. (2009). Limits on legitimacy: Moral and religious convictions as constraints on deference to authority. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 567578. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015998Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Sargis, E. G. (2005). Moral conviction: Another contributor to attitude strength or something more? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 895917. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.895Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., Hanson, B. E., Morgan, G. S., & Wisneski, D. C. (2021). The psychology of moral conviction. Annual Review of Psychology, 72, 347366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-063020-030612Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., Hanson, B. E., & Wisneski, D. C. (2017). Utopian hopes or dystopian fears? Understanding the motivational underpinnings of morally motivated political engagement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(2), 177190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216678858Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., & Houston, D. (2001). When due process is of no consequence: Moral mandates and presumed defendant guilt or innocence. Social Justice Research, 14(3), 305326. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014372008257Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Chen, H., Liu, L., & Xu, L. (2012). Exploring the cross-cultural generalizability and scope of morally motivated intolerance. Social Psychological and Personality and Science, 4(3), 324331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612456404Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., & Morgan, G. S. (2009). The double-edged sword of a moral state of mind. In Narvaez, D. & Lapsley, D. K. (Eds.), Personality, identity, and character: Explorations in moral psychology (pp. 355375). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511627125.017Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., Morgan, G. S., & Wisneski, D. C. (2015). Political orientation and moral conviction: A conservative advantage or an equal opportunity motivator of political engagement? In Forgas, J., Fiedler, K., & Crano, W. (Eds.), Sydney symposium of social psychology: Vol. 17. Social psychology and politics (pp. 5774). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., & Mullen, E. (2002). Understanding judgments of fairness in a real-world political context: A test of the value protection model of justice reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 14191429. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702236873Google Scholar
Skitka, L. J., & Wisneski, D. C. (2011). Moral conviction and emotion. Emotion Review, 3(3), 328330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911402374Google Scholar
Täuber, S., van Zomeren, M., & Kutlaca, M. (2015). Should the moral core of climate issues be emphasized or downplayed in public discourse? Three ways to successfully manage the double-edged sword of moral communication. Climatic Change, 130(3), 453464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1200-6Google Scholar
van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2012). On conviction’s collective consequences: Integrating moral conviction with the social identity model of collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(1), 5271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02000.xGoogle Scholar
Wisneski, D. C., Lytle, B. L., & Skitka, L. J. (2009). Gut reactions: Moral conviction, religiosity, and trust in authority. Psychological Science, 20(9), 10591063. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02406.xGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. C. (2012). Children’s and adolescent’s tolerance for divergent beliefs: Exploring the cognitive and affective dimensions of moral conviction in our youth. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 493510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.2011.02058.xGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. C., Cullum, J., & Schwab, N. (2008). The cognitive and affective dimensions of moral conviction: Implications for attitudinal and behavioral measures of interpersonal tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(11), 14611476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322557Google Scholar
Zaal, M. P., Laar, C. V., Ståhl, T., Ellemers, N., & Derks, B. (2011). By any means necessary: The effects of regulatory focus and moral conviction on hostile and benevolent forms of collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 670689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02069.xGoogle Scholar
Zaal, M. P., Saab, R., O’Brien, K., Jeffries, C., Barreto, M., & van Laar, C. (2017). You’re either with us or against us! Moral conviction determines how politicized distinguish friend from foe. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(4), 519539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215615682Google Scholar

References

Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. Verso.Google Scholar
Ariely, G. (2012). Globalization, immigration, and national identity: How the level of globalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructive patriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(4), 539557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211430518Google Scholar
Bar-Tal, D., & Staub, E. (Eds.). (1997). Patriotism: In the lives of individuals and nations. Nelson-Hall Publishers.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 533. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5Google Scholar
Blank, T., & Schmidt, P. (2003). National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data. Political Psychology, 24(2), 289312. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00329Google Scholar
Bonikowski, B., & DiMaggio, P. (2016). Varieties of American popular nationalism. American Sociological Review, 81(5), 949980. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416663683Google Scholar
Borgida, E., Federico, C. M., & Sullivan, J. L. (2009). The political psychology of democratic citizenship. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. Sage.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. (2009). Ethnicity, race, and nationalism. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 2142. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115916Google Scholar
Butz, D. A., Plant, E., & Doerr, C. E. (2007). Liberty and justice for all? Implications of exposure to the U.S. flag for intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(3), 396408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296299Google Scholar
Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure ingroup positivity: The role of collective narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27(1), 283317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2016.1252530Google Scholar
Citrin, J., Johnston, R., & Wright, M. (2012). Do patriotism and multiculturalism collide? Competing perspectives in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 45(3), 531552. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423912000704Google Scholar
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392Google Scholar
Davidov, E. (2009). Measurement equivalence of nationalism and patriotism in the ISSP: 34 countries in a comparative perspective. Political Analysis, 17(1), 6482. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn014Google Scholar
Davidov, E. (2010). Nationalism and constructive patriotism: A longitudinal test of comparability in 22 countries with the ISSP. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 23(1), 88103. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq031Google Scholar
