Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression
- The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Introduction: The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression
- Part I Introduction and Overview
- Part II Biosocial Foundations of Violence and Aggression
- Part III Individual and Interpersonal Factors for Violence and Aggression
- Part IV Contextual Factors for Violence and Aggression
- Part V Looking Toward the Future
- Index
- References
Part IV - Contextual Factors for Violence and Aggression
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 July 2018
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression
- The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Introduction: The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression
- Part I Introduction and Overview
- Part II Biosocial Foundations of Violence and Aggression
- Part III Individual and Interpersonal Factors for Violence and Aggression
- Part IV Contextual Factors for Violence and Aggression
- Part V Looking Toward the Future
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression , pp. 489 - 708Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2018
References
References
Bjerregaard, B. & Lizotte, L. (1995). Gun ownership and gang membership. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, 37–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, C. R. (1991). Gang homicide in Chicago: Patterns over time, area of city, and type of victim. Presented to Midwestern Criminal Justice Association. Chicago, Illinois.Google Scholar
Block, C. & Block, R. (1993). Street gang crime in Chicago. Research in Brief. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A. (1995). Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86(1), 10–36.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Cork, D., Engberg, J., & Tita, G. (2002). Diffusion processes in homicide. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A. (2008). Pulling levers focused deterrence strategies and the prevention of gun homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(4), 332–343.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Hureau, D. M., & Papachristos, A. V. (2014). Deterring gang-involved gun violence: measuring the impact of Boston’s operation ceasefire on street gang behavior. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30(1), 113–139.Google Scholar
Camp, G. M. & Camp, C. G. (1985). Prison gangs: Their extent, nature, and impact on prisons. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Web-based injury statistics query and reporting system. Retrieved March 30, 2017 from www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/.Google Scholar
Cohen, J., Cork, D., Engberg, J., & Tita, G. (1998). The role of drug markets and gangs in local homicide rates. Journal of Homicide Studies, 2, 241–262.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. & Tita, G. E. (1999). Spatial Diffusion in Homicide: An Exploratory Analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15, 451–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, P. J., Parker, S. T., & Pollack, H. A. (2015). Sources of guns to dangerous people: What we learn by asking them. Preventive Medicine, 79, 28–36.Google Scholar
Coughlin, B. C. & Venkatesh, S. A. (2003). The urban street gang after 1970. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 41–64.Google Scholar
Covey, H. C. (2003). Street gangs throughout the world. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Curry, G. D., Ball, R. A., & Decker, S. H. (1996). Update on gang crime and law enforcement recordkeeping: Report of the 1994 NIJ extended national assessment survey of law enforcement anti-gang information resources. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Curry, G. D., Decker, S. H., & Egley Jr, A. (2002). Gang involvement and delinquency in a middle school population. Justice Quarterly, 19(2), 275–292.Google Scholar
Curry, G. D., Egley, H., & Howell, J. C. (2004). Youth gang homicide trends in the National Youth Gang Survey. Paper Presented at the American Society of Criminology Meetings. Nashville, TN.Google Scholar
Curry, G. D. & Spergel, I. (1988). Gang homicide, delinquency, and community. Criminology, 26, 381–405.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H. (1996). Collective and normative features of gang violence. Justice Quarterly, 13(2), 243–264.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H. & Curry, G. D. (2002). Gangs, gang homicides and gang loyalty: Organized crimes or disorganized criminals? Journal of Criminal Justice, 30, 343–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, S. H., Melde, C., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2013). What do we know about gangs and gang members and where do we go from here? Justice Quarterly, 30, 369–402.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H., Pennell, S. P, & Caldwell, A. (1996). Arrestees and firearms. National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2010). Gang violence worldwide: Context, culture, and country. In Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, groups, and guns (pp. 128–155). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H., Pyrooz, D. C., Moule, R. K., & Sweeten, G. (2014). Validating self-nomination in gang research: Assessing differences in gang embeddedness across non, current, and former gang members. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30(4), 577–598.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H., Van Gemert, F., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2009). Gangs, migration, and crime: The changing landscape in Europe and the USA. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 10(4), 393–408.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H. & Van Winkle, B. (1994). Slingin’ dope: The role of gangs and gang members in drug sales. Justice Quarterly, 11, 583–684.Google Scholar
Decker, S. H. & Van Winkle, B. (1996). Life in the gang; Family, friends and violence. New York. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Densley, J. (2013). How gangs work: An ethnography of youth violence. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esbensen, F. A., Winfree, L. T., He, N., & Taylor, T. J. (2001). Youth gangs and definitional issues: When is a gang a gang, and why does it matter? Crime & Delinquency, 47(1), 105–130.Google Scholar
Fong, R. S., Vogel, R. E., & Buentello, S. (1992). Prison gang dynamics: A look inside the Texas Department of Corrections. In Benekos, P. J. & Merlo, A. V. (Eds), Corrections: Dilemmas and directions (pp. 57–77). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson PublishingGoogle Scholar
Gaes, G. G., Wallace, S., Gilman, E., Klein-Saffran, J., & Suppa, S. (2002). The influence of prison gang affiliation on violence and other prison misconduct. The Prison Journal, 82(3), 359–385.Google Scholar
Gatti, U., Angelini, F., Marengo, G., Melchiorre, N., & Sasso, M. (2005). An old fashioned gang in Genoa. In Decker, S. & Weerman, F. (Eds), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups (pp. 63–102). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.Google Scholar
Griffin, M. L. & Hepburn, J. R. (2006). The effect of gang affiliation on violent misconduct among inmates during the early years of confinement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(4), 419–466.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, J. M. (1988). People and folks: Gangs, crime and the underclass in a Rust Belt city. Chicago: Lakeview Press.Google Scholar
Hagedorn, J. M. (1994). Homeboys, dope fiends, legits and new jacks. Criminology, 32, 197–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haymoz, S., Maxson, C., & Killias, M. (2014). Street gang participation in Europe: A comparison of correlates. European Journal of Criminology, 11(6), 659–681.Google Scholar
Hixon, A. L. (1999). Preventing street gang violence. American Family Physician, 125, 1–7.Google Scholar
Howell, J. C. (1998). Youth gangs: An overview. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Howell, J. C. & Decker, S. H. (1999). The youth gangs, drugs, and violence connection. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Howell, J. C., Egley, A., Jr., Tita, G. E., & Griffiths, E. (2011). US gang problem trends and seriousness, 1996–2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Howell, J. C. & Lynch, J. P. (2000). Youth gangs in schools. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Huebner, B. M., Martin, K., Pyrooz, D. C., Moule, R. K., & Decker, S. H. (2014). Dangerous places: Gang members and neighborhood levels of gun assault. Justice Quarterly, 30,1–27.Google Scholar
Hutson, H. R., Anglin, D., & Eckstein, M. (1996). Drive-by shootings by violent street gangs in Los Angeles: A five-year review from 1989 to 1993. Academic Emergency Medicine, 3, 300–303.Google Scholar
Hutson, H. R., Anglin, D., & Mallon, W. (1992). Injuries and deaths from gang violence: They are preventable. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 21, 1234–1236.Google Scholar
Hutson, H. R., Anglin, D., & Pratts, M. J. (1994). Adolescents and children injured or killed in drive-by shootings in Los Angeles. New England Journal of Medicine, 330(5), 324–327.Google Scholar
Ingraham, B. L. & Wellford, C. F. (1987). The totality of conditions test in eighth-amendment litigation. In Gottfredson, S. D. & McConville, S. (Eds), America’s correctional crisis: Prison populations and public policy (pp. 13–36). New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. M., Braga, A. A., & Piehl, A. M. (1998). The (un)known universe: Mapping gangs and gang violence in Boston. In Weisburd, D. & McEwen, J. T. (Eds), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 219–262). New York: Criminal Justice Press.Google Scholar
Kirk, D. S. & Papachristos, A. V. (2011). Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence. American Journal of Sociology, 116(4), 1190–1233.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W., Weerman, F. M., & Thornberry, T. P. (2006). Street gang violence in Europe. European Journal of Criminology, 3(4), 413–437.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W., Kerner, H.-J., Maxson, C. L., & Weitekamp, E. G. M. (2001). The eurogang paradox: Street gangs and youth groups in the U.S. and Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W. & Maxson, C. L. (1989). Street gang violence. In Weiner, N. A. & Wolfgang, M.E. (Eds), Violent crime, violent criminals (pp. 198–234). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W. & Maxson, C. L. (1994). Gangs and Cocaine Trafficking. In MacKenzie, D. and Uchida, C. (Eds), Drugs and the Criminal Justice System. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W., Maxson, C. L., & Cunningham, L. C. (1988). Gang involvement in cocaine rock trafficking. Unpublished report. Los Angeles, CA: Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W., Maxson, C. L., & Cunningham, L. C. (1991). Crack, street gangs, and violence. Criminology, 29(4), 623–650.Google Scholar
Knox, G. W. & Tromanhauser, E. D. (1991). Gangs and their control in adult correctional institutions. Prison Journal, 71, 15–22.Google Scholar
Krienert, J. L., & Fleisher, M. S. (2001). Gang membership as a proxy for social deficiencies: A study of Nebraska inmates. Corrections Management Quarterly, 5, 47–58.Google Scholar
Lauger, T. R. (2012). Real gangstas: legitimacy, reputation, and violence in the intergang environment. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Lien, I.-L. (2005a). Criminal gangs and their connections: Metaphors, definitions and structures. In Decker, S. & Weerman, F. (Eds), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups (pp. 35–62). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.Google Scholar
Lien, I.-L. (2005b). The role of crime acts in constituting the gang’s mentality. In Decker, S. & Weerman, F. (Eds), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups (pp. 137–164). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.Google Scholar
Lizotte, A., Tesoriero, J. M., Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (1994). Patterns of adolescent firearms ownership and use. Justice Quarterly, 11, 51–73.Google Scholar
Loftin, C. (1984). Assaultive violence as contagious process. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 62, 550–555.Google Scholar
Maxson, C. L. (1998). Gang homicide: A review and extentsion of the literature. In Smith, M. D. and Zahn (Eds), M. A., Homicide Studies: A sourcebook of social research (pp. 197–220). Newbury Park, CA : SageGoogle Scholar
Maxson, C. L. (1999). Gang homicide: A review and extension of the literature. In Smith, D. & Zahn, M. A. (Eds), Homicide: A sourcebook of social research (pp. 239–236). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Maxson, C. L. (2002). Play groups no longer: Urban street gangs in the Los Angeles region. In Dear, M. J. (Ed.), From Chicago to L.A.: Making sense of theory (pp. 235–266). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Maxson, C. L. & Klein, M. W. (1990). Street Gang Violence: Twice as Great, or Half as Great. In Huff, C. R. (Ed.), Gangs in America (p. 71–100). Newbury Park, CA.Google Scholar
Maxson, C. L. & Klein, M. W. (1996). Defining gang homicide: An updated look at member and motive approaches. In Huff, C. R. (Ed.), Gangs in America (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Maxson, C. L., Gordon, M. A., & Klein, M. W. (1985). Differences between Gang an Nongang Homicides. Criminology, 23, 209–222.Google Scholar
Maxson, C. L., Whitlock, M. L., & Klein, M. W. (1998). Vulnerability to street gang membership: Implications for practice. Social Service Review, 72(1), 70–91.Google Scholar
Miller, W. B. (1982). Crime by youth gangs and groups in the United States. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Miller, T. R. & Cohen, M. A. (1997). Costs of gunshot and cut/stab wounds in the United States, with some Canadian comparisons. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29(3), 329–341.Google Scholar
Mitchell, M. M., Fahmy, C., Pyrooz, D. C., & Decker, S. H. (2016). Criminal Crews, Codes, and Contexts: Differences and Similarities across the Code of the Street, Convict Code, Street Gangs, and Prison Gangs. Deviant Behavior, 38(10), 1197–1222.Google Scholar
Morenoff, J. D., Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39(3), 517–558.Google Scholar
Moule, R. K., Jr., Pyrooz, D. C., & Decker, S. H. 2013. From ‘What the f#@% is a Facebook?’ to ‘Who doesn’t use Facebook?’ The role of criminal lifestyles in the adoption and use of the Internet. Social Science Research, 42: 1411–1421.Google Scholar
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (1996). Victims of gang violence: A new frontier in victim services. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Papachristos, A. V. (2009). Murder by Structure: Dominance Relations and the Social Structure of Gang Homicide. American Journal of Sociology, 115(1), 74–128.Google Scholar
Papachristos, A. V., Hureau, D. M., & Braga, A. (2013). The corner and the crew: The Influence of geography and social networks on gang violence. American Sociological Review, 78(3) 417–447.Google Scholar
Parent, D., Leiter, V., Livens, L., Wentworth, D., & Stephen, K. (1994). Conditions of confinement: Juvenile detention and corrections facilities. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Patton, D. U., Eschmann, R. D., & Butler, D. A. (2013). Internet banging: New trends in social media, gang violence, masculinity and hip hop. Computers in Human Behavior 29: A54–A59.Google Scholar
Pizzaro, J. M. & McGloin, J. M. (2004). Explaining gang homicides in Newark: Collective behavior or social disorganization? Paper presented at the 2004 Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Nashville, TN.Google Scholar
Pynoos, R. S. & Nader, K. (1988). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 445–473.Google Scholar
Pyrooz, D., Decker, S., & Fleisher, M. (2011). From the street to the prison, from the prison to the street: Understanding and responding to prison gangs. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(1), 12–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyrooz, D. C., Decker, S. H., & Moule, R. K. (2014). The Contribution of Gang Membership to the Victim-Offender Overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(3), 315–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyrooz, D. C., Fox, A. M., Katz, C. M., & Decker, S. H. (2012). Gang organization, offending, and victimization: A cross-national analysis. In Esbensen, F. A., & Maxson, C. L. (Eds), Youth gangs in international perspective: Results from the Eurogang program of research (pp. 85–105). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Pyrooz, D. C., Moule, R. K., & Decker, S. H. (2015). Criminal and routine activities in online settings: Gangs, offenders, and the Internet. Justice Quarterly, 32(3), 471–499.Google Scholar
