Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of the Global Work–Family Interface
- The Cambridge Handbook of the Global Work–Family Interface
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Part I Overview
- Part II Assessing Cultural and Structural Differences
- Part III Methodological Considerations
- Part IV Review of Research in Regions across the Globe
- 13 A Review of Work–Family Research in Western and Southern Europe
- 14 A Review of Work–Family Research in Central and Eastern Europe
- 15 A Review of Work–Family Research in the Nordic Region
- 16 A Review of Work–Family Research in Latin America
- 17 A Review of Work–Family Research in Africa
- 18 A Review of Work–Family Research in the Middle East
- 19 A Review of Work–Family Research in South East Asia
- 20 A Review of Work–Family Research in Confucian Asia
- 21 A Review of Work–Family Research in Australia and New Zealand
- Part V Cultures within Cultures
- Part VI Organizational Perspectives
- Part VII Family Perspectives
- Part VIII Individual Perspectives
- Part IX Conclusion
- Index
- References
13 - A Review of Work–Family Research in Western and Southern Europe
from Part IV - Review of Research in Regions across the Globe
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 April 2018
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of the Global Work–Family Interface
- The Cambridge Handbook of the Global Work–Family Interface
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Part I Overview
- Part II Assessing Cultural and Structural Differences
- Part III Methodological Considerations
- Part IV Review of Research in Regions across the Globe
- 13 A Review of Work–Family Research in Western and Southern Europe
- 14 A Review of Work–Family Research in Central and Eastern Europe
- 15 A Review of Work–Family Research in the Nordic Region
- 16 A Review of Work–Family Research in Latin America
- 17 A Review of Work–Family Research in Africa
- 18 A Review of Work–Family Research in the Middle East
- 19 A Review of Work–Family Research in South East Asia
- 20 A Review of Work–Family Research in Confucian Asia
- 21 A Review of Work–Family Research in Australia and New Zealand
- Part V Cultures within Cultures
- Part VI Organizational Perspectives
- Part VII Family Perspectives
- Part VIII Individual Perspectives
- Part IX Conclusion
- Index
- References
Summary
The abundance of research on work-family issues in recent decades highlights the prevalence of employee struggles to reconcile work and non-work demands, and the importance of exploring the complexities associated with issues of work-family conflict. Given the relevance of work-family issues and that there is considerable variation across countries in governmental, legal, organizational, and academic attempts to navigate these issues, it is important to review the factors that have contributed to the current state of affairs. This chapter provides an overview of work-family research in Western and Southern Europe. Specifically, this chapter begins with a review of the socioeconomic context of Western and Southern Europe. We then review the existing literature on work-family issues in select countries within these regions and compare regional trends and findings. Finally, we offer recommendations for future research to advance our understanding of work-family issues in this area.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of the Global Work–Family Interface , pp. 249 - 268Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2018
References
Abendroth, A. K., & Den Dulk, L. (2011). Support for the work–life balance in Europe: The impact of state, workplace and family support on work–life balance satisfaction. Work, Employment & Society, 25, 234–256.Google Scholar
Andres, M., Moelker, R., & Soeters, J. (2012). The work–family interface and turnover intentions over the course of project-oriented assignments abroad. International Journal of Project Management, 30, 752–759.Google Scholar
Aybars, A. I. (2007). Work–life balance in the EU and leave arrangements across welfare regimes. Industrial Relations Journal, 38, 569–590.Google Scholar
Bakacsi, G., Sandor, T., Andras, K., & Viktor, I. (2002). Eastern European cluster: Tradition and transition. Journal of World Business, 37, 69–80.Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Geurts, S. A. (2004). Toward a dual-process model of work-home interference. Work and Occupations, 31, 345–366.Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Prins, J. T., & van der Heijden, F. M. M. A. (2011). Applying the job demands–resources model to the work–home interface: A study among medical residents and their partners. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79,170–180.Google Scholar
Beham, B. (2011). Work–family conflict and organizational citizenship behaviour: Empirical evidence from Spanish employees. Community, Work, & Family, 14, 63–80.Google Scholar
Beham, B., & Drobnič, S. (2010). Satisfaction with work–family balance among German office workers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 669–689.Google Scholar