De Figueiredo, R. J., & Elkins, Z. (2003). Are patriots bigots? An inquiry into the vices of ingroup pride. American Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 171188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00012Google Scholar
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 10741096. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016904Google Scholar
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., & Iskra-Golec, I. (2013). Collective narcissism moderates the effect of in-group image threat on intergroup hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 10191039. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032215Google Scholar
Devos, T. (2008). Implicit attitudes 101: Theoretical and empirical insights. In Crano, W. & Prislin, R. (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 6186). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 447466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447Google Scholar
Devos, T., Gavin, K., & Quintana, F. J. (2010). Say ‘adios’ to the American dream? The interplay between ethnic and national identity among Latino and Caucasian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(1), 3749. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015868Google Scholar
Devos, T., & Ma, D. S. (2013). How ‘American’ is Barack Obama? The role of national identity in a historic bid for the White House. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), 214226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12069Google Scholar
Devos, T., Yogeeswaran, K., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. (2020). Conceptions of national identity and opposition to bicultural policies in New Zealand: A comparison of majority and minority perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 78, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.04.004Google Scholar
Elkins, Z., & Sides, J. (2007). Can institutions build unity in multiethnic states? American Political Science Review, 101(4), 693708. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070505Google Scholar
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Fox, J., & Miller-Idriss, C. (2008). Everyday nationhood. Ethnicities, 8(4), 536563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796808088925Google Scholar
Gawronski, B., & Payne, K. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and nationalism. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Green, E., Sarrasin, O., Fasel, N., & Staerkle, C. (2011). Nationalism and patriotism as predictors of immigration attitudes in Switzerland: A municipality-level analysis. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(4), 369393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02030.xGoogle Scholar
Greenwald, A., & Banaji, M. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 14641480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464Google Scholar
Heath, A., & Roberts, J. (2006). British identity: Its sources and possible implications for civic attitudes and behaviour. University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Hindriks, P., Verkuyten, M., & Coenders, M. (2014). Inter-minority attitudes: The roles of ethnic and national identification, contact, and multiculturalism. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(1), 5474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272513511469Google Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (2007). Uncertainty–identity theory. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 39, pp. 69126). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39002-8Google Scholar
Huddy, L., & Del Ponte, A. (2020). National identity, pride, and chauvinism: Their origins and consequences for globalization attitudes. In Gustavsson, G. & Miller, D. (Eds.), Liberal nationalism and empirical questions. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., & Khatib, N. (2007). American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 6377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00237.xGoogle Scholar
Janmaat, J. (2006). Popular conceptions of nationhood in old and new European member states: Partial support for the ethnic-civic framework. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(1), 5078. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500352363Google Scholar
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., & Solheim, E. (2009). To identify or not to identify? National disidentification as an alternative reaction to perceived ethnic discrimination. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 105128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.xGoogle Scholar
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Renvik, T. A., Van der Noll, J., Eskelinen, V., Rohmann, A., & Verkuyten, M. (2020). Dual citizenship and perceived loyalty of immigrants. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 23(7), 9961013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219872809Google Scholar
Kemmelmeier, M., & Winter, D. (2008). Sowing patriotism, but reaping nationalism? Consequences of exposure to the American flag. Political Psychology, 29(6), 859879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00670.xGoogle Scholar
Khan, S., Garnett, N., Khazaie, D., Liu, J., & de Zuniga, H. (2020). Opium of the people? National identification predicts well-being over time. British Journal of Social Psychology, 111(2), 200214. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12398Google Scholar
Kjærvik, S. L., & Bushman, B. J. (2021). The link between narcissism and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 147(5), 477503. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000323Google Scholar
Kohn, H. (1944). The idea of nationalism: A study in its origins and background. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791647Google Scholar
Kunst, J. R., Thomsen, L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2019). Divided loyalties: Perceptions of disloyalty underpin bias toward dually-identified minority-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(4), 807838. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000168Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (2001). Politics in the vernacular: Nationalism, multiculturalism, and citizenship. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/3654684Google Scholar
Larsen, C. (2017). Revitalizing the ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ distinction: Perceptions of nationhood across two dimensions, 44 countries and two decades. Nations and Nationalism, 23(4), 970993. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12345Google Scholar
Levanon, A., & Lewin-Epstein, N. (2010). Grounds for citizenship: Public attitudes in comparative perspective. Social Science Research, 39(3), 419431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.12.001Google Scholar
Lubbers, M., & Coenders, M. (2017). Nationalistic attitudes and voting for the radical right. European Union Politics, 18(1), 98118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116516678932Google Scholar
Ma, D., & Devos, T. (2014). Every heart beats true, for the red, white and blue: National identity predicts voter support. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 14(1), 2245. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12025Google Scholar
Mackie, D., Smith, E., & Ray, D. (2008). Intergroup emotions and intergroup relations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 18661880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00130.xGoogle Scholar
Maliepaard, M., & Verkuyten, M. (2018). National disidentification and minority identity: A study among Muslims in Western Europe. Self & Identity, 17(1), 7591. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1323792Google Scholar