Ralph, P. H. & Marquart, J. W. (1991). Gang violence in Texas prisons. Prison Journal, 71, 38–49.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, R. B., Bray, T., & Egley, H. (1999). Facilitating violence: A comparison of gang-motivated, gang-affiliated, and non-gang youth homicides. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15, 495–516.Google Scholar
Ruddell, R., Decker, S. H., & Egley, A. (2006). Gang Interventions in Jails a National Analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 31(1), 33–46.Google Scholar
Safin, R. R., Salagaev, A. L., & Makarov, A. S. (2010). Violent youth groups in the Tatarstan Republic of Russia. Grupės ir aplinkos, (2), 175–182.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Jankowski, M. (1991). Islands in the Street. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sanders, W. B. (1994). Gangbangs and drive-bys: Grounded culture and juvenile gang violence. New York: Aldine.Google Scholar
Shashkin, A. (2008). Origins and development of racist skinheads in Moscow. In Van Gemert, F., Peterson, D., & Lien, I.-L. (Eds), Street gangs, migration and ethnicity (p. 97–114). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar
Shashkin, A. & Salagaev, A. (2005). Violence and victimisation on the street: Power struggle and masculine hierarchies in Russia. In Hoikkala, T. & Suurpaa, L. (Eds), Masculinities and Violence in Youth Microcultures (pp. 11–45). Helsinki: Finnish Youth Research Network.Google Scholar
Shashkin, A., Salagaev, A., Sherbakova, I., & Touryanskiy, E. (2005). Contemporary Russian gangs: History, membership and crime involvement. In. Decker, S. & Weerman, F. (Eds), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups (pp. 209–240). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.Google Scholar
Sheley, J. F. & Wright, J. D. (1995). In the line of fire: Youth, guns and violence in urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Short, J. F., Jr. (1985). The level of explanation problem in criminology. In Meier, R. F. (Ed.), Theoretical models in criminology (pp. 51–72). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Short, J. F., Jr. (1989). Exploring integration of theoretical levels of explanation: Notes on gang delinquency. In Liska, A. E., Krohn, M., & Messner, S. F. (Eds), Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime (pp. 243–259). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Skarbek, D. (2011). Governance and prison gangs. American Political Science Review, 105(4), 702–716.Google Scholar
Skolnick, J. (1990). The social structure of street drug dealing. American Journal of Police, 9, 1–41.Google Scholar
Song, D. H., Naude, G. P., Gilmore, D. A., & Bongard, F. (1996). Gang warfare: The medical repercussions. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care, 40(5), 810–815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thornberry, T. P. & Burch, J. H. II. (1997). Gang members and delinquent behavior. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Thornberry, T., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., & Tobin, K. (2002). Gangs in developmental perspective: The origins and consequences of gang membership. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tita, G. & Abrahamse, A. (2004). Gang homicide in LA, 1981–2001 Perspectives on violence prevention. Sacramento, CA: California Attorney General’s Office.Google Scholar
Tita, G., Riley, J., & Greenwood, P. (2002). From Boston to Boyle Heights: The process and prospects of a “pulling levers” strategy in a Los Angeles barrio. In Decker, S. (Ed.), Policing gangs and youth violence (pp. 102–130). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Van Gemert, F. & Fleisher, M. (2005). In the grip of the group: Ethnography of a Moroccan street gang in the Netherlands. In Decker, S. & Weerman, F. (Eds), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups (pp. 11–34). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.Google Scholar
Vigil, J. D. (1988). Barrio gangs: Street life and identity in Southern California. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Vigil, J. D. (2003). Urban violence and street gangs. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 225–242.Google Scholar
Vigil, J. D. (2004). The gang subculture and locura: Variations in acts and actors. In Martinez, R., Jr. (Ed.), Beyond racial dichotomies of violence: Immigrants, ethnicity, and race. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Watkins, A. M., Huebner, B. M., & Decker, S. H. (2008). Patterns of Gun acquisition, carrying, and use among juvenile and adult arrestees: Evidence from a high-crime city. Justice Quarterly, 25(4), 674–700.Google Scholar
Weerman, F. M., Lovegrove, P. J., & Thornberry, T. (2015). Gang membership transitions and its consequences: Exploring changes related to joining and leaving gangs in two countries. European Journal of Criminology, 12 (1), 70–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitekamp, E., Reich, K., & Kerner, H.-J. (2005). Why do young male Russians of German descent (Aussiedlers) tend to join or form gangs where violence plays a major role? In Decker, S. & Weerman, F. (Eds), European street gangs and troublesome youth groups (pp. 103–136). Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira.Google Scholar
Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantage: The inner city, the underclass and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, J., Hiromoto, S., Fain, T., Tita, G., & Riley, R. (2004). Homicide in San Diego: A Case Study Analysis. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. & Riley, K. (2004). Violence in East and West Oakland: Description and Intervention. Rand Public Safety and Justice Working Paper. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.Google Scholar
Vandenbogaerde, E. & Van Hellemont, E. (2016). Fear and retaliation: Gang violence in Brussels and Caracas. In Maxson, C. L., & Esbensen, F. A. (Eds), Gang transitions and transformations in the international context (pp. 51–63). Switzerland: Springer.Google Scholar
Van Gemert, F. & Decker, S. H. (2008) Migrant groups and gang activity: A contrast between Europe and the USA. In Van Gemert, F., Peterson, D., & Lien, I.-L. (Eds), Street gangs migration and ethnicity (p. 15–30). Cullompton: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar
Van Gemert, F., Roks, R., & Drogt, M. (2016). Dutch Crips run dry in liquid society. In Maxson, C. L., & Esbensen, F. A. (Eds), Gang transitions and transformations in the international context (pp. 157–172). Switzerland: Springer.Google Scholar
Vargas, R. (2016). Wounded City: Violent Turf Wars in a Chicago Barrio. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vigil, J. D. (2007). The projects: Gang and non-gang families in East Los Angeles. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Zeoli, A. M., Pizarro, J. M., Grady, S. C., & Melde, C. (2014). Homicide as infectious disease: Using public health methods to investigate the diffusion of homicide. Justice Quarterly, 31(3), 609–632.Google Scholar
References
Barman-Adhikari, A., Rice, E., Winetrobe, H., & Petering, R. (2015). Social network correlates of methamphetamine, heroin, and cocaine use in a sociometric network of homeless youth. Journal of the Society of Social Work and Research, 6(3), 433–457.Google Scholar
Berkman, L. F. & Glass, T. (2000). Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. Social Epidemiology, 1, 137–173.Google Scholar
Bernard, H. D., Johnsen, E. C., Killworth, P. D., McCarty, C. & Shelley, G. A., & Robinson, S. (1990). Comparing four different methods for measuring personal social networks. Social Networks, 12, 179–215.Google Scholar
Bolden, C. L. (2014). Friendly foes: Hybrid gangs or social networking. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(6), 730–749.Google Scholar
Bojanowski, M. & Corten, R. (2014). Measuring segregation in social networks. Social Networks, 39, 14–32.Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., Jones, C., & Everett, M. G. (1998). Network measures of social capital. Connections, 21(2), 27–36.Google Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., Mehra, A., Brass, D., & Labianca, G. (2009). Network analysis in the social sciences. Science, 323, 892–895.Google Scholar
Burk, W. J., Vorst, H. V. D., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2012). Alcohol use and friendship dynamics: selection and socialization in early-, middle-, and late-adolescent peer networks. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73, 89–98.Google Scholar
Burt, R. (1997). A note on social capital and network content. Social Networks 19, 355–373.Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., Capitanio, J. P., & Cole, S. W. (2015). The neuroendocrinology of social isolation. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 733–767.Google Scholar
Campbell, K. E. (1991). Name generators in surveys of personal networks. Social Networks, 13, 203–221.Google Scholar
Carrington, J. S., Scott, J., & Wasserman, S. (Eds) (2005). Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Christakis, N. A. & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 370–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifton, A., Pilkonis, P. A., & McCarty, C. (2007). Social networks in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(4), 434–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curry, D. G. (2015). The logic of defining gangs revisited. In Decker, S. H. & Pyrooz, D. C. (Eds), The Handbook of Gangs (pp. 7–27). Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Erickson, B. H. (1997). Social networks and history: a review essay. Historical Methods, 30(3), 149–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espelage, D., Wasserman, S., & Fleisher, M. S. (2007). Social networks and violent behavior. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A., & Waldman, I. (Eds), Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior (pp. 450–464). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Everett, M. G. (1990). A testing example for positional analysis techniques. Social Networks, 12, 253–260.Google Scholar
Everett, M. G. & Borgatti, S. P. (1999). The centrality of groups and classes. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 23(3), 181–201.Google Scholar
Everett, M. G. & Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Ego network betweenness. Social Networks, 27(1), 31–38.Google Scholar
Ferligoj, A. & Hlebec, V. (1999). Evaluation of social network measurement instruments. Social Networks, 21, 111–130.Google Scholar
Feld, S. L. (1997). Structural embeddedness and stability of interpersonal relations. Social Networks, 19, 91–95.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. (2002). Women and Gangs: A Field Research Study. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved April 24, 2017 from www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/198317.pdf.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. (2005). The application of social network analysis to field research: Different methods creating complementary perspectives. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(5), 120–134.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. (2006). Degree centrality and youth gangs as an ecological adaptation. In Short, J. & Hughes, L. (Eds), Studying Youth Gangs (pp. 85–98). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. (2015a). Living Black: Social Life in an African American Neighborhood. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. (2015b). Gang and drugs: connections, divergence, and culture. In Decker, S. H. & Pyrooz, D.C. (Eds), The handbook of gangs (pp. 193–207). Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. & Krienert, J. L. (2004). Life-course events, social networks, and the emergence of violence among female gang members. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(5), 607–622.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. & McCarty, C., (2004). Structural Holes: Macher or Nebbish: the structural position of important people. International Sunbelt Social Network Conference, Slovenia, May 2004.Google Scholar
Fleisher, M. S. & Papachristos, A. V. (2010). Social Network Analysis and Ethnography: Complementary Tools to Understand the Complexities of Real-life Behavior. International Network of Social Network Analysts Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July.Google Scholar
Freeman, L. C. (1978). Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.Google Scholar
Freeman, L. C. (2008). Going the wrong way on a one-way street: centrality in physics and biology. Journal of Social Structure, 9(2), 1–15.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. (1978). Threshold models of collective behavior. The American Journal of Sociology, 83(6), 1420–1443Google Scholar
Gross, N. (2009). A pragmatist theory of social mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 74, 358–379.Google Scholar
Hedstrom, P. & Swedberg, R. (1998). Social Mechanisms: An Approach to Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hlebec, V. & Ferligoj, A. (2001). Respondent mood and the instability of survey network measurements. Social Networks, 23(2), 125–140.Google Scholar
Hu, Y. & Goldman, N. (1990). Mortality differentials by marital status: an international comparison. Demography, 27(2), 233–250.Google Scholar
Huang, G. & Tausig, M. (1990). Network range in personal networks. Social Networks, 12, 261–268.Google Scholar
Killworth, P. D., Johnsen, E. C., & Bernard, H. R., Shelley, G. A., & McCarty, C. (1990). Estimating the size of personal networks. Social Networks, 12, 289–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerks, P. (2001). The network paradigm applied to criminal organisations [sic]: Theoretical nitpicking or a relevant doctrine for investigators? Recent developments in the Netherlands. Connections, 24(3), 53–65.Google Scholar
Klein, M. W. (1997). The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kogovsek, T. & Ferligoj, A. (2005). Effects of reliability on validity of ego-centered network measurements. Social Networks, 27, 205–229.Google Scholar
Krackhardt, D. (1999). The ties that torture: Simmelian tie analysis in organizations. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 16, 183–210.Google Scholar
Krackhardt, D. & Kilduff, M. (2002). Structure, culture and Simmelian ties in entrepreneurial firms. Social Networks, 24, 279–290.Google Scholar
Kriegel, L. S., Hsu, H. T., & Wenzel, S. L. (2015). Personal networks: A hypothesized mediator in the association between incarceration and HIV risk behaviors among women with histories of homelessness. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 6(3), 407–432.Google Scholar
Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939).Google Scholar
Lazega, E. & van Duijn, M. (1997). Position in formal structure, personal characteristics and choices of advisors in a law firm: a logistic regression model for dyadic network data. Social Networks, 19, 375–397.Google Scholar
Lofors, J. & Sundquist, K. (2007). Low-linking social capital as a predictor of mental disorders: a cohort study of 4.5 million Swedes. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 21–34.Google Scholar
Luke, D. A. & Harris, J. K. (2007). Network analysis in public health: history, methods, and applications. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 69–93.Google Scholar
Lusher, D., Robins, G., & Kremer, P. (2010). The application of social network analysis to team sports. Measurement in physical education and exercise science, 14(4), 211–224.Google Scholar
Marsden, P. V. (1990). Network data and measurement. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 435–463.Google Scholar
McCarty, C. (2002). Measuring Structure in Personal Networks. Journal of Social Structure, 3(1), 20.Google Scholar
McCarty, C., Bernard, H. R., Killworth, P. D., Shelley, G. A., & Johnsen, E. C. (1997). Eliciting representative samples of personal networks. Social Networks, 19, 303–323.Google Scholar
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415–444.Google Scholar
Mische, A. (2008) Partisan Publics: Communication and Contention across Brazilian Youth Activist Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. L., Neal, M. B., & Carder, P. (1997). The stability of core and peripheral networks over time. Social Networks, 19(1), 9–25.Google Scholar
Mutzel, S. (2009). Networks as culturally constituted processes: a comparison of relational sociology and actor-network theory. Current Sociology, 57(6), 871–887.Google Scholar
Papachristos, A. V. (2006). Social network analysis and gang research: theory and methods. In Short, J. & Hughes, L. (Eds), Studying Youth Gangs (pp. 99–116). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Papachristos, A. V., Wildeman, C., & Roberto, E. (2015). Tragic, but not random: the social contagion of nonfatal gunshot injuries. Social Science & Medicine, 125, 139–150.Google Scholar