Beham, B., & Drobnič, S. (2011). Job demands and work-home interference: Empirical evidence from service sector employees in eight European Countries. In Work–life Balance in Europe (pp. 95–119). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beham, B., Drobnič, S., & Präg, P. (2011). Work demands and resources and the work–family interface: Testing a salience model on German service sector employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 110–122.Google Scholar
Beham, B., Präg, P., & Drobnič, S. (2012). Who’s got the balance? A study of satisfaction with the work–family balance among part-time service sector employees in five western European countries. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 3725–3741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beham, B., Drobnič, S., & Präg, P. (2014). The work–family interface of service sector workers: A comparison of work resources and professional status across five European countries. Applied Psychology, 63, 29–61.Google Scholar
Bekker, M. H., Willemse, J. J., & De Goeij, J. W. (2010). The role of individual differences in particular autonomy-connectedness in women’s and men’s work–family balance. Women & Health, 50, 241–261.Google Scholar
Biggart, L., Corr, P., O’Brien, M., & Cooper, N. (2010). Trait emotional intelligence and work–family conflict in fathers. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 911–916.Google Scholar
Blanch, A., & Aluja, A. (2009). Work, family and personality: A study of work–family conflict. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 520–524.Google Scholar
Bruning, G., & Plantenga, J. (1999). Parental leave and equal opportunities: experiences in eight European countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 9, 195–209.Google Scholar
Buonocore, F., & Russo, M. (2013). Reducing the effects of work–family conflict on job satisfaction: The kind of commitment matters. Human Resource Management Journal, 23, 91–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo-Salguero, A., Martínez-de-Lecea, J. M. S., & del Carmen Aguilar-Luzón, M. (2012). Gender and work–family conflict: Testing the rational model and the gender role expectations model in the Spanish cultural context. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 118–132.Google Scholar
Calvo-Salguero, A., Martínez-de-Lecea, J. M. S., & Carrasco-González, A. M. (2011). Work–Family and Family–Work Conflict: Does Intrinsic–Extrinsic Satisfaction Mediate the Prediction of General Job Satisfaction? The Journal of Psychology, 145, 435–461.Google Scholar
Camerino, D., Sandri, M., Sartori, S., Conway, P.M., Campanini, P., & Costa, G. (2010). Shiftwork, work–family conflict among Italian nurses, and prevention efficacy. Chronobiology International, 27, 1105–1123. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2010.490072Google Scholar
Ciccia, R., & Bleijenbergh, I. (2014). After the male breadwinner model? Childcare services and the division of labor in European countries. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 21, 50–79.Google Scholar
Clays, E., Kittel, F., Godin, I., De Bacquer, D., & De Backer, G. (2009). Measures of work–family conflict predict sickness absence from work. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 879–886.Google Scholar
Cortese, C.G., Colombo, L., & Ghislieri, C. (2010). Determinants of nurses’ job satisfaction: The role of work–family conflict, job demand, emotional charge, and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 18, 35–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crompton, R., & Lyonette, C. (2006). Work–life ‘balance’ in Europe. Acta Sociologica, 49, 379–393.Google Scholar
Council of the Europeans Communities (1992). Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 concerning the implementation of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of pregnant workers, women workers who have recently given birth and women who are breastfeeding.Google Scholar
Council of the European Communities (1996). Council Directive 96/34/EC of 3 June 1996 on the framework agreement on parental leave concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC.Google Scholar
Cousins, C. R., & Tang, N. (2004). Working time and work and family conflict in the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. Work, Employment & Society, 18, 531–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2012). About the dark and bright sides of self-efficacy: Workaholism and work engagement. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 688–701.Google Scholar
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37 (2), 1–9.Google Scholar
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512.Google Scholar
De Sivatte, I., & Guadamillas, F. (2013). Antecedents and outcomes of implementing flexibility policies in organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 1327–1345.Google Scholar
Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone use, work–home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology, 63, 411–440.Google Scholar
Derks, D., Duin, D., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2015). Smartphone use and work–home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88, 155–177.Google Scholar