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551558. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281Google Scholar
Meeus, J., Duriez, B., Vanbeselaere, N., & Boen, F. (2010). The role of national identity representation in the relation between in-group identification and out-group derogation: Ethnic versus civic representation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(2), 305320. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X451455Google Scholar
Miller, D., & Ali, S. (2014). Testing the national identity argument. European Political Science Review, 6(2), 237259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773913000088Google Scholar
Mummendey, A., Klink, A., & Brown, R. (2001). Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out‐group rejection. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 159172. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164740Google Scholar
Nijs, T., Martinovic, B., Verkuyten, M., & Sedikides, C. (2020). ‘This country is OURS’: The exclusionary potential of collective psychological ownership. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(1), 171195. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12386Google Scholar
Osborne, D., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. (2017). Authoritarianism and national identity: Examining the longitudinal effects of SDO and RWA on nationalism and patriotism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), 10861099. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217704196Google Scholar
Pehrson, S., Brown, R., & Zagefka, H. (2009). When does national identification lead to the rejection of immigrants? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence for the role of essentialist in-group definitions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(1), 6176. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X288827Google Scholar
Pehrson, S., & Green, E. T. (2010). Who we are and who can join us: National identity content and entry criteria for new immigrants. Journal of Social Issues, 66(4), 695716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01671.xGoogle Scholar
Pehrson, S., Vignoles, V. L., & Brown, R. (2009). National identification and anti-immigrant prejudice: Individual and contextual effects of national definitions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(1), 2438. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250907200104Google Scholar
Phinney, J., Ferguson, D., & Tate, J. (1997). Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development, 68(5), 955969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01973.xGoogle Scholar
Politi, E., Roblain, A., Gale, J., Licata, L., & Staerkle, C. (2020). If you want to be one of us, then become like us: The evaluation of naturalization applicants by host nationals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 839856. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2663Google Scholar
Reeskens, T., & Hooghe, M. (2010). Beyond the civic-ethnic dichotomy: Investigating the structure of citizenship concepts across 33 countries. Nations and Nationalism, 16(4), 579597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00446.xGoogle Scholar
Reeskens, T., & Wright, M. (2011). Subjective well-being the national satisfaction: Taking seriously the ‘proud of what?’ question. Psychological Science, 22(11), 14601462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419673Google Scholar
Reeskens, T., & Wright, M. (2013). Nationalism and the cohesive society: A multilevel analysis of diversity, national identity, and social capital across 27 European societies. Comparative Political Studies, 46(2), 153181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012453033Google Scholar
Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001). Self and nation. Sage.Google Scholar
Reijerse, A., Van Acker, K., Vanbeselaere, N., Phalet, K., & Duriez, B. (2013). Beyond the ethnic-civic dichotomy: Cultural citizenship as a new way of excluding immigrants. Political Psychology, 34(4), 611630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00920.xGoogle Scholar
Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to ingroup’s moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 698711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698Google Scholar
Sapountzis, A. (2008). Towards a critical social psychological account of national sentiments: Patriotism and nationalism revisited. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 3450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00050.xGoogle Scholar
Satherley, N., Yogeeswaran, K., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. (2019). Differentiating between pure patriots and nationalistic patriots: A model of national attachment profiles and their sociopolitical attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 72, 1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.06.005Google Scholar
Schatz, R. T., & Staub, E. (1997). Manifestations of blind and constructive patriotism: Personality correlates and individual-group relations. In Bar-Tal, D. & Staub, E. (Eds.), Patriotism in the lives of individuals and nations (pp. 229245). Nelson-Hall Publishers.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, D. (2007). Defining American identity in the twenty-first century: How much ‘there’ is there? Journal of Politics, 69(3), 597615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00562.xGoogle Scholar
Schildkraut, D. (2014). Boundaries of American identity: Evolving understandings of ‘us’. Annual Review of Political Science, 17(1), 441460. https://doi.org/annurev-polisci-080812-144642Google Scholar
SCP. (2019). Denkend aan Nederland [Thinking about the Netherlands]. Social and Cultural Planning Office, The Hague, Netherlands. https://www.scp.nl/publicaties/monitors/2019/06/26/denkend-aan-nederlandGoogle Scholar
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Cai, H. (2015). On the panculturality of self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: The case for the universality of self-esteem. In Elliot, A. J. (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (Vol. 2, pp. 185241). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2015.04.002Google Scholar
Shulman, S. (2002). Challenging the civic/ethnic and west/east dichotomies in the study of nationalism. Comparative Political Studies, 35(5), 554585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035005003Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (2007). New Zealand = bicultural? Implicit and explicit associations between ethnicity and nationhood in the New Zealand context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 12221243. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.459Google Scholar
Simon, B., & Ruhs, D. (2008). Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany: The role of dual identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 13541366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012630Google Scholar
Smeekes, A., & Verkuyten, M. (2015). The presence of the past: Identity continuity and group dynamics. European Review of Social Psychology, 26, 162202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2015.1112653Google Scholar
Smeekes, A., Verkuyten, M., & Poppe, E. (2012). How a tolerant past affects the present: Historical tolerance and the acceptance of Muslim expressive rights. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(11), 14101422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212450920Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (2001). Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Spiegler, O., Christ, O., & Verkuyten, M. (2021). National identity exploration attenuates the identification-prejudice link. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990093Google Scholar