Orth-Gomer, L. & Johnson, J. V. (1987). Social network interaction and mortality: a six year follow-up study of a random sample of the Swedish population. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40(10), 949–957.Google Scholar
Rice, E. & Yoshioka-Maxwell, A. (2015). Social network analysis as a toolkit for the science of social work. Journal of the Society of Social Work and Research, 6(3), 369–383.Google Scholar
Robins, G., Pattison, P., & Woolcock, J. (2004). Missing data in networks: exponential random graph (p*) models for networks with non-respondents. Social Networks, 26, 257–283.Google Scholar
Ruan, D., Freeman, L. C., Dai, X., Pan, Y., & Zhang, W. (1997). On the changing structure of social networks in urban China. Social Networks, 19(1), 75–89.Google Scholar
Short, J. F. & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1965). Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shye, D., Mullooly, J. P., Freeborn, D. K., & Pope, C. R. (1995). Gender differences in the relationship between social network support and mortality: a longitudinal study of an elderly cohort. Social Science & Medicine, 41(7), 935–947.Google Scholar
Sierra-Arevalo, M., & Papachristos, A. V. (2015). Social network analysis and gangs. In Decker, S. H. and Pyrooz, D. C. (Eds), The Handbook of Gangs (pp. 157–177). Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Skolnick, J. H. (1990). Gang organization and migration: drugs, gangs, and law enforcement. Office of the Attorney General, California Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Smith, K. P. & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Social networks and Heath. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 405–429.Google Scholar
Sparrow, M. K. (1991). The application of network analysis to criminal intelligence: an assessment of the prospects. Social Networks 13, 251–274.Google Scholar
Suitor, J. & Keeton, S. (1997). Once a friend, always a friend? Effects of homophily on women’s support networks across a decade. Social Networks, 13, 51–62.Google Scholar
Suitor, J. J., Wellman, B., & Morgan, D. L. (1997). It’s about time: how, why, and when networks change. Social Networks, 19, 17.Google Scholar
Tichy, N. M., Tushman, M. L., & Fombrun, C. (1979). Social network analysis for organizations. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 507–519.Google Scholar
Tolnay, S. E. (2003). The African American “Great Migration” and beyond. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 209–232.Google Scholar
Tyson, A. & Maniam, S. (2016). Behind Trump’s victory: divisions by race, gender, education. Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 9, 2017 from ww.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/behind-trumps-victory-divisions-by-race-gender-education.Google Scholar
Uzzi, B., (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35–67.Google Scholar
Valente, T. W. (2003). Social network influences on adolescent substance use: an introduction. Connections, 25(2), 11–16.Google Scholar
Valente, T. W. & Pitts, S. R. (2017). An appraisal of social network theory and analysis as applied to public health: challenges and opportunities. Annual Review of Public Health, 38(4), 1–4, p. 16.Google Scholar
Van der Hulst, R. C. (2009). Introduction to social network analysis as an investigative tool. Trends in Organized Crime, 12, 101–121.Google Scholar
Vigil, J. D. (1988). Group process and street identity: adolescent Chicano gang members. Ethos, 16(4), 412–445.Google Scholar
Vogt, T. M., Mullooly, J. P., Ernst, D., Pope, C. R., & Hollis, J. F.. (1992). Social networks as predictors of ischemic heart disease, cancer, stroke and hypertension: incidence, survival and mortality. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45(6), 659–666.Google Scholar
Ward, M. D., Stovel, K., & Sacks, A. (2011). Network analysis and political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 14, 243–264.Google Scholar
Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Watts, D. J. (2004). The “new” science of networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 243–70.Google Scholar
Wellman, B. & Berkowitz, S. D. (1988). Social Structures: A Network Approach (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wellman, B., Wong, R. Y., Tindal, D., & Nazer, N. (1997). A decade of network change: turnover, persistence and stability in personal communities. Social Networks, 19, 27–50.Google Scholar
Zemljic, B. & Hlebec, V. (2005). Reliability of measures of centrality and prominence. Social Networks, 27, 73–88.Google Scholar
References
Abelson, R. P. (1981). Psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36, 715–729.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. A., Benjamin, A. J., & Bartholow, B. D. (1998). Does the gun pull the trigger? Automatic priming effects of weapon pictures and weapon names. Psychological Science, 9, 308–314.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L. R., Johnson, J., Linz, D., et al. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 81–110.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science, 12, 353–359.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. A. & Huesmann, L. R. (2003). Human aggression: A social-cognitive view. In Hogg, M. A. & Cooper, J. (Eds), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 296–323). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Attar, B. K., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events, and adjustment in urban elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23(4), 391–400.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning theory analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. & Adams, N.E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1, 287–310.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Grusec, J. E., & Menlove, F. L. (1967). Vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 16–23.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. & Menlove, F. L. (1968). Factors determining vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior through symbolic modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 99–108.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575–582.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963a). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3–11.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963b). A comparative test of the status envy, social power, and secondary reinforcement theories of identificatory learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 527–534.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963c). Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 601–607.Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462–479.Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A. & Pietromonaco, P. (1982). Automatic information processing and social perception: The influence of trait information presented outside of conscious awareness on impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 437–449.Google Scholar
Bartholow, B. D., Anderson, C. A., & Carnagey, N. L. (2005). Interactive effects of life experience and situational cues on aggression: The weapons priming effect in hunters and nonhunters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(1), 48–60.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1983). Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans. American Psychologist, 38, 1135–1144.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. & LePage, A. (1967). Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 202–207.Google Scholar
Boxer, P., Huesmann, L. R., Bushman, B., O’Brien, M., & Moceri, D. (2009). The role of violent media preference in cumulative developmental risk for violence and general aggression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(3), 417–428.Google Scholar
Bryant, J. & Zillmann, D. (1979). Effect of intensification of annoyance through unrelated residual excitation on substantially delayed hostile behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 470–480.Google Scholar
Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2001). Effects of televised violence on aggression. In Singer, D. G. & Singer, J. L. (Eds), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 223–254). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Carlson, M., Marcus-Newhall, A., & Miller, N. (1990). Effects of situational aggression cues: A quantitative review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 622–633.Google Scholar
Carnagey, N. L., Bushman, B. J. & Anderson, C. A. (2005). Video game violence desensitizes players to real world violence. Manuscript submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In Perlmutter, M. (Ed.), The Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 18, pp. 77–125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1993). Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 559–584.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Lansford, J. E., Sorbring, E., Skinner, A. T., Tapanya, S., Tirado, L. M. U., Zelli, A., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Oburu, P., & Pastorelli, C. (2015). Hostile attributional bias and aggressive behavior in global context. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(30), 9310–9315.Google Scholar
Dubow, E. F., Huesmann, L. R., & Boxer, P. (2009). A Social-Cognitive-Ecological Framework for Understanding the Impact of Exposure to Persistent Ethnic-Political Violence on Children’s Psychosocial Adjustment. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(2), 113–126.Google Scholar
Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist, 27, 253–263.Google Scholar
Eron, L. D., Walder, L. O., & Lefkowitz, M. M. (1971). The learning of aggression in children. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1997). Personality and the bio-social model of anti-social and criminal behaviour. In Raine, A., Farrington, D. P., Brennen, P. O., & Mednick, S. A. (Eds), The biosocial basis of violence (pp. 21–37). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Fowles, D. (1993). Electrodermal activity and antisocial behavior: Empirical findings and theoretical issues. In Roy, J.-C., Boucsein, W., Fowles, D., & Gruzelier, J. (Eds), Progress in electrodermal research (pp. 223–237). London: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Geen, R. G. & O’Neal, E. C. (1969). Activation of cue-elicited aggression by general arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 11, 289–292.Google Scholar
Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. J. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary-school children. Child Development, 74(5), 1507–1522.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1965). A conflict and learning theory analysis of psychopathic behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 12–19.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1978). Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy. In Hare, R. D. & Schalling, D. (Eds), Psychopathic behavior: Approaches to research (pp. 107–144). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. (1986). Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. Journal of Social Issues, 42(3), 125–139.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13–24.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. (1997). Observational learning of violent behavior: Social and biosocial processes. In Raine, A., Farrington, D. P., Brennen, P. O., & Mednick, S. A. (Eds), The biosocial basis of violence (pp. 69–88). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. (1998). The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. In Geen, R. G. & Donnerstein, E. (Eds), Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for social policy (pp. 73–109). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. (2012). The Contagion of Violence: The extent, the processes, and the outcomes. In Patel, D. M. & Taylor, R. M. (Eds), The Social and Economic Costs of Violence (pp. 63–83), Forum on Global Violence Prevention, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. (2016). The role of normative beliefs in mediating the long-term effects of exposure to media violence on aggression. Presented at meetings of the International Society for Research on Aggression, July 2016, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Boxer, P., Moceri, D., Bushman, B. J., Johnson, T. J., O’Brien, M., & Hamburger, M. (under review, 2018). The Relation of Violent and Criminal Behavior in Adolescents and Young Adults to Childhood Habitual Exposure to Media Violence. Aggressive Behavior.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., & Boxer, P. (2009). Social Cognitive Mediators of the Relation between Exposure to Violence during Childhood and Adolescence and Adulthood Aggression: Findings from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study. In E. F. Dubow (Chair), Social cognitive mediators for developmental effects of exposure to violence. Presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for the Study of Human Development, October, 2009, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., Landau, S. F., Gvirsman, S. D., & Shikaki, K. (2016). Children’s exposure to violent political conflict stimulates aggression at peers by increasing emotional distress, aggressive script rehearsal, and normative beliefs favoring aggression, Development and Psychopathology. doi: 10.1017/S0954579416001115, 11/21/16, 1–12.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., & Shikaki, K. (July 2016). Consequences of Exposure to War Violence: Discriminating Those with Heightened Risk for Aggression from Those with Heightened Risk for PTS Symptoms. Presented at meetings of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Moise, J., Podolski, C. P., & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between childhood exposure to media violence and adult aggression and violence: 1977–1992. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201–221.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. & Kirwil, L. (2007). Why observing violence increases the risk of violent behavior in the observer. In Flannery, D. J., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression (pp. 545–570). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R. & Miller, L. S. (1994). Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In Huesmann, L. R. (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 153–183). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C. L., & Eron, L. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992. Developmental Psychology, 39, 201–221.Google Scholar
Krahe, B., Moeller, I., Huesmann, L. R., Kirwil, L., Felber, J., & Berger, A. (2011). Desensitization to media violence: Links with habitual media violence exposure, aggressive cognitions, and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(4), 630–646.Google Scholar
Leyens, J. P. & Fraczek, A. (1983). Aggression as an interpersonal phenomenon. In Tajfel, H. (Ed.), The social dimension (Vol. 1, p. 192). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McSweeney, F. K. & Swindell, S. (2002). Common processes may contribute to extinction and habituation. Journal of General Psychology, 129(4), 364–400.Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (2005 ). Imitation and other minds: The “Like Me” hypothesis. In Hurley, S. & Chater, N. (Eds), Perspectives on imitation: From mirror neurons to memes (Vol. 2, pp. 55–78). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, K. M. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 109, 77–78.Google Scholar
Nathanson, A. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children’s aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124–143.Google Scholar
Neuman, R. & Strack, F. (2000). “Mood contagion”: The automatic transfer of mood between persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 211–223.Google Scholar
Paik, H. & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 21, 516–546.Google Scholar
Press, C., Bird, G., Flach, R., & Heyes, C. (2005). Robotic movements elicit automatic imitation. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 632–640.Google Scholar
Pantalon, M. V. & Motta, R. W. (1998). Effectiveness of anxiety management training in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 29, 21–29.Google Scholar
Prinz, J. J. (2005). Imitation and moral development. In Hurley, S. & Chater, N. (Eds), Perspectives on imitation: From mirror neurons to memes (Vol. 2, pp. 267–282). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Reynolds, C., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Biosocial bases of aggressive behavior in childhood. In Raine, A., Farrington, D. P., Brennen, P. O., & Mednick, S. A. (Eds), The biosocial basis of violence (pp. 107–126). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Williams, M. (1990). Relationships between CNS and ANS measures of arousal at age 15 and criminality at age 24. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1003–1007.Google Scholar