Donà, A. (2012). Using the EU to Promote Gender Equality Policy in a Traditional Context: Reconciliation of Work and Family Life in Italy. In Forest, M. & Lombardo, E. (Eds.), The Europeanization of Gender Equality Policies: A Discursive Sociological Approach (pp. 99–120). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dragano, N., Siegrist, J., & Wahrendorf, M. (2011). Welfare regimes, labour policies and unhealthy psychosocial working conditions: a comparative study with 9917 older employees from 12 European countries. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 793–799.Google Scholar
Drobnič, S., & Guillén Rodríguez, A. M. (2011). Tensions between work and home: job quality and working conditions in the institutional contexts of Germany and Spain. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 18, 232–268.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three political economies of the welfare state. International Journal of Sociology, 20, 92–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Commission (2010). Europe 2020, A European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission (2015). First phase consultation of social partners under article 154 TFEU on possible action addressing the challenges of work–life balance faced by working parents and caregivers. European Commission, Brussels.Google Scholar
European Commission (2016). Second-stage consultation of the social partners at European level under Article 154 TFEU on possible action addressing the challenges of work–life balance faced by working parents and caregivers. European Commission, Brussels.Google Scholar
European Union, European Parliament (2003). Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time.Google Scholar
Eurostat (2012). Employment Rate, By Sex, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/ portal/eurostat/home/. Last accessed September 2016.Google Scholar
Eurostat (2016). Online statistics. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/database. Last accessed September 2016.Google Scholar
Falco, A. Kravina, L., Girardi, D, Dal Corso, L., Di Sipio, A., & De Carlo, N. A. (2012). The convergence between self and observer ratings of workaholism: A comparison between couples. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 19, 311–24.Google Scholar
Farquharson, B., Allan, J., Johnston, D., Johnston, M., Choudhary, C., & Jones, M. (2012). Stress amongst nurses working in a healthcare telephone‐advice service: Relationship with job satisfaction, intention to leave, sickness absence, and performance. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68, 1624–1635.Google Scholar
Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women, and Youth—BMFSFJ (2010). European company survey on reconciliation of work and family life. Retrieved from: www.bmfsfj.de/BMFSFJ/Service/volltextsuche,did=165112.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ferrera, M. (1996). The ‘Southern model’ of welfare in social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 6, 17–37.Google Scholar
Fuß, I., Nübling, M., Hasselhorn, H. M., Schwappach, D., & Rieger, M. A. (2008). Working conditions and work–family conflict in German hospital physicians: Psychosocial and organisational predictors and consequences. BMC Public Health, 8, 353–369.Google Scholar
Gallie, D. (2003). The quality of working life: is Scandinavia different? European Sociological Review, 19 (1), 61–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallie, D., & Russell, H. (2009). Work–family conflict and working conditions in Western Europe. Social Indicators Research, 93, 445–467.Google Scholar
Geurts, S., Rutte, C., & Peeters, M. (1999). Antecedents and consequences of work–home interference among medical residents. Social Science & Medicine, 48, 1135–1148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geurts, S. A., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A., Dikkers, J. S., Van Hooff, M. L., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2005). Work-home interaction from a work psychological perspective: Development and validation of a new questionnaire, the SWING. Work & Stress, 19, 319–339.Google Scholar
Ghislieri, C., Martini, M., Gatti, P., & Colombo, L. (2011). The ‘bright side’ of the work–family interface: a brief work–family enrichment scale in a sample of health professionals. TPM–Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 18(4), 211–230.Google Scholar
Glaveli, N., Karassavidou, E., & Zafiropoulos, K. (2013). Relationships among three facets of family supportive work environments, work–family conflict and job satisfaction: A research in Greece. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24, 3757–3771.Google Scholar
Gornick, J. C., Meyers, M. K., & Ross, K. E. (1997). Supporting the employment of mothers: Policy variation across fourteen welfare states. Journal of European social policy, 7, 45–70.Google Scholar
Gornick, J. C., Meyers, M. K., & Ross, K. E. (1998). Public policies and the employment of mothers: A cross-national study. Social Science Quarterly, 35–54.Google Scholar
Gracia, F. J., Silla, I., Silla, J. M. P., & Ferreira, L. F. (2007). The state of the psychological contract and its relation to employees’ psychological health. Psychology in Spain, 11, 33–41.Google Scholar
Guglielmi, D., Panari, C., & Simbula, S. (2012). The determinants of teachers’ well-being: The mediating role of mental fatigue. European Journal of Mental Health, 7, 204–220.Google Scholar