Staerklé, C., Sidanius, J., Green, E. T., & Molina, L. E. (2010). Ethnic minority-majority asymmetry in national attitudes around the world: A multilevel analysis. Political Psychology, 31(4), 491519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00766.xGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, C., Dixon, J., Hopkins, N., & Luyt, R. (2015). The social psychology of citizenship, participation and social exclusion: Introduction to the special thematic section. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i2.579Google Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G. & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 3348). Brooks-Cole.Google Scholar
Tamir, Y. (2019). Not so civic: Is there a difference between ethnic and civic nationalism? Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 419434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-022018-024059Google Scholar
Theiss-Morse, E. (2009). Who counts as an American? The boundaries of national identity. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Torgler, B., & Schneider, F. (2007). What shapes attitudes toward paying taxes? Evidence from multicultural European countries. Social Science Quarterly, 88(2), 443470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00466.xGoogle Scholar
Turner, J., Hogg, M., Oakes, P., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Van Bavel, J., Cichocka, A., Capraro, V., et al. (2021). National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic: Results from 67 nations. Nature Communications.Google Scholar
Van der Werf, F., Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2020). Balancing national and ethno-cultural belonging: State recognition and perceived government performance in Mauritius. International Journal of Sociology, 50(3), 163178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2020.1726026Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Immigrants’ national identification: Meanings, determinants, and consequences. Social Issues and Policy Review, 6(1), 82112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01036.xGoogle Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2015). Behind the ethnic-civic distinction: Public attitudes toward immigrants’ political rights in the Netherlands. Social Science Research, 53, 3444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.002Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2016). Dual identity, ingroup projection, and outgroup feelings among ethnic minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2131Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2017). Collective psychological ownership and intergroup relations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 10211039. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617706514Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study of Turkish Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 14481462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304276Google Scholar
Viki, T., & Calitri, R. (2008). Infrahuman outgroup or suprahuman ingroup: The role of nationalism and patriotism in the infrahumanization of outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 10541061. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.495Google Scholar
Wagner, U., Becker, J. C., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., & Schmidt, P. (2012). A longitudinal test of the relation between German nationalism, patriotism, and outgroup derogation. European Sociological Review, 28(3), 319332. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq066Google Scholar
Wakefield, J. H., Hopkins, N., Cockburn, C., et al. (2011). The impact of adopting ethnic or civic conceptions of national belonging for others’ treatment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 15991610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211416131Google Scholar
Weiss, H. (2003). Cross-national comparison of nationalism in Austria, Czech, and Slovac Republics, Hungary, and Poland. Political Psychology, 24(2), 377401. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00332Google Scholar
Weldon, S. (2006). The institutional context of tolerance for ethnic minorities: A comparative, multilevel analysis of western Europe. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 331349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00187.xGoogle Scholar
Wenzel, M., Mummendey, A., & Waldzus, S. (2008). Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model. European Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 331372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701728302Google Scholar
Wright, M., Citrin, J., & Wand, J. (2012). Alternative measures of American national identity: Implications for the civic-ethnic distinction. Political Psychology, 33(4), 469482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00885.xGoogle Scholar
Wright, M., & Reeskens, T. (2013). Of what cloth are the ties that bind? National identity and support for the welfare state across 29 European countries. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(10), 14431463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.800796Google Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., Afzali, U., Andrews, N., et al. (2019). Exploring New Zealand national identity and its importance for attitudes toward Muslims and support for diversity. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 48(1), 2935. https://www.psychology.org.nz/journal-archive/NZJP-Issue-481.pdfGoogle Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., & Dasgupta, N. (2010). Will the ‘real’ American please stand up? The effect of implicit national prototypes on discriminatory behavior and judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(10), 13321345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210380928Google Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., & Dasgupta, N. (2014). Conceptions of national identity in a globalised world: Antecedents and consequences. European Review of Social Psychology, 25(1), 189227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2014.972081Google Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., Dasgupta, N., Adelman, L., Eccleston, A., & Parker, M. T. (2011). To be or not to be (ethnic): Public vs. private expressions of ethnic identification differentially impact national inclusion of White and non-White groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(5), 908914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.010Google Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., Dasgupta, N., & Gomez, C. (2012). A new American dilemma? The effect of ethnic identification and public service on the national inclusion of ethnic minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 691705. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1894Google Scholar
Zagefka, H., & Brown, R. (2002). The relationship between acculturation strategies, relative fit and intergroup relations: Immigrant-majority relations in Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 171188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.73Google Scholar
Zimmermann, L., Zimmermann, K., & Constant, A. (2007). Ethnic self-identification of first- generation immigrants. International Migration Review, 41(3), 769781. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27645692Google Scholar
Zou, L. X., & Cheryan, S. (2017). Two axes of subordination: A new model of racial position. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 696717. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000080Google Scholar