Savage, J. (2004). Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 99–128.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and general theory.Google Scholar
Strack, F., Martin, L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 768–777.Google Scholar
Strelau, J. (1982). Biologically determined dimensions of personality or temperament? Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 355–360.Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., & Inglehart, M. (1989). Feeling and facial efference: Implications of vascular theory of emotions. Psychological Review, 96, 395–416.Google Scholar
Zuckermann, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
References
Anderson, M., Kaufman, J., Simon, T., Barrios, L., Paulozzi, L., Ryan, G., … & the School-Associated Violent Deaths Study Group. (2001). School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994–1999. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 2695–2702.Google Scholar
Auter, Z. (2016, August 19). U.S. Parents’ Fears for Child’s Safety at School Unchanged. Retrieved January 3, 2017 from www.gallup.com/poll/194693/parents-fears-child-safety-school-unchanged.aspx.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Barrish, H. H., Saunders, M., & Wolf, M. M. (1969). Good behavior game: Effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2, 119–124.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. P., Koth, C. W., Thornton, L. A., & Leaf, P. J. (2009). Altering school climate through school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports: Findings from a group-randomized effectiveness trial. Prevention Science, 10, 100–115.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Examining the effects of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and Supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12, 133–148.Google Scholar
Brezina, T., Piquero, A. R., & Mazerolle, P. (2001). Student anger and aggressive behavior in school: An initial test of Agnew’s macro-level strain theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 362–386.Google Scholar
Bryk, A. S. & Driscoll, M. E. (1988). The school as community: Theoretical foundations, contextual influences, and consequences for students and teachers. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, National Center on Effective Secondary Schools.Google Scholar
Bryk, A. S., Lee, V. E., & Holland, P. B. (1993). Catholic schools and the common good. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics (n. d.). American Time Use Survey. Statistics produced January 4, 2017 using the tool at www.bls.gov/tus/database.htm.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1999a). Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems: I. The high risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 631–647.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1999b). Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems: II. Classroom effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 648–657.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2007). Fast Track randomized controlled trial to prevent externalizing psychiatric disorders: Findings from grades 3 to 9. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1250–1262.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2010a). The effects of a multiyear universal social–emotional learning program: The role of student and school characteristics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 156–168.Google Scholar
Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2010b). Fast track intervention effects on youth arrest and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology 6, 131–157.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J., Gottfredson, D. C., & Na, C. (2010). School crime control and prevention. InTonry, M. (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.Google Scholar
Dolan, L. J., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Rebok, G. W., Mayer, L. S., … & Wheeler, L. (1993). The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviors and poor achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 317–345.Google Scholar
Eliot, M., Cornell, D., Gregory, A., & Fan, X. (2010). Supportive school climate and student willingness to seek help for bullying and threats of violence. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 533–553.Google Scholar
Felson, R. B., Liska, A. E., South, S. J., & McNulty, T. L. (1994). The subculture of violence and delinquency: Individual vs. school context effects. Social Forces, 73, 155–173.Google Scholar
Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., Arriaga, X. B., Helms, R. W., Koch, G. G., & Linder, G. F. (1998). An evaluation of Safe Dates, an adolescent dating violence prevention program. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 45–50.Google Scholar
Foshee, V. A., Linder, G. F., Bauman, K. E., Langwick, S. A., Arriaga, X. B., Heath, J. L., … & Bangdiwala, S. (1996). The safe dates project: Theoretical basis, evaluation design, and selected baseline findings. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 39–47.Google Scholar
Galloway, D., Martin, R., & Wilcox, B. (1985). Persistent absence from school and exclusion from school: The predictive power of school and community variables. British Educational Research Journal, 11, 51–61.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, C. & Loffredo, L. (1993). Violence-related attitudes and behaviors of high school students–New York City 1992. Journal of School Health, 63, 438–439.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D. C. (1986). An empirical test of school-based environmental and individual interventions to reduce the risk of delinquent behavior. Criminology, 24, 705–731.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D. C. & Gottfredson, G. D. (1992). Theory-guided investigation: Three field experiments. In McCord, J. & Tremblay, R. (Eds), The prevention of antisocial behavior in children (pp. 311–329). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D. C. & Gottfredson, G. D. (2002). Quality of school-based prevention programs: Results from a national survey. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 3–35.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D.C. Weisman, S. A., Soulé, D. A., Womer, , , S. C., & Lu, S. (2004). Do after school programs reduce delinquency? Prevention Science, 5(4), 253–266.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D. C., Wilson, D. B., & Najaka, S. S. (2002). School based crime prevention. In Sherman, L. W., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., & MacKenzie, D. L. (Eds), Evidence-based crime prevention (pp. 56–164). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, G. D. (1984). A theory ridden approach to program evaluation: A method for stimulating researcher implementer collaboration. American Psychologist, 39, 1101–1112.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, G. D. & Gottfredson, D. C. (1985). Victimization in schools. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, G. D. (1987). Peer group interventions to reduce the risk of delinquent behavior: A selective review and a new evaluation. Criminology, 25, 671–714.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, G. D. & Gottfredson, D. C. (2001). What schools do to prevent problem behavior and promote safe environments. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12, 313–344.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, G. D. Gottfredson, D. C., Czeh, E. R., Cantor, D., Crosse, S. B., & Hantman, I. (2000). National Study of Delinquency Prevention in Schools: Final report. Ellicott City: Gottfredson Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, G. D., Gottfredson, D. C., Payne, A. A., & Gottfredson, N. C. (2005). School climate predictors of school disorder: Results from the National Study of Delinquency Prevention in Schools. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42, 412–444.Google Scholar
Gray, L. & Lewis, L. (2015). Public School Safety and Discipline: 2013–14 (NCES 2015–051). US Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved January 3, 2017 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch.Google Scholar
Gregory, A., Cornell, D., Fan, X., Sheras, P., & Shih, T. (2010). Authoritative school discipline: High school practices associated with lower student bullying and victimization. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 483–496.Google Scholar
Hahn, A., Leavitt, T., & Aaron, P. (1994). Evaluation of the Quantum Opportunities Program (QOP): Did the program work?: A report on the post secondary outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the QOP Program. Unpublished manuscript, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent healthrisk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153, 226–234.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. D., Von Cleve, E., & Catalano, R. F. (1991). Reducing early childhood aggression: Results of a primary prevention program. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 208–217.Google Scholar
Hellman, D. A. & Beaton, S. (1986). The pattern of violence in urban public schools: The influence of school and community. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 23, 102–127.Google Scholar
Jones, J. M. (2005, September 20). Fear of children’s safety at school remains low: Environment a big fear factor. Retrieved October 31, 2005 from http://institution.gallup.com.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/content/default.aspx?ci=18694.Google Scholar
Kaslow, N. J. & Thompson, M. (1998). Applying the criteria for empirically supported treatments to studies of psychosocial interventions for child and adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 146–155.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. & Weisz, J. R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 19–36.Google Scholar
Kupchik, A. & Monahan, T. (2006). The New American School: Preparation for post-industrial discipline. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 27(5), 617–631. doi: 10.1080/01425690600958816.Google Scholar
Lee, V. E. & Croninger, R. G. (1996). The social organization of safe high schools. In Borman, K. M., Cookson, P. W., Jr., & Spade, J. Z. (Eds), Implementing educational reform: Sociological perspectives on educational policy (pp. 359–392). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Lipsey, M. W. & Wilson, D. B. (1998). Effective intervention for serious juvenile offenders. In Loeber, R. & Farrington, D. P. (Eds), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: risk factors and successful intervention (pp. 248–283). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Meehl, P. E. & Rosen, A. (1955). Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 194–216.Google Scholar
Moore, M. H., Petrie, C. V., Braga, A. A., & McLaughlin, B. L. (Eds). (2003). Deadly lessons: Understanding lethal school violence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Morgan, R. E., Musu-Gillette, L., Robers, S. & Zhang, A. (2015). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2014. (NCES 2015–072/NCJ 248036). National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Na, C. & Gottfredson, D. (2011). Police officers in schools: Effects on school crime and the processing of offending behaviors. Justice Quarterly, 30(4): 619–650.Google Scholar
National Institute of Education. (1978). Violent schools–Safe schools: The Safe School Study report to Congress. Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
National School Safety Center. (2005, April). School Associated Violent Deaths. Westlake Village, CA: Author. Retrieved October 31, 2005 from www.nssc1.org.Google Scholar
Olweus, D., Limber, S., & Mihalic, S. F. (1999). Blueprints for violence prevention: Bullying prevention program. Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Ostroff, C. (1992). The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational level analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 963–974.Google Scholar
Owens, E. (2016). Testing the school-to-prison pipeline. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1–38.Google Scholar
Payne, A. A., Gottfredson, D. C., & Gottfredson, G. D. (2003). Schools as communities: The relationships among communal school organization, student bonding, and school disorder. Criminology, 41, 749–778.Google Scholar
Payne, A. A. (2008). A multilevel model of the relationships among communal school disorder, student bonding, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(4), 429–455.Google Scholar
Sherman, L. W. & Berk, R. A. (1984). The specific deterrent effects of arrest for domestic assault. American Sociological Review, 49, 261–272.Google Scholar
Stewart, E. A. (2003). School social bonds, school climate, and school misbehavior: A multilevel analysis. Justice Quarterly, 20, 575–601.Google Scholar
Sugai, G. & Horner, R. H. (2008). What we know and need to know about preventing problem behavior in schools. Exceptionality, 16, 67–77.Google Scholar
Taggart, R. (1995). Quantum Opportunity Program. Philadelphia, PA: Opportunities Industrialization Centers of America.Google Scholar
Tolan, P. H. & Gorman-Smith, D. (1998). Development of serious and violent offending careers. In Loeber, R. & Farrington, D. P. (Eds), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 68–85). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Tolan, P., Henry, D., Schoeny, M., Bass, A., Lovegrove, P., & Nichols, E. (2013). Mentoring Interventions to Affect Juvenile Delinquency and Associated Problems: A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews (2013), 10. doi: 10.4073/csr.2013.10.U.S.Google Scholar
Wagenaar, A. C., Murray, D. M., & Toomey, T. L. (2000). Communities mobilizing for change on alcohol (CMCA): Effects of a randomized trial on arrests and traffic crashes. Addiction, 95(2), 209–217.Google Scholar
Welsh, W. N., Greene, J. R., & Jenkins, P. H. (1999). School disorder: The influence of individual, institutional, and community factors. Criminology, 37, 73–116.Google Scholar
Welsh, W. N., Stokes, R., & Greene, J. R. (2000). A macro-level model of school disorder. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37, 243–83.Google Scholar
Wilcox, P. & Clayton, R. R. (2001). A multilevel analysis of school-based weapon possession. Justice Quarterly, 18, 509–541.Google Scholar
Zhang, A., Musu-Gillette, L., & Oudekerk, B. A. (2016). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2015 (NCES 2016–079/NCJ 249758). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
References
Amos, T. & Kahneman, D. (1982). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 163–178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biagi, S. (1990). Media impact: An introduction to mass media. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Bordley, R. F. (1982). Public perceptions of crime: A derivation of Warr’s power function from the Bayesian odds relations. Social Forces, 61, 134–143.Google Scholar
Briggs, A. & Burke, P. (2002). A social history of the media: From Gutenberg to the internet. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Combs, B. & Slovic, P. (1979). Newspaper coverage of causes of death. Journalism Quarterly, 56, 837–843.Google Scholar
DuBow, F., McCabe, E., & Kaplan, G. (1979). Reactions to crime: A critical review of the literature. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Ericson, R. V., Baranek, P. M., & Chan, J. B. L. (1987). Visualizing deviance: A study of news organization. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Ferraro, K. F. (1996). Women’s fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault? Social Forces, 75, 667–690.Google Scholar
Ferraro, K. F. & LaGrange, R. (1987). The measurement of fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57, 70–101.Google Scholar
Haghighi, B. & Sorensen, J. (1996). America’s fear of crime. In Flanagan, T. J. & Longmire, D. R. (Eds), Americans view crime and justice: A national public opinion survey (pp. 16–30). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Heath, R. L. & Bryant, J. (2000). Human communication theory and research (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Jowett, G. & Linton, J. M. (1989). Movies as mass communication (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
LaGrange, R. L. & Ferraro, K. F. (1987). The elderly’s fear of crime: A critical examination of the research. Research on Aging, 9, 372–391.Google Scholar
LaGrange, R. L. & Ferraro, K. F. (1989). Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime. Criminology, 27, 697–719.Google Scholar
LaGrange, R. L., Ferraro, K. F. & Supancic, M. (1992). Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29, 311–334.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Fischoff, B., Layman, M., & Combs, B. (1978). Judged frequency of lethal events. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 551–578.Google Scholar