Gupta, V., Hanges, P. J., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Cultural clusters: Methodology and findings. Journal of World Business, 37, 11–15.Google Scholar
Harknett, K., Billari, F. C., & Medalia, C. (2014). Do family support environments influence fertility? Evidence from 20 European countries. European Journal of Population, 30, 1–33.Google Scholar
Haas, L. (2003). Parental leave and gender equality: Lessons from the European Union. Review of Policy Research, 20, 89–114.Google Scholar
Haas, L. L., Hwang, P., & Russell, G. (2000). Organizational change and gender equity. International Perspectives on Fathers and Mothers at the Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hetty van Emmerik, I. J., & Peeters, M. C. (2009). Crossover specificity of team-level work–family conflict to individual-level work–family conflict. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24, 254–268.Google Scholar
Hobson, B. (2011). The agency gap in work–life balance: Applying Sen’s capabilities framework within European contexts. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 18, 147–167.Google Scholar
Hobson, B., & Fahlén, S. (2009a). Competing scenarios for European fathers: Applying Sen’s capabilities and agency framework to work–family balance. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 624, 214–233.Google Scholar
Hobson, B., & Fahlén, S. (2009b). Applying Sens Capabilities Framework to Work Family Balance within a European Context: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges. REC-WP Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe, 03–2009 6–47.Google Scholar
Höge, T. (2009). When work strain transcends psychological boundaries: An inquiry into the relationship between time pressure, irritation, work–family conflict and psychosomatic complaints. Stress and Health, 25, 41–51.Google Scholar
Hornung, S., & Glaser, J. (2009). Home-based telecommuting and quality of life: Further evidence on an employee-oriented human resource practice. Psychological reports, 104, 395–402.Google Scholar
Hornung, S., Glaser, J., Rouseau, D. M., Angerer, P., & Weigl, M. (2011). Employee-oriented leadership and quality of working life: mediating roles of idiosyncratic deals. Psychological reports, 108, 59–74.Google Scholar
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hughes, E. L., & Parkes, K. R. (2007). Work hours and well-being: The roles of work-time control and work–family interference. Work & Stress, 21, 264–278.Google Scholar
Jenson, J. (1989). Paradigms and political discourse: Protective legislation in France and the United States before 1914. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 22, 235–258.Google Scholar
Jesuino, J. C. (2002). Latin Europe cluster: From south to north. Journal of World Business, 37, 81–89.Google Scholar
Karatepe, O.M., & Kilic, H. (2007). Relationships of supervisor support and conflicts in the work–family interface with the selected job outcomes of frontline employees. Tourism Management, 28, 238–252.Google Scholar
Karatepe, O.M. & Kilic, H. (2009). The effects of two directions of conflict and facilitation on frontline employees’ job outcomes. The Service Industries Journal, 29, 977–993.Google Scholar
Karatepe, O.M., & Uludag, O. (2007). Conflict, exhaustion, and motivation: A study of frontline employees in Northern Cyprus hotels. Hospitality Management, 26, 645–665.Google Scholar
Karatepe, O.M., & Uludag, O. (2008). Affectivity, conflicts in the work–family interface, and hotel employee outcomes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (1), 30–41.Google Scholar
Kinman, G (2009). Emotional labour and strain in “front-line” service employees: Does mode of delivery matter? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24, 118–135.Google Scholar
Kossek, E., Lewis, S., & Hammer, L. (2010). Work family initiatives and organizational change: mixed messages in moving from the margins to the mainstream. Human Relations, 61 (3), 3–19.Google Scholar
Kuchařová, V. (2009). Work–life balance: Societal and private influences. Sociologický Časopis/Czech Sociological Review, 45, 1283–1310.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. (2001). The decline of the male breadwinner model: implications for work and care. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 8, 152–169.Google Scholar
Lewis, J., Campbell, M., & Huerta, C. (2008). Patterns of paid and unpaid work in Western Europe: gender, commodification, preferences and the implications for policy. Journal of European Social Policy, 18 (1), 21–37.Google Scholar
Lunau, T., Bambra, C., Eikemo, T. A., van der Wel, K. A., & Dragano, N. (2014). A balancing act? Work–life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states. European Journal of Public Health, 24, 422–427. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku010Google Scholar
Maurice, M., Sellier, F., & Silvestre, J. J. (1986). The Social Foundations of Industrial Power: A Comparison of France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
McGinnity, F., & Calvert, E. (2009). Work–life conflict and social inequality in Western Europe. Social Indicators Research, 93(3), 489–508.Google Scholar
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology. Volume 2.Google Scholar