References

Aarøe, L., Petersen, M. B., & Arceneaux, K. (2017). The behavioral immune system shapes political intuitions: Why and how individual differences in disgust sensitivity underlie opposition to immigration. American Political Science Review, 111(2), 277294.Google Scholar
Abrajano, M., & Hajnal, Z. L. (2015). White backlash: Immigration, race, and American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper.Google Scholar
Alba, R., Rumbau, R. G., & Marotz, K. (2005). A distorted nation: Perceptions of racial/ethnic group sizes and attitudes toward immigrants and other minorities. Social Forces, 84(2), 901919.Google Scholar
Albertson, B., & Gadarian, S. K. (2015). Anxious politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Amengay, A., & Stockemer, D. (2019). The radical right in western Europe: A meta-analysis of structural factors. Political Studies Review, 17(1), 3040.Google Scholar
Arzheimer, K. (2009). Contextual factors and the extreme right vote in Western Europe, 1980–2002. American Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 259275.Google Scholar
Banks, A. J. (2016). Are group cues necessary? How anger makes ethnocentrism among whites a stronger predictor of racial and immigration policy opinions. Political Behavior, 38(3), 635657.Google Scholar
Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., & Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959978.Google Scholar
Burns, P., & Gimpel, J. G. (2000). Economic insecurity, prejudicial stereotypes, and public opinion in immigration policy. Political Science Quarterly, 115(2), 201225.Google Scholar
Cavaille, C., & Marshall, J. (2019). Education and anti-immigration attitudes: Evidence from compulsory schooling reforms across Western Europe. American Political Science Review, 113(1), 254263.Google Scholar
Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 309328.Google Scholar
Chavez, L. R. (2008). The Latino threat: Constructing immigrants, citizens, and the nation. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cisneros, J. D. (2008). Contaminated communities: The metaphor of ‘immigrant as pollutant’ in media representations of immigration. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 11(4), 569601.Google Scholar
Citrin, J., Green, D., Muste, C., & Wong, C. (1997). Public opinion toward immigration reform: The role of economic motivations. Journal of Politics, 59(3), 858881.Google Scholar
Clark, J. A., & Legge, J. S. Jr. (2009). Economics, racism, and attitudes toward immigration in the New Germany. Political Research Quarterly, 50(4), 901917.Google Scholar
Craig, M. A., & Richeson, J. A. (2014). On the precipice of a ‘majority-minority’ America: Perceived status threat from the racial demographic shift affects white Americans’ political ideology. Psychological Science, 25(6), 11891197.Google Scholar
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113126.Google Scholar
Enos, R. D. (2014). Causal effect of intergroup contact on exclusionary attitudes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(10), 36993704.Google Scholar
Farris, E. M., & Mohamed, H. S. (2018). Picturing immigration: How the media criminalizes immigrants. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 6(4), 814824.Google Scholar
Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 4174.Google Scholar
Friedberg, R. M., & Hunt, J. (1995). The impact of immigration on host country wages, employment, and growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2), 2344.Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K., & Albertson, B. (2014). Anxiety, immigration, and the search for information. Political Psychology, 35(2), 133164.Google Scholar
Garand, J. C., Xu, P., & Davis, B. C. (2017). Immigration attitudes and support for the welfare state in the American mass public. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 146162.Google Scholar
Green, E. G. T., & Staerklé, C. (2013). Migration and multiculturalism. In Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., & Levy, J. S. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political psychology (2nd ed., pp. 852889). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, A. E., Ocampo, A. X., Barreto, M. A., & Segura, G. (2019). Somos m’as: How racial threat and anger mobilized Latino voters in the Trump era. Political Research Quarterly, 72(4), 960975.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Pietrantuono, G. (2017). Catalyst or crown: Does naturalization promote the long-term social integration of immigrants? American Political Science Review, 111(2), 256276.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. H. (2007). Educated preferences: Explaining attitudes towards immigration in Europe. International Organization, 61(2), 399442.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. H. (2010). Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: Evidence from a survey experiment. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 6184.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. H. (2014). Public attitudes toward immigration. Annual Review of Political Science, 17, 225249.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. H. (2015). The hidden American immigration consensus: A conjoint analysis of attitudes toward immigrants. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 529548.Google Scholar
Hanson, G. H. (2005). Why does immigration divide America? Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Hanson, G. H., Scheve, K. F., & Slaughter, M. J. (2007). Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies. Economics and Politics, 19(1), 133.Google Scholar
Hartman, T K., Newman, B. J., & Bell, C. S. (2014). Decoding prejudice toward Hispanics: Group cues and public reactions to threatening immigrant behavior. Political Behavior, 36(1), 143163.Google Scholar
Herda, D. (2010). How many immigrants? Foreign-born population innumeracy in Europe. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(4), 674695.Google Scholar
Hood, M. V., & Morris, I. L. (1998). Give us your tired, your poor,… but make sure they have a green card: The effects of documented and undocumented migrant context on Anglo opinion toward immigration. Political Behavior, 20(1), 115.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. J. (2010). Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke opposition. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 4060.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. J. (2015). The upside of accents: Language, skin tone, and attitudes toward immigration. British Journal of Political Science, 45(3), 531557.Google Scholar
Iyengar, S., Jackman, S., Messing, S., et al. (2013). Do attitudes about immigration predict willingness to admit individual immigrants? A cross-national test of the person-positivity bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(3), 641665.Google Scholar
Jardina, A. (2019). White identity politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnston, C. D., Newman, B. J., & Velez, Y. (2015). Ethnic change, personality, and polarization over immigration in the American public. Public Opinion Quarterly, 79(3), 662686.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Stern, C., Rule, N. O., & Sterling, J. (2017). The politics of fear: Is there an ideological asymmetry in existential motivation? Social Cognition, 35(4), 324353.Google Scholar
Kam, C. D., & Estes, B. A. (2016). Disgust sensitivity and public demand for protection. The Journal of Politics, 78(2), 481496.Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R., & Kam, C. D. (2010). Us against them: Ethnocentric foundations of American public opinion. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R., & Kiewiet, D. R. (1981). Sociotropic politics: The American case. British Journal of Political Science, 11(2), 129161.Google Scholar