Maguire, K. & Pastore, A. L. (2001). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 2000. US Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Mayes, A. (1979). The physiology of fear and anxiety. In Sluckin, W. (Ed.), Fear in Animals and Man (pp. 24–55). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
National Opinion Research Center. (2004). General social survey codebook. Retrieved July 13, 2004 from http://webapp.icpsr.umich.edu/GSS/.Google Scholar
National Research Council, Committee on Risk Perception and Communication. (1989). Improving risk communication. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, R. M. (1995). Crime and victimization data. In Sheley, J. (Ed.), Criminology: A contemporary handbook (2nd ed., pp. 57–80). New York: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Postman, N. (1986). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. New York: Viking Penguin.Google Scholar
President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. (1967). The challenge of crime in a free society. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. V. & Stalans, L. J. (1997). Public opinion, crime, and criminal justice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Roshier, B. (1973). The selection of crime news by the press. In Cohen, S., & Young, J. (Eds), The manufacture of news (pp. 28–39). Beverly Hills: Sage.Google Scholar
Russell, P. A. (1979). Fear-evoking stimuli. In Sluckin, W. (Ed.), Fear in animals and man (pp. 86–124). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
Sheley, J. S. & Ashkins, C. D. (1981). Crime, crime news, and crime views. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 492–506.Google Scholar
Sherizen, S. (1978). Social creation of crime news: All the news fitted to print. In Winick, C. (Ed.), Deviance and mass media (pp. 203–224). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Skogan, W. G. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Skogan, W. G. & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Slovic, P., Fischoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1979). Rating the risks. Environment, 21, 14–20, 36–39.Google Scholar
Slovic, P., Fischoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1980). Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk. In Schwing, R. C., & Albers, W. A., Jr. (Eds), Societal risk assessment: How safe is safe enough? (pp. 181–214). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Slovic, P., Fischoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1982). Facts versus fears: Understanding perceived risk. In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 463–492). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stafford, M. C. & Galle, O. R. (1984). Victimization rates, exposure to risk, and fear of crime. Criminology, 22, 173–185.Google Scholar
Surette, R. (1998). Media, crime, and criminal justice: Images and realities (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Thomson, R. (1979). The concept of fear. In Sluckin, W. (Ed.), Fear in animals and man (pp. 1–23). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1982). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds), Judgment under uncertainty; Heuristics and biases (pp. 163–178). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Warr, M. (1980). The accuracy of public beliefs about crime. Social Forces, 59, 456–470.Google Scholar
Warr, M. (1984). Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more afraid? Social Science Quarterly, 65, 681–702.Google Scholar
Warr, M. (1990). Dangerous situations: Social context and fear of victimization. Social Forces, 68, 891–907.Google Scholar
Warr, M. (1994). Public perceptions and reactions to violent offending and victimization. In Reiss, A. J., Jr. & Roth, J. A. (Eds), Understanding and preventing violence. Consequences and Control (Vol. 4, pp. 1–66). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Warr, M. (1995). Public perceptions of crime and punishment. In Sheley, J. F. (Ed.), Criminology: A contemporary handbook (2nd ed., pp. 15–30). New York: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Warr, M. (1995). Poll trends: Public opinion on crime and punishment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 59, 296–310.Google Scholar
Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. In Duffee, D. (Ed.), Criminal justice 2000. Measurement and analysis of crime and justice (Vol. 4, pp. 451–489). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice. National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Warr, M. & Ellison, C. G. (2000). Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in family households. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 551–578.Google Scholar
Warr, M. & Stafford, M. C. (1983). Fear of victimization: A look at the proximate causes. Social Forces, 61, 1033–1043.Google Scholar
References
Almuneef, M., Qayad, M., Noor, I. K., Al-Eissa, M. A., Albuhairan, F. S., Inam, S., & Mikton, C. (2014). Multidimensional model to assess the readiness of Saudi Arabia to implement evidence based child maltreatment prevention programs at a large scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(3), 527–532.Google Scholar
Anderson, P., Chisholm, D., & Fuhr, D. C. (2009). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programs to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. The Lancet, 373, 2234–2246.Google Scholar
Andrews, G. J., Corry, J., Slade, T., Issakidis, C., & Swanton, H. (2004). Child sexual abuse. In Ezzati, M., Lopez, A. D., Rodgers, A., & Murray, C. J. L. (Eds), Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors (Vol. 1, pp. 1851–1940). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Arango, D. J., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., & Ellsberg, M. (2014). Interventions to Prevent or Reduce Violence Against Women and Girls: A Systematic Review of Reviews. Washington, DC: Women’s Voice, Agency and Participation Research Series, World Bank.Google Scholar
Bair-Merritt, M. H., Lewis-O’Connor, A., Goel, S., Amato, P., Ismailji, T., Jelley, M., … & Cronholm, P. (2014). Primary care–based interventions for intimate partner violence: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(2), 188–194.Google Scholar
Barlow, J., Simkiss, D., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2006). Interventions to prevent or ameliorate child physical abuse and neglect: findings from a systematic review of reviews. Journal of Children’s Services, 1(3), 6–28.Google Scholar
Basile, K. C., DeGue, S., Jones, K., Freire, K., Dills, J., Smith, S. G., & Raiford, J. L. (2016). STOP SV: A Technical Package to Prevent Sexual Violence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Google Scholar
Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Leckenby, N., Jones, L., Baban, A., Kachaeva, M., … & Terzic, N. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences and associations with health-harming behaviors in young adults: surveys in the European Region. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 641–655B.Google Scholar
Bilukha, O., Hahn, R. A., Crosby, A., Fullilove, M. T., Liberman, A., Moscicki, E., … & Task Force on Community Preventive Services (2005). The effectiveness of early childhood home visitation in preventing violence: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28 (2 Suppl. 1), 11–39.Google Scholar
Black, M. C. (2011). Intimate partner violence and adverse health consequences: implications for clinicians. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 428–439.Google Scholar
Bogar, S. & Beyer, K. M. (2016). Green space, violence, and crime: a systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(2), 160–171.Google Scholar
Botvin, G. J. & Griffin, K. W. (2004). Life Skills Training: empirical findings and future directions. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 25(2), 211–232.Google Scholar
Boyle, A. A., Snelling, K., White, L., Ariel, B., & Ashelford, L. (2013). External validation of the Cardiff model of information sharing to reduce community violence: natural experiment. Emergency Medicine Journal, 30, 1020–1023.Google Scholar
Branas, C. C., Cheney, R. A., MacDonald, J. M., Tam, V. W., Jackson, T. D., & Ten Have, T. R. (2011). A difference-in-difference analysis of health, safety, and greening vacant urban space. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(11), 1296–1306.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, V. (1979). The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bufacchi, V. (2005). Two concepts of violence. Political Studies Review, 3(2), 193–204.Google Scholar
Burrus, B., Leeks, K. D., Sipe, T. A., Dolina, S., Soler, R. E., Elder, R. W., … & Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2012). Person-to-person interventions targeted to parents and other caregivers to improve adolescent health: a community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(3), 316–326.Google Scholar
Bussman, K., Erthal, C., & Schroth, A. (2011). Effects of banning corporal punishment in Europe – A five nation comparison. In Durrant, J. E. & Smith, A. B. (Eds), Global Pathways to Abolishing Physical Punishment (pp. 299–322). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butchart, A. & Mikton, C. (2015). The history and role of international agencies in violence prevention. In Donnelly, P. D. & Ward, C. L. (Eds), The Oxford Textbook of Violence Prevention: Epidemiology, Evidence and Policy (pp. 309–313), Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Butchart, A., Mikton, C., & Krug, E. (2014). Governments must do more to address interpersonal violence. The Lancet, 384(20/27), 2183–2185.Google Scholar
Butts, J. A., Roman, C. G., Bostwick, L., & Porter, J. R. (2015). Cure Violence: a public health model to reduce gun violence. Annual Review of Public Health, 36, 39–53.Google Scholar
Calkins, C., Jeglic, E., Beattey, R. A., Zeidman, S., & Perillo, A. D. (2014). Sexual violence legislation: a review of case law and empirical research. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(4), 443–462.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. C. & Manganello, J. (2006). Changing public attitudes as a prevention strategy to reduce intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 13(3–4), 13–39.Google Scholar
Cancian, M., Yang, M., & Slack, K. S. (2013). The effect of additional child support income on the risk of child maltreatment. Social Service Review, 87(3), 417–437.Google Scholar
Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J. W., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231–280.Google Scholar
Cary, C. E. & McMillen, J. C. (2012). The data behind the dissemination: a systematic review of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for use with children and youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 748–757.Google Scholar
Cassidy, T., Inglis, G., Wiysonge, C., & Matzopoulos, R. (2014). A systematic review of the effects of poverty deconcentration and urban upgrading on youth violence. Health & Place, 14(26), 78–87.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) fact sheet and country reports. Retrieved August, 2016 from www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/vacs/publications.html.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System – WISQARS. Retrieved August, 2016 from www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.Google Scholar
Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. (2016). Communities that Care. Blueprints for Violence Prevention. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Behavioral Science, Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. Retrieved June, 2016 from www.blueprintsprograms.com/factsheet/communities-that-care..Google Scholar
Chester, K. L., Callaghan, M., Cosma, A., Donnelly, P., Craig, W., Walsh, S., & Molcho, M. (2015). Cross-national time trends in bullying victimization in 33 countries among children age 11, 13 and 15 from 2002–2010. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 61–64.Google Scholar
Chiang, L. F., Kress, H., Sumner, S. A., Gleckel, J., Kawemama, P., & Gordon, R. N. (2016). Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS): towards a global surveillance system. Injury Prevention, 22(Suppl 1), i17–i22.Google Scholar
Chin, H., Sipe, T., Beeker, C., Elder, R., Mercer, S., Wethington, H., … & the Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2012). The effectiveness of comprehensive risk reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, HIV and STIs: two systematic reviews and meta-analyses. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(3), 272–294.Google Scholar
Coker, A. L., Bush, H. M., Cook-Craig, P. G., DeGue, S. A., Clear, E. R., Brancato, C. J., Fisher, B. S., & Recktenwald, E. A. (2017). RCT testing bystander effectiveness to reduce violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(5), 566–578.Google Scholar
Coker, A. L., Fisher, B. S., Bush, H. M., Swan, S. C., Williams, C. M., Clear, E. R., & DeGue, S. (2015). Evaluation of the Green Dot bystander intervention to reduce interpersonal violence among college students across three campuses. Violence Against Women, 12, 1507–1527.Google Scholar
Cox, G. R., Owens, C., Robinson, J., Nicholas, A., Lockley, A., Williamson, M., … & Pirkis, J. (2013). Interventions to reduce suicides at suicide hotspots: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Culyba, A. J., Jacoby, S. F., Richmond, T. S., Fein, J. A., Hohl, B. C., & Branas, C. C. (2016). Modifiable neighborhood features associated with adolescent homicide. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(5), 473–480.Google Scholar
Cunningham, R. M., Chermack, S. T., Zimmerman, M. A., Shope, J. T., Bingham, C. R., Blow, F. C., & Walton, M. A. (2012). Brief motivational interviewing intervention for peer violence and alcohol use in teens: one-year follow-up. Pediatrics, 129(6), 1083–1090.Google Scholar
Cunningham, R. M., Whiteside, L. K., Chermack, S. T., Zimmerman, M. A., Shope, J. T., Raymond Bingham, C., … & Walton, M. A. (2013). Dating violence: outcomes following a brief motivational interviewing intervention among at-risk adolescents in an urban emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 20(6), 562–569.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, L. L. & Krug, E. G. (2002). Violence – a global public health problem. In: Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (Eds), World Report on Violence and Health (pp. 1–21). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Danese, A. & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106(1), 29–39.Google Scholar
de Arellano, M. A., R. Lyman, D. R., Jobe-Shields, L., George, P., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., … & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(5), 591–602.Google Scholar
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., García-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., … & Watts, C. H. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527–1528.Google Scholar
Diez-Roux, A. V. (2000). Multilevel analysis in public health research. Annual Review of Public Health, 21(1), 171–192.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146–1158.Google Scholar
Dodge, K., Dishion, T., & Lansford, J. (Eds) (2006). Deviant Peer Influences in Programs for Youth: Problems and Solutions. New York: The Gilford Press.Google Scholar
DuBois, D. L. & Karcher, M. J. (Eds) (2014). Handbook of Youth Mentoring. Second edition. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications.Google Scholar
DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, C. (2011). How effective are mentoring programs for youth? a systematic assessment of the evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 312(2), 57–91.Google Scholar
Durlak, J. (2013). The importance of quality implementation for research, practice and policy. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services, Research Brief, 2/1/2013. Retrieved June, 2016 from https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/importance-quality-implementation-research-practice-and-policy.Google Scholar
Edwards, R. W., Jumper-Thurman, P., Plested, B., Oetting, E. R., & Swanson, L. (2000). Community readiness: research to practice. Journal of Community Psychology, 28(3), 291–307.Google Scholar
Ellsberg, M., Arango, D. J., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The Lancet, 385(9977), 1555–1566.Google Scholar
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., & Mercy, J. A. (2012). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 156–165.Google Scholar
Fang, X., Fry, D., Brown, D., Mercy, J., Dunne, M., Butchart, A., … & Swales, D. (2015). The burden of child maltreatment in the East Asia and Western Pacific region. Child Abuse and Neglect, 42, 146–162.Google Scholar