Molino, M., Ghislieri, C., & Cortese, C.G. (2013). When work enriches family-life: The mediational role of professional development opportunities. Journal of Workplace Learning, 25, 98–113.Google Scholar
Montgomery, A. J., Panagopolou, E., & Benos, A. (2006). Work–family interference as a mediator between job demands and job burnout among doctors. Stress and Health, 22, 203–212.Google Scholar
Moreno-Jiménez, B., Mayo, M., Sanz-Vergel, A.I., Geurts, S., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Garrosa, E. (2009). Effects of work–family conflict on employees’ well-being: The moderating role of recovery strategies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14, 427–440.Google Scholar
Myrskylä, M., Kohler, H. P., & Billari, F. C. (2009). Advances in development reverse fertility declines. Nature, 460, 741–743.Google Scholar
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400–410.Google Scholar
Niedhammer, I., Sultan-Taïeb, H., Chastang, J. F., Vermeylen, G., & Parent-Thirion, A. (2012). Exposure to psychosocial work factors in 31 European countries. Occupational Medicine, 62, 196–202.Google Scholar
Noor, N. M. (2003). Work-and family-related variables, work–family conflict and women’s well-being: Some observations. Community, Work & Family, 6, 297–319.Google Scholar
Noor, N. M. (2004). Work–family conflict, work-and family-role salience, and women’s well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 389–406.Google Scholar
Oláh, L. S. (2015). Changing families in the European Union: Trends and policy implications. Families and Societies: Working Paper Series, 44, 2–54.Google Scholar
Russo, M., & Buonocore, F. (2012). The relationship between work–family enrichment and nurse turnover. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27, 216–236.Google Scholar
Sánchez‐Cabezudo, S., & López Peláez, A. (2014). Social work with middle‐class Spanish families: The challenge of the work–family conflict. International Journal of Social Welfare, 23, 100–111.Google Scholar
Sanz-Vergel, A. I., Demerouti, E., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Mayo, M. (2010). Work–family balance and energy: A day-level study on recovery conditions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 118–130.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey. In Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (Eds.), Maslach Burnout Inventory—Test manual (3rd ed, pp. 22–26). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In Bauer, G.F. & Hämming, O. (Eds.), Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health (pp. 43–68). The Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Simbula, S. (2010). Daily fluctuations in teachers’ well-being: A diary study using the job demands-resources model. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23, 563–584.Google Scholar
Spector, P. E., Allen, T. D., Poelmans, S. A., Lapierre, L. M., Cooper, C. L., Michael, O. D., … & Brough, P. (2007). Cross‐national differences in relationships of work demands, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions with work–family conflict. Personnel Psychology, 60, 805–835.Google Scholar
Steiber, N. (2009). Reported levels of time-based and strain-based conflict between work and family roles in Europe: A multilevel approach. Social Indicators Research, 93, 469–488.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, H., Frese, M., & Schmidt, P. (2008). A longitudinal panel study on antecedents and outcomes of work–home interference. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 231–241.Google Scholar
Strandh, M., & Nordenmark, M. (2006). The interference of paid work with household demands in different social policy contexts: perceived work–household conflict in Sweden, the UK, the Netherlands, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. The British Journal of Sociology, 57, 597–617.Google Scholar
Swanson, V., & Power, K. G. (1999). Stress, satisfaction and role conflict in dual-doctor partnerships. Community, Work & Family, 2, 67–88.Google Scholar
Szabo, E., Brodbeck, F. C., Den Hartog, D. N., Reber, G., Weibler, J., & Wunderer, R. (2002). The Germanic Europe cluster: Where employees have a voice. Journal of World Business, 37, 55–68.Google Scholar
Van der Lippe, T., Jager, A., & Kops, Y. (2006). Combination pressure the paid work–family balance of men and women in European countries. Acta Sociologica, 49, 303–319.Google Scholar
Van Veldhoven, M. J., & Beijer, S. E. (2012). Workload, Work‐to‐Family Conflict, and Health: Gender Differences and the Influence of Private Life Context. Journal of Social Issues, 68, 665–683.Google Scholar
Vercruyssen, A., Roose, H., & Van de Putte, B. (2011). Underestimating busyness: Indications of nonresponse bias due to work–family conflict and time pressure. Social Science Research, 40, 1691–1701.Google Scholar
Vercruyssen, A., & Van de Putte, B. (2013). Work–family conflict and stress: indications of the distinctiveness of role combination stress for Belgian working mothers. Community, Work & Family, 16, 351–371.Google Scholar
Wille, B., De Fruyt, F., & Feys, M. (2013). Big five traits and intrinsic success in the new career era: A 15-year longitudinal study on employability and work–family conflict. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61, 124–156.Google Scholar