Knoll, B. R., Redlawsk, D. P., & Sanborn, H. (2011). Framing labels and immigration policy attitudes in the Iowa caucuses: ‘Trying to out-Tancredo Tancredo’. Political Behavior, 33(3), 433454.Google Scholar
Konitzer, T. B., Iyengar, S., Valentino, N. A., Soroka, S., & Duch, R. (2019). Ethnocentrism versus group specific stereotyping in immigration opinion: Cross-national evidence on the distinctiveness of Muslim immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(7), 10511074.Google Scholar
Krugman, P., & Obstfeld, M. (2000). International economics: Theory & policy (5th ed.). Addison-Wesley Longman.Google Scholar
Levy, M., & Wright, M. (2020). Immigration and the American ethos. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liao, S., Malhotra, N., & Newman, B. J. (2020). Providing local economic benefits increases positivity toward immigrants: Evidence from an exogenous influx of Chinese foreign capital. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 481488.Google Scholar
Light, M. T., He, J., & Robey, J. (2020). Comparing crime rates between undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and native-born US citizens in Texas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 117(51), 3234032347.Google Scholar
Malhotra, N., Margalit, Y., & Mo, C. H. (2013). Economic explanations for opposition to immigration: Distinguishing between prevalence and conditional impact. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 391410.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mastro, D., Tukachinsky, R., Behm-Morawitz, E., & Blecha, E. (2014). News coverage of immigration: The influence of exposure to linguistic bias in the news on consumer’s racial/ethnic cognitions. Communication Quarterly, 62(2), 135154.Google Scholar
Masuoka, N., & Junn, J. (2013). The politics of belonging: Race, public opinion, and immigration. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mayda, A. M. (2006). Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of attitudes towards immigrants. Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), 510530.Google Scholar
McIlwain, C., & Caliendo, S. M. (2011). Race appeals: How candidates invoke race in U.S. political campaigns. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Mohamed, H. S., & Farris, E. M. (2020). ‘Bad hombres’? An examination of identities in U.S. media coverage of immigration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(1), 158176.Google Scholar
Newman, B. J. (2015). Unfamiliar others: Contact with unassimilated immigrants and public support for restrictive immigration policy. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 27(2), 197219.Google Scholar
Newman, B. J., Hartman, T. K., Lown, P. L., & Feldman, S. (2015). Easing the heavy hand: Humanitarian concern, empathy, and opinion on immigration. British Journal of Political Science, 45(3), 583607.Google Scholar
Newman, B. J., & Malhotra, N. (2019). Economic reasoning with a racial hue: Is the immigration consensus purely race neutral? Journal of Politics¸ 81(1), 153166.Google Scholar
Ocampo, A. N., & Ocampo, A. X. (2020). Disaggregating the Latina/o/x ‘umbrella’: The political attitudes of U.S. Colombians. Latino Studies, 18(3), 390419.Google Scholar
Ocampo, A. X., Dana, K., & Barreto, M. A. (2018). The American Muslim voter: Community belonging and political participation. Social Science Research, 72, 8499.Google Scholar
Ostfeld, M. (2017). The backyard politics of attitudes toward immigration. Political Psychology, 38(1), 2137.Google Scholar
Ottaviano, G., & Peri, G. (2008). Immigration and national wages: Clarifying the theory and the empirics. NBER Working Paper 14188.Google Scholar
Pape, R. A. (2021, 6 April). Opinion: What an analysis of 377 Americans arrested or charged in the Capitol insurrection tells us. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/06/capitol-insurrection-arrests-cpost-analysis/Google Scholar
Parker, C. S., & Barreto, M. A. (2013). Change they can’t believe in: The Tea Party and reactionary politics in America. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Pérez, E. O. (2010). Explicit evidence on the import of implicit attitudes: The IAT and immigration policy judgments. Political Behavior, 32(4), 517545.Google Scholar
Peri, G., & Yasenov, V. (2019). The labor market effects of a refugee wave synthetic control method meets the Mariel boatlift. Journal of Human Resources, 54(2), 267309.Google Scholar
Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60(4), 586612.Google Scholar
Ramsay, J. E., & Pang, J. S. (2017). Anti‐immigrant prejudice in rising East Asia: A stereotype content and integrated threat analysis. Political Psychology, 38(2), 227244.Google Scholar
Reny, T. T., Valenzuela, A. A., & Collingwood, L. (2020). ‘No, you’re playing the race card’: Testing the effects of anti-Black, anti-Latino, and anti-immigrant appeals in the post-Obama era. Political Psychology, 41(2), 283302.Google Scholar
Scheve, K. F., & Slaughter, M. J. (2001). Labor market competition and individual preferences over immigration policy. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(1), 133145.Google Scholar
Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2007). European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information. British Journal of Political Science, 37(3), 477504.Google Scholar
Sirin, C. V., Valentino, N. A., & Villalobos, J. D. (2021). Seeing us in them: Social divisions and the politics of group empathy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, J. P., & Edmonston, B. (Eds.). (1997). The new Americans: Economic, demographic, and fiscal effects of immigration. National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., & Jardina, A. E. (2013). The antecedents of immigration opinion among U.S. whites: Media group priming versus general ethnocentrism? Political Psychology, 34(2), 149166.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Neuner, F. G., & Vandenbroek, L. M. (2018). The changing norms of racial political rhetoric and the end of racial priming. Journal of Politics, 80(3), 757771.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Soroka, S., Iyengar, S., et al. (2019). Economic and cultural drivers of immigrant support worldwide. British Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 12011226.Google Scholar
Vasilopoulos, P., McAvay, H., & Brouard, S. (2021). Residential context and voting for the far right: The impact of immigration and unemployment on the 2017 presidential election. Political Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109–021-09676-zGoogle Scholar
Vollhardt, J., Bilewicz, M., & Olechowski, M. (2015). Victims under siege: Lessons for Polish–Jewish relations and beyond. In Halperin, E. & Sharvit, K. (Eds.), The social psychology of intractable conflicts (Peace Psychology Book Series, Vol. 27, pp. 7587). Springer.Google Scholar
Wong, C. (2010). Boundaries of obligation: Geographic, racial, and national communities. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zhirkov, K. (2021). Who are ‘the immigrants’? Beliefs about immigrant populations and anti-immigration attitudes in the United States and Britain. Social Science Quarterly, 102(1), 228237.Google Scholar

References

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper.Google Scholar
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Doubleday.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other ‘authoritarian personality’. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 4791. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2Google Scholar
Avery, P. G. (1988). Political tolerance among adolescents. Theory and Research in Social Education, 16(3), 183201. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.1988.10505564Google Scholar