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. &Hoeffler, A. (2014). Post-2015 Consensus: Conflict and Violence Assessment. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Consensus Centre.Google Scholar
Fitterer, J. L., Nelson, T. A., & Stockwell, T. (2015). A review of existing studies reporting the negative effects of alcohol access and positive effects of alcohol control policies on interpersonal violence. Frontiers in Public Health, 3(253), 1–11.Google Scholar
Florence, C., Shepherd, J., Brennan, I., & Simon, T. (2014). An economic evaluation of anonymized information sharing in a partnership between health services, police and local government for preventing violence-related injury. Injury Prevention, 20(2), 108–114.Google Scholar
Florence, C., Shepherd, J., Brennan, I., & Simon, T. (2011). Effectiveness of anonymised information sharing and use in health service, police, and local government partnership for preventing violence related injury: experimental study and time series analysis. British Medical Journal, 342, 1–9.Google Scholar
Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., Ennett, S. T., Linder, G. F., Benefield, T., & Suchindran, C. (2004). Assessing the long-term effects of the Safe Dates program and a booster in preventing and reducing adolescent dating violence victimization and perpetration. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 619–624.Google Scholar
Foshee, V. A., McNaughton Reyes, L., Tharp, A. T., Chang, L. Y., Ennett, S. T., Simon, T. R., … & Suchindran, C. (2015). Shared longitudinal predictors of physical peer and dating violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(1), 106–112.Google Scholar
Foshee, V. A., Reyes, L. M., Agnew-Brune, C. B., Simon, T. R., Vagi, K. J., Lee, R. D., & Suchindran, C. (2014). The effects of the evidence-based Safe Dates dating abuse prevention program on other youth violence outcomes. Prevention Science, 15(6), 907–916.Google Scholar
Furlong, M., McGilloway, S., Bywater, T., Hutchings, J., Smith, S. M., & Donnelly, M. (2013). Cochrane review: behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group-based parenting programs for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years. Evidence-Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 8(2), 318–692.Google Scholar
Garbarino, J. & Crouter, A. (1978). Defining the community context for parent-child relations: the correlates of child maltreatment. Child Development, 49(3), 604–616.Google Scholar
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H., Watts, C., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Country Research Teams. (2005). WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. Geneva, World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Gardner, F., Montgomery, P., & Knerr, W. (2015). Transporting evidence-based parenting programs for child problem behavior (age 3–10) between countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 53, 1–14.Google Scholar
Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vitter, Z., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: a systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 399–428.Google Scholar
Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children. (2016). Retrieved June, 2016 from www.end-violence.org.Google Scholar
Goodman, R. M., Speers, M. A., McLeroy, K., Fawcett, S., Kegler, M., Parker, E., … & Wallerstein, N. (1998). Identifying and defining the dimensions of community capacity to provide a basis for measurement. Health Education & Behavior, 25(3), 258–278.Google Scholar
Graham, I. D., Logan, J., Harrison, M. B., Straus, S. E., Tetroe, J., Caswell, W., & Robinson, N. (2006). Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 26(1), 13–24.Google Scholar
Hamby, S. & Grych, J. (2013). The Web of Violence: Exploring Connections Among Different Forms of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse. New York: Springer Briefs in Sociology.Google Scholar
Hahn, R., Fuqua-Whitley, D., Wethington, H., Lowy, J., Crosby, A., Fullilove, M., Johnson, R., Liberman, A., Moscicki, E., Price, L., Snyder, S., Tuma, F., Cory, S., Stone, G., Mukhopadhaya, K., Chattopadhyay, S., Dahlberg, L., & Task Force on Community Preventive Services (2007). Effectiveness of universal school-based programs to prevent violent and aggressive behavior: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(2), S114–S129.Google Scholar
Hart, H. & Rubia, K. (2012). Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 52.Google Scholar
Hegarty, K., O’Doherty, L., Taft, A., Chondros, P., Brown, S., Valpied, J., Astbury, J., Taket, A., Gold, L., Feder, G. & Gunn, J. (2013). Screening and counselling in the primary care setting for women who have experienced intimate partner violence (WEAVE): a cluster randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 382(9888), 249–258.Google Scholar
Heise, L. (1998). Violence against women: An integrated, ecological framework. Violence Against Women, 4(3), 262–290.Google Scholar
Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., & Kress, H. (2016). Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics, 137(3), 1–13.Google Scholar
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Butchart, A., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., & Mikton, C. (2014). Global development and diffusion of outcome evaluation research for interpersonal and self-directed violence prevention from 2007–2013: a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(6), 655–662.Google Scholar
Johannesen, M. & LoGiudice, D. (2013). Elder abuse: a systematic review of risk factors in community-dwelling elders. Age and Ageing, 42(3), 292–298.Google Scholar
Kostadinov, I., Daniel, M., Stanley, L., Gancia, A., & Cargo, M. (2015). A systematic review of community readiness tool applications: implications for reporting. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 12(4), 3453–3468.Google Scholar
Katz, J. & Moore, J. (2013). Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: an initial meta-analysis. Violence and Victims, 28(6), 1054–1067.Google Scholar
Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2013). Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Prevention Science, 14(4), 352–363.Google Scholar
Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (Eds) 2002. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Leeb, T. R., Lewis, T., & Zolotor, A. J. (2011). A review of physical and mental health consequences of child abuse and neglect and implications for practice. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 454–468.Google Scholar
Lipsey, M., Landenberger, N. A., & Wilson, S. J. (2007). Effects of cognitive-behavioral programs for criminal offenders: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 3(6).Google Scholar
Litschge, C. M., Vaughn, M. G., & McCrea, C. (2010). The empirical status of treatments for children and youth with conduct problems: an overview of meta-analytic studies. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(1), 21–35.Google Scholar
MacMillan, H. L., Wathen, C. N., Barlow, J., Fergusson, D. M., Leventhal, J. M., & Taussig, H. N. (2009). Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment. The Lancet, 373(9659), 250–266.Google Scholar
Matjasko, J. L., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Massetti, G. M., Holland, K. M., Holt, M. K., & Cruz, J. D. (2012). A systematic meta-review of evaluations of youth violence prevention programs: common and divergent findings from 25 years of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(6), 540–552.Google Scholar
MacDonald, J., Golinelli, D., Stokes, R. J., & Bluthenthal, R. (2010). The effect of business improvement districts on the incidence of violent crimes. Injury Prevention, 16(5), 327–332.Google Scholar
McDowell, I. (2008). From risk factors to explanation in public health. Journal of Public Health, 30(3), 219–223.Google Scholar
Meinck, F., Cluver, L. D., Boyes, M. E., & Mhlongo, E. L. (2015). Risk and protective factors for physical and sexual abuse of children and adolescents in Africa: a review and implications for practice. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(1), 81–107.Google Scholar
Mercy, J. A., Rosenberg, M. L., Powell, K. E., Broome, C. V., & Roper, W. L. (1993). Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Affairs, 12(4), 7–29.Google Scholar
Mercy, J. A., Hillis, S. D., Butchart, A., Bellis, M. A., Ward, C. L., Fang, X., & Rosenberg, M. (2017). Interpersonal violence: global impact and paths to prevention. In Mock, C. N., Nugent, R., Kobusingye, O., & Smith, K. R. (Eds), Injury Prevention and Environmental Health. Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Vol. 7, pp. 71–96). Washington, DC: The World Bank Group.Google Scholar
Mikton, C. (2012). Technical report on the assessment of readiness to implement evidence-based child maltreatment prevention programmes of Brazil, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Mikton, C., Butchart, A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Krug, E. (2016). Global status report on violence prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(5), 652–659.Google Scholar
Mikton, C., Mehra, R., Butchart, A., Addiss, D., Almuneef, M., Cardia, N., … & Raleva, M. (2011). A mulitdimensional model for child maltreatment prevention readiness in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(7), 826–843.Google Scholar
Mikton, C., Power, M., Raleva, M., Makoae, M., Al Eissa, M., Cheah, I., … & Almuneef, M. (2013). The assessment of the readiness of five countries to implement child maltreatment prevention programs on a large scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1237–1251.Google Scholar
Milaniak, I. & Widom, C. S. (2015). Does child abuse and neglect increase risk for perpetration of violence inside and outside the home? Psychology of Violence, 5(3), 246–255.Google Scholar
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959–997.Google Scholar
Mitton, C., Adair, C. E., McKenzie, E., Patten, S. B., & Perry, B. W. (2007). Knowledge transfer and exchange: review and synthesis of the literature. Milbank Quarterly, 85(4), 729–768.Google Scholar
Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., Pariante, C. M., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 163(12), 1135–1143.Google Scholar
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), 42–44.Google Scholar
Ogden, T., Forgatch, M., Askeland, E., Patterson, G., & Bullock, B. (2005). Implementation of parent management training at the national level: the case of Norway. Journal of Social Work Practice, 19(3), 317–329.Google Scholar
Osterman, K., Bjorkqvist, K., & Wahlbeck, K. (2014). Twenty eight years after the complete ban on physical punishment of children in Finland: trends and psychosocial concomitants. Aggressive Behavior, 40(6), 568–581.Google Scholar
Pearce, N. (1996). Traditional epidemiology, modern epidemiology, and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 86(5), 678–683.Google Scholar
Pentland, D., Forsyth, K., Maciver, D., Walsh, M., Murray, R., Irvine, L., & Sikora, S. (2011). Key characteristics of knowledge transfer and exchange in healthcare: integrative literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(7), 1408–1425.Google Scholar
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Effects of family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5(2), 83–120.Google Scholar
Pirkis, J., Too, L. S., Spittal, M. J., Krysinska, K., Robinson, J., & Cheung, Y. T. D. (2015). Interventions to reduce suicides at suicide hotspots: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 994–1001.Google Scholar
Plested, B. A., Edwards, R. W., & Jumper-Thurman, P. (2006). Community Readiness: A Handbook for Successful Change. Fort Collins, CO: Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research.Google Scholar
Plested, B. A., Edwards, R. W., & Jumper-Thurman, P. (2007). Disparities in community readiness for HIV/AIDS prevention. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(4), 729–739.Google Scholar
Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., & Pigott, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs’ effects on bystander intervention behavior. School Psychology Review, 41(1), 47–65.Google Scholar
Powell, K. E., Mercy, J. A., Crosby, A. E., Dahlberg, L. L., & Simon, T. R. (1999). Public health models of violence and violence prevention. In: Kurtz, L. R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict (pp. 175–187). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Purtle, J., Corbin, T. J., Rich, L. J., & Rich, J. A. (2015). Hospitals as a locus for violence intervention. In Donnelly, P. D. & Ward, C. L. (Eds), Oxford Textbook of Violence Prevention: Epidemiology, Evidence, and Policy (pp. 231–238). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Salmivalli, C. (2014). Participant roles in bullying: how can peer bystanders be utilized in interventions? Theory Into Practice, 53(4), 286–292.Google Scholar
Sandler, I., Schoenfelder, E., Wolchik, S., & MacKinnon, D. (2011). Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 299–329.Google Scholar
Santaella-Tenorio, J., Cerdá, M., Villaveces, A., & Galea, S. (2016). What do we know about the association between firearm legislation and firearm-related injuries? Epidemiologic Reviews, 38(1), 140–157.Google Scholar
Sawyer, A. M. & Borduin, C. M. (2011). Effects of Multisystemic Therapy through midlife: a 21.9-year follow-up to a randomized clinical trial with serious and violent juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 643–652.Google Scholar
Schiamberg, L. B. & Gans, D. (1999). An ecological framework for contextual risk factors in elder abuse by adult children. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 11(1), 79–103.Google Scholar
Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., Jr. & James, A. (2016). The SOS Suicide Prevention Program: further evidence of efficacy and effectiveness. Prevention Science, 17(2), 157–166.Google Scholar
Shonkoff, J. P, & Phillips, D. A. (Eds) (2000). From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Sivarajasingam, V., Page, N., Wells, J., Morgan, P., Matthews, K., Moore, S., & Shepherd, J. (2016). Trends in violence in England and Wales 2010–2014. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(6), 616–621.Google Scholar
Sliwa, S., Goldberg, J. P., Clark, V., Junot, B., Nahar, E., Nelson, M. E., … & Hyatt, R. R. (2011). Using the Community Readiness Model to select communities for a community-wide obesity prevention intervention. Prevention of Chronic Disease, 8(6), A150.Google Scholar
Spoth, R., Rohrbach, L. A., Greenberg, M., Leaf, P., Brown, C. H., Fagan, A., … & Society for Prevention Research Type 2 Translational Task Force Members and Contributing Authors (2013). Addressing core challenges for the next generation of type 2 translation research and systems: the translation science to population impact (TSci Impact) framework. Prevention Science, 14(4), 319–351.Google Scholar
Spoth, R. L., Trudeau, L. S., Redmond, C. R., Shin, C., Greenberg, M. T., Feinberg, M. E., & Hyun, G. (2015). PROSPER partnership delivery system: effects on adolescent conduct problem behavior outcomes through 6.5 years past baseline. Journal of Adolescence, 45, 44–55.Google Scholar
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R., & Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), 37–50.Google Scholar
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Alink, L. R. A. (2013). Cultural-geographical differences in the occurrence of child physical abuse? A meta-analysis of global prevalence. International Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 81–94.Google Scholar
Stoltenborgh, M., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 79–101.Google Scholar
Suglia, S. F., Sapra, K. J., & Koenen, K. C. (2015). Violence and cardiovascular health: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(2), 205–212.Google Scholar
Susser, M. (1998). Does risk factor epidemiology put epidemiology at risk? Peering into the future. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52(10), 608–611.Google Scholar
Sustainable Development Goals. (2016). Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved August, 2016 from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/.Google Scholar
Tolan, P. H. & Guerra, N. G. (1994). What works in reducing adolescent violence: a empirical review of the field (pp. 1–94). Boulder, CO: The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado.Google Scholar
Tolan, P. H., Henry, D. B., Schoeny, M. S., Lovegrove, P., & Nichols, E. (2014). Mentoring programs to affect delinquency and associated outcomes of youth at risk: a comprehensive meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(2), 179–206.Google Scholar
Ttofi, M. M. & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27–56.Google Scholar
Twardosz, S. & Lutzker, J. R. (2010). Child maltreatment and the developing brain: a review of neuroscience perspectives. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), 59–68.Google Scholar
UNWomen (2016). Retrieved June, 2016 from www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women.Google Scholar
van der Stouwe, T., Asscher, J. J., Stams, G. J., Deković, M., & van der Laan, P. H. (2014). The effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy (MST): a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(6), 468–481.Google Scholar
Verma, R., Pulerwitz, J., Mahendra, V., Khandekar, S., Singh, A., Das, S., … & Barker, G. (2008). Promoting gender equity as a strategy to reduce HIV risk and gender-based violence among young men in India. Washington, DC: Population Council.Google Scholar
Vyas, S. & Watts, C. (2009). How does economic empowerment affect women’s risk of intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic review of published evidence. Journal of International Development, 21(5), 577–602.Google Scholar
Wagenaar, A. C., Tobler, A. L., & Komro, K. A. (2010). Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: a systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 100(11), 2270–2278.Google Scholar
Wagner, D. V., Borduin, C. M., Sawyer, A. M., & Dopp, A. R. (2014). Long-term prevention of criminality in siblings of serious and violent juvenile offenders: a 25-year follow-up to a randomized clinical trial of Multisystemic Therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(3), 492–499.Google Scholar
Walters, R. H. & Parke, R. D. (1964). Social motivation, dependency, and susceptibility to social influence. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 231–276). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wandersman, A, Duffy, J., Flaspohler, P., Noonan, R., Lubell, K., Stillman, L., … & Saul, J. (2008). Bridging the gap between prevention research and practice: the interactive systems framework for dissemination and implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3–4), 171–81.Google Scholar
Wasserman, D., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Wall, M., Eisenberg, R., Hadlaczky, G., et al. (2014). School-based suicide prevention programs: The SEYLE cluster-randomized, controlled trial. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1536–1544.Google Scholar
Wemrell, M., Merlo, J., Mulinari, S., & Hornborg, A. C. (2016). Contemporary epidemiology: a review of critical discussions within the discipline and a call for further dialogue with social theory. Sociology Compass, 10(2), 153–171.Google Scholar
Wethington, H. R., Hahn, R. A., Fuqua-Whitley, D. S., Sipe, T. A., Crosby, A. E., Johnson, R. L., … & Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2008). The effectiveness of interventions to reduce psychological harm from traumatic events among children and adolescents: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3), 287–313.Google Scholar
Whitaker, D. J., Baker, C. K., & Arias, I. (2007). Interventions to prevent intimate partner violence. In: Doll, L., Bonzo, S., Sleet, D., Mercy, J., & Hass, E. (Eds), Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention (pp. 183–201), New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Whitaker, D. J., Le, B., Karl, H. R., Baker, C. K., McMahon, P. M., Ryan, G., … & Rice, D. D. (2008). Risk factors for the perpetration of child sexual abuse: a review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(5), 529–548.Google Scholar
Wikström, P. O. H., & Sampson, R. J. (Eds) (2006). The Explanation of Crime: Context, Mechanisms and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, N., Tsao, B., Hertz, M., Davis, R., & Klevens, J. (2014). Connecting the Dots: An Overview of the Links Among Multiple Forms of Violence. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA) and Prevention Institute, Oakland CA.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. J. & Lipsey, M. W. (2007). School-based interventions for aggressive and disruptive behavior: update of a meta-analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(2), S130–S143.Google Scholar
Wolfe, D. A., Wekerle, C., Scott, K., Straatman, A. L., Grasley, C., & Reitzel-Jaffe, D. (2003). Dating violence prevention with at-risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 279–291.Google Scholar
Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C., Jaffe, P., Chiodo, D., Hughes, R., Ellis, W., … & Donner, A. (2009). A school-based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: a cluster randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(8), 692–699.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2013). A Study of Gender and Human Rights-Based Approaches in Development. Retrieved June, 2016 from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PROJECTS/Resources/40940-1331068268558/Report_of_Gender_and_HumanRightsApproaches.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Assembly. (2016). Resolution 69.5. WHO global plan of action on strengthening the role of the health system within a national multisectoral response to address interpersonal violence, in particular against women and girls, and against children. Geneva: World Health Assembly. Retrieved August, 2016 from http://apps.who.int/gb/e/e_wha69.html.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1996). Violence: A Public Health Priority. WHO Global Consultation on Violence and Health (Document WHO/EHA/SPI.POA.2). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2008). Manual for Estimating the Economic Costs of Injuries Due to Interpersonal and Self-Directed Violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2009). Violence Prevention: The Evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2010). Preventing Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Against Women: Taking Action and Generating Evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2011). European Report on Preventing Elder Maltreatment. Rome, Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2012). Global, Regional and Country-Level Cause-Specific Mortality Estimates, WHO Global Burden of Disease Statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2014a). Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014. Geneva, World Health Organization, United Nations Development Programme, and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014b). Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2015). Preventing Youth Violence: An Overview of the Evidence. Geneva, World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2016a). Readiness Assessment for the Prevention of Child Maltreatment (RAP-CM). Retrieved August, 2016 from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/child/cmp_readiness/en/.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2016b). INSPIRE: Seven Strategies For Ending Violence Against Children. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., LoMurray, M., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Petrova, M., Yu, Q., … & Wang, W. (2010). An outcome evaluation of the Sources of Strength suicide prevention program delivered by adolescent peer leaders in high schools. American Journal of Public Health, 100(9), 1653–1661.Google Scholar
Yon, Y., Mikton, C. R, Gassoumis, Z. D., & Wilber, K. H. (2016). Elder abuse prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Submitted to The Lancet, July 2016.Google Scholar
Zolotor, A. J. & Puzia, M. E. (2010). Bans against corporal punishment: a systematic review of the laws, changes in attitudes and behaviors. Child Abuse Review, 19(4), 229–247.Google Scholar
References
Abadie, A. (2006). Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism. American Economic Review, 96(2), 50–56.Google Scholar
Abrahms, M. (2012). The Political Effectiveness of Terrorism Revisited. Comparative Political Studies, 45(3), 366–393.Google Scholar
Abrams, D., Houston, D. M., Vyver, J. V., & Vasiljevic, M. (2015). Equality hypocrisy, inconsistency, and prejudice: The unequal application of the universal human right to equality. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21(1), 28–46.Google Scholar
Al-amin, U. S. & Searcey, D. (2016). Young Bombers Kill 58 at Nigerian Camp for Those Fleeing Boko Haram. February 10, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/world/africa/suicide-bomber-girls-kill-58-in-nigerian-refugee-camp.html.Google Scholar
Alvarez, L. & Pérez-Peña, R. (2016). Orlando Gunman Attacks Gay Nightclub, Leaving 50 Dead. New York Times. June 12, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 fromwww.nytimes.com/2016/06/13/us/orlando-nightclub-shooting.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. (2010). France: Votes to ban full-face veils (press release). July 13, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.amnestyusa.org/news/press-releases/france-votes-to-ban-full-face-veils.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. (2016). Upturned lives the disproportionate impact of france’s state of emergency. London, UK: Amnesty International Publications.Google Scholar
Bacon, J. (2016). Death Toll Rises to 28 in Turkish Car Bomb Blast. February 17, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/02/17/ankara-turkey-eplosion/80502062/.Google Scholar
Balko, R. (2013). Rise of the warrior cop: The militarization of America’s police forces. New York: PublicAffairs.Google Scholar
Benmelech, E., Berrebi, C., & Klor, E. F. (2012). Economic Conditions and the Quality of Suicide Terrorism. The Journal of Politics, 74(1), 113–128.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, M., Branigin, W., & Kaplan, S. (2016). Truck Rams Bastille Day Crowd in Nice, France, Killing at least 84. July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/truck-rams-bastille-day-crowd-in-southern-france/2016/07/14/18772ce6-4a0d-11e6-bdb9-701687974517_story.html.Google Scholar
Blalock, G., Kadiyali, V., & Simon, D. (2007). The Impact of Post-9/11 Airport Security Measures on the Demand for Air Travel. The Journal of Law and Economics, 50(4), 731–755.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, J. N. & Moghaddam, F. M. (2012). Globalization and a Conservative Dilemma: Economic Openness and Retributive Policies. Journal of Social Issues, 68(3), 559–570.Google Scholar
Breckenridge, J. N. & Zimbardo, P. G. (2006). The Strategy of Terrorism and the Psychology of Mass-Mediated Fear. In Bongar, B., Brown, L. M., Beutler, L. E., Breckenridge, J. N., & Zimbardo, P. G. (Eds), Psychology of Terrorism (pp. 116–133). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Breeden, A. (2016). French Authorities Given Broader Powers to Fight Terrorism. May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.nytimes.com/2016/05/26/world/europe/france-terrorism-laws.html.Google Scholar
Byman, D. & Kreps, S. E. (2010). Agents of Destruction? Applying Principal-Agent Analysis to State-Sponsored Terrorism. International Studies Perspectives, 11(1), 1–18.Google Scholar
Byman, D. (2005). Deadly connections: States that sponsor terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Çakal, H., Hewstone, M., Güler, M., & Heath, A. (2016). Predicting Support for Collective Action in the Conflict between Turks and Kurds: Perceived Threat as a Mediator of Intergroup Contact and Social Identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(6), 732–752.Google Scholar
Callimachi, R., Eddy, M., & Jacobs, A. (2016). Gunman in Munich Kills 9, Then Himself, the Police Say. July 22, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/world/europe/munich-mall.html.Google Scholar
Chrisafis, A. (2011). Muslim women protest on first day of France’s face veil ban. April 11, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/france-bans-burqa-and-niqab.Google Scholar
Cross, T. (2016). France’s state of emergency used to ban activists from labour law protests. May 16, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from http://en.rfi.fr/france/20160516-frances-state-emergency-used-ban-activists-labour-law-protests.Google Scholar
Crowson, H. M., Debacker, T. K., & Thoma, S. J. (2006). The Role of Authoritarianism, Perceived Threat, and Need for Closure or Structure in Predicting Post-9/11 Attitudes and Beliefs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(6), 733–750.Google Scholar
De Roffignac, H., Pennetier, M., & Trompiz, G. (2016). French protesters call for end to state of emergency. January 31, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.reuters.com/article/france-attacks-emergency-protests-idUSKCN0V9048.Google Scholar
Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., de Wolf, A., Mann, L., & Feddes, A. R. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization, and de-radicalization. (2016). Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 79–84.Google Scholar
Dorell, O. (2016). 2016 already marred by nearly daily terror attacks. July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/06/29/major-terrorist-attacks-year/86492692/.Google Scholar
Durham, M. (1996). Preparing for armageddon: Citizen militias, the patriot movement and the Oklahoma city bombing. Terrorism and Political Violence, 8(1), 65–79.Google Scholar
Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., & Oßwald, S. (2007). Terror salience and punishment: Does terror salience induce threat to social order? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(6), 964–971.Google Scholar
Fischer, P., Haslam, S. A., & Smith, L. (2010). “If you wrong us, shall we not revenge?” Social identity salience moderates support for retaliation in response to collective threat. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(2), 143–150.Google Scholar
Fischer, P., Postmes, T., Koeppl, J., Conway, L., & Fredriksson, T. (2011). The Meaning of Collective Terrorist Threat: Understanding the Subjective Causes of Terrorism Reduces Its Negative Psychological Impact. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(7), 1432–1445. doi: 10.1177/0886260510369137.Google Scholar
Fortna, V. P. (2015). Do Terrorists Win? Rebels’ Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes. International Organization, 69(03), 519–556.Google Scholar
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191.Google Scholar
Glynn, S. A., Busch, M. P., Schreiber, G. B., Murphy, E. L., Wright, D. J., Tu, Y., & Kleinman, S. H. (2003). Effect of a National Disaster on Blood Supply and Safety. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(17), 2246–2253.Google Scholar
Goodwin, R., Willson, M., & Stanley, G. (2005). Terror threat perception and its consequences in contemporary Britain. British Journal of Psychology, 96(4), 389–406.Google Scholar
Greenwald, G. (2014). No place to hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. surveillance state. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Hadid, D. (2016). American graduate student killed in stabbing rampage near Tel Aviv. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/world/middleeast/jaffa-israel-stabbing-attacks.html.Google Scholar
Halliday, F. (2005). 100 myths about the Middle East. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Harooni, M. (2016). Anger, mourning in Afghanistan after Kabul suicide attack. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-blast/anger-mourning-in-afghanistan-after-kabul-suicide-attack-idUSKCN1040E4.Google Scholar
Hollande, F. (2016a). Déclaration à la suite des événements de Nice. July 14, 2016. Speech presented at Déclaration à la suite des événements de Nice in France, Paris.Google Scholar
Hollande, F. (2016b). TV Interview with President François Hollande (Interview by G. Bouleau & D. Pujadas, Transcript). July 14, 2016. In Entretien télévisé du 14 juillet. Paris: Elysee.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. (2007). The Political Consequences of Perceived Threat and Felt Insecurity. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 614(1), 131–153.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2016). France: Abuses Under State of Emergency. February 3, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.hrw.org/news/2016/02/03/france-abuses-under-state-emergency.Google Scholar
Jaspal, R., Carriere, K. R., & Moghaddam, F. M. (2016). Bridging macro-, meso-, and microprocesses in social psychology. In Valsiner, J., Marsico, G., Chaudhary, N., Satō, T., & Dazzani, M. V. (Eds), Psychology as the science of human being: The Yokohama Manifesto (Vol. 13, Annals of Theoretical Psychology, pp. 265–276). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.Google Scholar
Juergensmeyer, M. (2000). Terror in the mind of God: The global rise of religious violence. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kalin, S. (2016). At least 51 killed in attacks in Iraqi capital, eastern town. January 11, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-violence-idUSKCN0UP1R420160111.Google Scholar