Barrows, T. S. (1981). College students’ knowledge and beliefs: A survey of global understanding. Change Magazine Press.Google Scholar
BBC World Service Poll. (2006, 19 October). World citizens reject torture, global poll reveals. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/10_october/19/poll.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Behling, O., & Law, K. S. (2000). Translating questionnaires and other research instruments: Problems and solutions. Sage Publications. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412986373Google Scholar
Bizumic, B. (2019). Ethnocentrism: Integrated perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642970Google Scholar
Candee, D. (1976). Structure and choice in moral reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(6), 12931301. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1293Google Scholar
Carbello, M. (2015). The globalization of public opinion. In Stoychev, K. (Ed.), Voice of the people 2015 (pp. 1628). Gallup International. https://www.gallup-international.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GIA-Book-2015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Cherney, I. D., Greteman, A. J., & Travers, B. G. (2008). A cross-cultural view of adults’ perceptions of children’s rights. Social Justice Research, 21(4), 432456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0079-7Google Scholar
Chiu, C., Dweck, C. S., Tong, J. Y., & Fu, J. H. (1997). Implicit theories and conceptions of morality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 923940. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.923Google Scholar
Cohrs, J. C., Maes, J., Moschner, B., & Kielmann, S. (2007). Determinants of human rights attitudes and behavior: A comparison and integration of psychological perspectives. Political Psychology, 28(4), 441469. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00581.xGoogle Scholar
Crowson, M. A. (2009). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as mediators of worldview beliefs on attitudes related to the war on terror. Social Psychology, 40(2), 93103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335,40.2.93Google Scholar
Crowson, H. M., Brandes, J. A., & Hurst, R. J. (2013). Who opposes rights for persons with physical and intellectual disabilities? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(Suppl. 2), E307E318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12046Google Scholar
Crowson, H. M., & DeBacker, T. K. (2008). Belief, motivational, and ideological correlates of human rights attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 148(3), 293310. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.148.3.293-310Google Scholar
Crowson, H. M., Debacker, T. K., & Thoma, S. J. (2006). The role of authoritarianism, perceived threat, and need for closure or structure in predicting post-9/11 attitudes and beliefs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(6), 733750. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.146.6.733-750Google Scholar
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113Google Scholar
Diaz-Veizades, J., Widaman, K. F., Little, T. D., & Gibbs, K. W. (1995). The measurement and structure of human rights attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology, 135(3), 313328. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1995.9713961Google Scholar
Dinesen, P. T., Klemmensen, R., & Nørgaard, A. S. (2016). Attitudes toward immigration: The role of personal predispositions. Political Psychology, 37(1), 5572. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12220Google Scholar
Downs, D. M., & Cowan, G. (2012). Predicting the importance of freedom of speech and the perceived harm of hate speech. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(6), 13531375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00902.xGoogle Scholar
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(01)80004-6Google Scholar
Dunwoody, P., & McFarland, S. G. (2018). Predicting support for anti-Muslim policies: The role of political traits and threat perception. Political Psychology, 39(1), 89106. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12405Google Scholar
Ellis, S. J. (2002). Student support for lesbian and gay human rights: Findings from a large-scale questionnaire study. In Coyle, A. & Kitzinger, C. (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: New perspectives (pp. 239254). Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Flores, A. R., & Park, A. (2018). Polarized progress: Social acceptance of LGBT people in 141 countries, 1981 to 2014. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Polarized-Progress-April-2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gallup International. (2015). End of year survey 2014: Giving the world a voice for the 38th time.Google Scholar
Gallup Organization. (2013). Republicans, Democrats agree on top foreign policy goals: Partisans disagree most on importance of working to achieve world cooperation. http://www.gallup.com/poll/160649/republicans-democratsagree-top-foreign-policy-goals.aspxGoogle Scholar
Getz, I. (1985). Moral reasoning, religion, and attitudes toward human rights [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Grace, H. A., & Van Velzer, V. (1951). Attitudes toward the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. International Journal of Opinion and Attitude Research, 5, 541552.Google Scholar
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366385. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199107000-00016Google Scholar
Hamer, K., McFarland, S., Wlodarczyk, A., et al. (2018, July). Identification with all humanity in connection with global concern, protection of human rights and prosocial activities toward people from different countries – A study in the US, Mexico, Chile and Poland. Paper presented at the 24th Congress of the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Guelph, Canada.Google Scholar
Heaven, P. C. L. (1999). Attitudes toward women’s rights: Relationships with social dominance orientation and political group identities. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 41(7–8), 605614. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018851606423Google Scholar
Holsti, O. (2000). Public opinion on human rights in American foreign policy. In Forsythe, D. P. (Ed.), The United States and human rights (pp. 131174). University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
International Committee of the Red Cross. (2016). People at war: Perspectives from 16 countries. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/people-on-warGoogle Scholar
Johnson, T., Kulesa, P., Cho, Y. I., & Shavitt, S. (2005). The relation between culture and response styles: Evidence from 19 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 264277. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0022022104272905.Google Scholar
Karpov, V. (2002). Religiosity and tolerance in the United States and Poland. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 267288. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00116Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In Goslin, D. (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347480). Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudesPolitical Psychology, 10(2), 257274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791647Google Scholar
Kull, S., Ramsay, C., Weber, S., et al. (2008). World public opinion on torture. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/jun08/WPO_Torture_Jun08_packet.pdfGoogle Scholar
McFarland, S. (2010a). Personality and support for universal human rights: A review and test of a structural model. Journal of Personality, 78(6), 17351763. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00668.xGoogle Scholar
McFarland, S. G. (2010b). Authoritarianism, social dominance, and other roots of generalized prejudice. Political Psychology, 31(3), 425449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00765.xGoogle Scholar
McFarland, S. (2012). Support for humanitarian military intervention. In Christie, D. J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of peace psychology (pp. 515522). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
McFarland, S. (2015a). Human rights 101: A brief college-level overview. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Human Rights Coalition. http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/content_files/AAAS%20Coalition%20Human%20Rights%20101_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
McFarland, S. (2015b). Culture, individual differences, and support for human rights: A general review. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21(1), 1027. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000083Google Scholar
McFarland, S. (2017a). International differences in support for human rights. Societies Without Borders, 12(1), 120. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/swb/vol12/iss1/12.Google Scholar
McFarland, S. (2017b). Identification with all humanity: The antithesis of prejudice, and more. In Sibley, C. G. & Barlow, F. K. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook on the psychology of prejudice (pp. 632654). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McFarland, S., Hackett, J., Hamer, K., et al. (2019). Global human identification and citizenship: A review of psychological studies. Advances in Political Psychology, 6(Suppl. 1), 141171. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12572Google Scholar
McFarland, S., & Hornsby, W. (2015). An analysis of five measures of global human identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(7), 806817. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2161Google Scholar
McFarland, S., & Mathews, M. (2005). Who cares about human rights? Political Psychology, 26(3), 365385. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3792602?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contentsGoogle Scholar
McFarland, S., Webb, M., & Brown, D. (2012). All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of identification with all humanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 830853. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028724Google Scholar
McFarland, S., & Zamora, R. (2020). Human rights developments from the Universal Declaration to the present. In Rubin, N. S. & Flores, R. L. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of psychology and human rights (pp. 2540). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108348607Google Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M., & Vuksanovic, V. (1990). Attitudes and behavior toward human rights across different contexts: The role of right-wing authoritarianism, political ideology, and religiosity. International Journal of Psychology, 25(4), 455474. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599008247877Google Scholar
Narvaez, D., Getz, I., Rest, J. R., & Thoma, S. J. (1999). Individual moral judgment and cultural ideologies. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 478488. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.478Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2012). Rising tide of restrictions on religion. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/09/20/rising-tide-of-restrictions-on-religion-findings/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2013). The global divide on homosexuality: Greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015a). Global support for principle of free expression, but opposition to some forms of speech. http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/11/18/global-support-for-principle-of-free-expression-but-opposition-to-some-forms-of-speech/Google Scholar
Rest, J. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. Praeger.Google Scholar
Schatz, R. T., Staub, E., & Lavine, H. (1999). On the varieties of national attachment: Blind versus constructive patriotism. Political Psychology, 20(1), 151174. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00140Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content of structure and values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 165). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175043Google Scholar
Sommer, G., & Stellmacher, J. (2009). Menschen-rechte und Menschenrechtsbildung [Human rights and human rights education]. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91898-3Google Scholar
Spini, D., & Doise, W. (1998). Organizing principles of involvement in human rights and their social anchoring in value priorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(4), 603622. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199807/08)28:4<603::AID-EJSP884>3.0.CO;2-PGoogle Scholar
Stellmacher, J., & Sommer, G. (2008). Human rights education: An evaluation of university seminars. Social Psychology, 39(1), 7080. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.39.1.70Google Scholar
Stellmacher, J., Sommer, G., & Brähler, E. (2005). The cognitive representation of human rights: Knowledge, importance, and commitment. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(3), 267292. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac1103_4Google Scholar
Stolerman, D., & Lagnado, D. (2018). The moral foundations of human rights attitudes. Political Psychology, 41(3), 439459. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12539Google Scholar
Sullivan, J. L., Piereson, J., & Marcus, G. E. (1982). Political tolerance and American democracy. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Swami, V., Nader, I. W., Pietschnig, J., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Voracek, M. (2012). Personality and individual difference correlates of attitudes toward human rights and civil liberties. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(4), 443447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.015Google Scholar
Viki, G. T., Osgood, D., & Phillips, S. (2013). Dehumanization and self-reported proclivity to torture prisoners of war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 325328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.11.006Google Scholar
WorldPublicOpinion.org. (2008a). World publics reject torture. http://worldpublicopinion.net/world-publics-reject-torture/Google Scholar
WorldPublicOpinion.org. (2008b). World publics see government as responsible for ensuring basic healthcare, food, and education needs. http://worldpublicopinion.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/WPO_Socio-Econ_Global_rpt.pdfGoogle Scholar
WorldPublicOpinion.org. (2009). Majorities reject banning defamation of religion: 20 nation poll. http://worldpublicopinion.net/majorities-reject-banning-defamation-of-religion-20-nation-poll/Google Scholar
World Values Survey. (n.d.). Retrieved 18 May 2016, from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jspGoogle Scholar
Wuthnow, R., & Lewis, V. (2008). Religion and altruistic U.S. foreign policy goals: Evidence from a national survey of church members. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47(2), 191209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00402.xGoogle Scholar
Zellman, G. L., & Sears, D. O. (1971). Childhood origins of tolerance for dissent. Journal of Social Issues, 27(2), 109136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1971.tb00656.xGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×