Karimi, F., Almasy, S., & Tuysuz, G. (2016). ISIS leadership helped plan Istanbul attack, source says. June 20, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.cnn.com/2016/06/30/europe/turkey-istanbul-ataturk-airport-attack/.Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. (2014). Thinking Beyond Direct Violence. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 46(2), 441–444.Google Scholar
Klaus, E. & Kassel, S. (2005). The veil as a means of legitimization: An analysis of the interconnectedness of gender, media and war. Journalism, 6(3), 335–355.Google Scholar
Korte, G. (2014). Special report: America’s perpetual state of emergency. October 23, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/10/22/president-obama-states-of-emergency/16851775/.Google Scholar
Kraska, P. B. & Cubellis, L. J. (1997). Militarizing Mayberry and beyond: Making sense of American paramilitary policing. Justice Quarterly, 14(4), 607–629.Google Scholar
Kraska, P. B. (2007). Militarization and Policing – Its Relevance to 21st Century Police. Policing, 1(4), 501–513.Google Scholar
Kumar, N. & Moinuddin, A. K. (2016). Police End Siege in Bangladeshi Capital’s Diplomatic Zone. July 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from http://time.com/4391961/bangladesh-capital-dhaka-hostages-diplomatic-zone/.Google Scholar
LaFree, G., Dugan, L., & Miller, E. (2015). Putting terrorism in context: Lessons from the global terrorism database. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Laurent, O. (2015). Here’s the Last Time France Declared a State of Emergency. November 13, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from http://time.com/4112625/france-state-of-emergency/.Google Scholar
Leader, S. H. & Probst, P. (2003). The Earth Liberation Front And Environmental Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 15(4), 37–58.Google Scholar
Loi n° 2004–228. (2004). Encadrant, en application du principe de laïcité, le port de signes ou de tenues manifestant une appartenance religieuse dans les écoles, collèges et lycées publics. March 15, 2004.Google Scholar
Loi n° 2010-1192. (2010). Loi interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l’espace public. September 14, 2010.Google Scholar
Loi n° 2015-1501. (2015). Prorogeant l’application de la loi n° 55–385 du 3 avril 1955 relative à l’état d’urgence et renforçant l’efficacité de ses dispositions (Loi n’appelant pas de décret d’application). November 20, 2015.Google Scholar
Loi n° 2016–162. (2016). Prorogeant l’application de la loi n° 55–385 du 3 avril 1955 relative à l’état d’urgence. February 19, 2016.Google Scholar
Loi n° 2016–629. (2016). Prorogeant l’application de la loi n° 55–385 du 3 avril 1955 relative à l’état d’urgence. May 20, 2016.Google Scholar
Loi n° 2016–731. (2016). renforçant la lutte contre le crime organisé, le terrorisme et leur financement, et améliorant l’efficacité et les garanties de la procédure pénale. June 3, 2016.Google Scholar
Markon, J. (2010). Mosque infiltration feeds Muslims’ distrust of FBI. Washington Post. December 5, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/04/AR2010120403720.html.Google Scholar
McDoom, O. S. (2012). The Psychology of Threat in Intergroup Conflict: Emotions, Rationality, and Opportunity in the Rwandan Genocide. International Security, 37(2), 119–155.Google Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2005). The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration. American Psychologist, 60(2), 161–169.Google Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2006). From the terrorists’ point of view: What they experience and why they come to destroy. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International.Google Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2013). The psychology of dictatorship. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Morin, R. & Horowitz, J. M. (2010). Europeans Debate the Scarf and the Veil. April 1, 2010. Retrieved from www.pewglobal.org/2006/11/20/europeans-debate-the-scarf-and-the-veil/.Google Scholar
Mullally, S. (2011). Civic Integration, Migrant Women and the Veil: At the Limits of Rights? The Modern Law Review, 74(1), 27–56.Google Scholar
Muslims in Europe: Country Guide. (2005). December 23, 2005. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm.Google Scholar
Muzzatti, S. L. (2005). The Police, the Public, and the Post-Liberal Politics of Fear: Paramilitary Policing Post-9/11. In Hodgson, J. F. & Orban, C. (Eds), Blue Culture and the Public: Paramilitary Policing Post-September 11th (pp. 107–127). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.Google Scholar
Nacos, B. L. (2007). Mass-mediated Terrorism: The central role of the media in terrorism and counterterrorism. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Open Society Foundations. (2011). Unveiling the truth: Why 32 Muslim Women Wear the Full-face Veil in France. New York: Open Society Foundations.Google Scholar
Peffley, M., Hutchison, M. L., & Shamir, M. (2015). The Impact of Persistent Terrorism on Political Tolerance: Israel, 1980 to 2011. American Political Science Review, 109(4), 817–832.Google Scholar
PEW Global. (2008). Chapter 1. Views of Religious Groups. September 17, 2008. Retrieved June 1, 2016 from www.pewglobal.org/2008/09/17/chapter-1-views-of-religious-groups/.Google Scholar
PEW Global. (2010). Widespread Support For Banning Full Islamic Veil in Western Europe. July 8, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2016 from www.pewglobal.org/2010/07/08/widespread-support-for-banning-full-islamic-veil-in-western-europe/.Google Scholar
Pyszczynski, T., Motyl, M., Vail, K. E., Hirschberger, G., Arndt, J., & Kesebir, P. (2012). Drawing attention to global climate change decreases support for war. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18(4), 354–368.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S. J. (2013). Re-casting the veil: Situated meanings of covering. Culture & Psychology, 19(2), 237–258.Google Scholar
RFI. (2015). France to opt out of European human rights convention because of Paris attacks. November 27, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2016 from http://en.rfi.fr/europe/20151127-france-opt-out-european-human-rights-convention-because-paris-attacks.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, P. J. (2013). The role of projective identification in constructing the “Other”: Why do Westerners want to “liberate” Muslim women? Culture & Psychology, 19(2), 213–224.Google Scholar
Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., Tov, A. Y., & Schmidt, P. (2004). Population size, perceived threat, and exclusion: A multiple-indicators analysis of attitudes toward foreigners in Germany. Social Science Research, 33(4), 681–701.Google Scholar
Severson, D. (2015). France’s Extended State of Emergency: What New Powers Did the Government Get? (Publication). November 22, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2016 from www.lawfareblog.com/frances-extended-state-emergency-what-new-powers-did-government-get.Google Scholar
Shariff, A. F., Wiwad, D., & Aknin, L. B. (2016). Income Mobility Breeds Tolerance for Income Inequality: Cross-National and Experimental Evidence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 373–380.Google Scholar
Silver, N. (2010). Crunching the numbers. Wall Street Journal. January 8, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2016 from www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703481004574646963713065116.Google Scholar
Spaaij, R. & Hamm, M. S. (2015). Endgame? Sports Events as Symbolic Targets in Lone Wolf Terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(12), 1022–1037.Google Scholar
Tawfeeq, M., Sterling, J., Ap, T., & Alkhshali, H. (2016). Bombing that killed more than 200 deadliest attack in Baghdad in years. July 4, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.cnn.com/2016/07/04/middleeast/baghdad-car-bombs/.Google Scholar
Van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Towards an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological processes. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504–535.Google Scholar
Vinocur, N. & John, M. (2013). Paris Riots: France Defends Veil Ban And Conduct Of Police During Violent Protests. June 22, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/paris-riots-france-defends-veil-ban_n_3633692.html.Google Scholar
Wagner, L. & Chappell, B. (2016). Terrorist Bombings Strike Brussels: What We Know. March 22, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/22/471391497/what-we-know-terrorist-bombing-at-brussels-airport.Google Scholar
Walsh, J. P. (2016). Moral panics by design: The case of terrorism. Current Sociology, 1, 1–20.Google Scholar
Weigert, K. M. (2008). Structural Violence. In Fink, G. (Ed.), Stress of war, conflict and disaster (pp. 126–133). Amsterdam: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Welch, K. (2016). Middle Eastern Terrorist Stereotypes and Anti-Terror Policy Support: The Effect of Perceived Minority Threat. Race and Justice, 6(2), 117–145.Google Scholar
Whitehead, J. W. & Aden, S. H. (2002). Forfeiting “Enduring Freedom” for “Homeland Security”: A Constitutional Analysis of the USA Patriot Act and the Justice Department’s Anti Terrorism Initiatives. American University Law Review, 51(6), 1081–1133.Google Scholar
Wires, N. (2010). French “burqa” ban passes last legal hurdle. October 7, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2016 from www.france24.com/en/20101007-french-burqa-ban-passes-last-legal-hurdle-constitutional-council-veil.Google Scholar
References
Alia-Klein, N., O’Rourke, T., Goldstein, R., & Malaspina, D. (2007). Insight into illness and adherence to psychotropic medications are separately associated with violence severity in a forensic sample. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 86–96.Google Scholar
Beck, N., Greenfield, S., Gotham, H., Menditto, A., Stuve, P., & Hemme, C. (1997). Risperidone in the management of violent, treatment-resistant schizophrenics hospitalized in a maximum security forensic facility. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 461–468.Google Scholar
Bitter, I., Czobor, P., Dossenbach, M., & Volavka, J. (2005). Effectiveness of clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and haloperidol monotherapy in reducing hostile and aggressive behavior in outpatients treated for schizophrenia: a prospective naturalistic study (IC-SOHO). European Psychiatry, 20, 403–408.Google Scholar
Buckley, P., Ibrahim, Z., Singer, B., Orr, B., Donenwirth, K., & Brar, P. (1997). Aggression and schizophrenia: efficacy of risperidone. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 25, 173–181.Google Scholar
Caspi, N., Modai, I., Barak, P., Waisbourd, A., Zbarsky, H., Hirschmann, S., & Ritsner, M. (2001). Pindolol augmentation in aggressive schizophrenic patients: a double- blind crossover randomized study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 97, 111–115.Google Scholar
Citrome, L. (2007). Comparison of intramuscular ziprasidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole for agitation: a quantitative review of efficacy and safety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1876–1885.Google Scholar
Citrome, L. (2012). Inhaled loxapine for agitation revisited: focus on effect sizes from 2 Phase III randomised controlled trials in persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 66, 318–325.Google Scholar
Citrome, L. (2013). Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents. Therapeutic and Clinical Risk Management, 9, 235–245.Google Scholar
Citrome, L. (2013). New second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Reviews in Neurotherapy, 13, 767–783.Google Scholar
Citrome, L., Casey, D., Daniel, D., Wozniak, P., Kochan, L., & Tracy, K. (2004). Adjunctive divalproex and hostility among patients with schizophrenia receiving olanzapine or risperidone. Psychiatric Services, 55, 290–294.Google Scholar
Citrome, L., Du, Y., Risinger, R., Stankovic, S., Claxton, A., Zummo, , … & Ehrich, W. (2016). Effect of aripiprazole lauroxil on agitation and hostility in patients with schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31, 69–75.Google Scholar
Citrome, L., Holt, R., Walker, D., & Hoffmann, V. (2011). Weight gain and changes in metabolic variables following olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Clinical Drug Investigation, 31, 455–482.Google Scholar
Citrome, L., Shope, C., Nolan, K., Czobor, P., & Volavka, J. (2007). Risperidone alone versus risperidone plus valproate in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and hostility. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 356–362.Google Scholar
Citrome, L. & Volavka, J. (2014). The psychopharmacology of violence: making sensible decisions. CNS Spectrums, 19, 411–418.Google Scholar
Citrome, L., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Brook, S., Loebel, A., & Mandel, F. (2006). Efficacy of ziprasidone against hostility in schizophrenia: Post hoc analysis of randomized, open-label study data. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 638–642.Google Scholar
Citrome, L., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Sheitman, B., Lindenmayer, J., McEvoy, J., … & Lieberman, J. (2001). Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatric Services, 52, 1510–1514.Google Scholar
Comai, S., Tau, M., Pavlovic, Z., & Gobbi, G. (2012). The Psychopharmacology of Aggressive Behavior: A Translational Approach: Part 2: Clinical Studies Using Atypical Antipsychotics, Anticonvulsants, and Lithium. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 32, 83–94.Google Scholar
Cullen, A., Clarke, A., Kuipers, E., Hodgins, S., Dean, K., & Fahy, T. (2012). A multisite randomized trial of a cognitive skills program for male mentally disordered offenders: Violence and antisocial behavior outcomes. Psychological Medicine, 42, 557–569.Google Scholar
Czobor, P., Volavka, J., & Meibach, R. (1995). Effect of risperidone on hostility in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 243–249.Google Scholar
Eli Lilly and Company. (2015). Zyprexa Prescribing Information. Retrieved June 14, 2016 from pi.lilly.com/us/zyprexa-pi.pdf.Google Scholar
Fazel, S., Gulati, G., Linsell, L., Geddes, J., & Grann, M. (2009). Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000120.Google Scholar
Frogley, C., Taylor, D., Dickens, G., & Picchioni, M. (2012). A systematic review of the evidence of clozapine's anti-aggressive effects. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacol, 15, 1351–1371.Google Scholar
Galen US Inc. (2017). Adasuve Prescribing Information. Retrieved December 6, 2017 from www.adasuve.com/PDF/AdasuvePI.pdf.Google Scholar
Haddock, G., Barrowclough, C., Shaw, J., Dunn, G., Novaco, R., & Tarrier, N. (2009). Cognitive-behavioural therapy v. social activity therapy for people with psychosis and a history of violence: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 152–157.Google Scholar
Huband, N., Ferriter, M., Nathan, R., & Jones, H. (2010). Antiepileptics for aggression and associated impulsivity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, No. CD003499. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003499.pub3.Google Scholar
Kay, S., Opler, L., & Lindenmayer, J. (1989). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): rationale and standardisation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 59–65.Google Scholar
Kay, S., Wolkenfeld, F., & Murrill, L. (1988). Profiles of aggression among psychiatric patients. I. Nature and prevalence. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 539–546.Google Scholar
Knoedler, D. (1989). The Modified Overt Aggression Scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1081–1082.Google Scholar
Krakowski, M., Czobor, P., Citrome, L., Bark, N., & Cooper, T. (2006). Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 622–629.Google Scholar
Lindenmayer, J., Liu-Seifert, H., Kulkarni, P., Kinon, B., Stauffer, V., Edwards, S., … & Volavka, J. (2009). Medication nonadherence and treatment outcome in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with suboptimal prior response. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 990–996.Google Scholar
Montoya, A., Valladares, A., Lizan, L., San, L., Escobar, R., & Paz, S. (2011). Validation of the Excited Component of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-EC) in a naturalistic sample of 278 patients with acute psychosis and agitation in a psychiatric emergency room. Health Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 18.Google Scholar
Nolan, K., Czobor, P., Roy, B., Platt, M., Shope, C., Citrome, L., & Volavka, J. (2003). Characteristics of assaultive behavior among psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1012–1016.Google Scholar
Nordstrom, K., Zun, L., Wilson, M., Ng, A., Bregman, B., & Anderson, E. (2012). Medical evaluation and triage of the agitated patient: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project Beta Medical Evaluation Workgroup. West Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13, 3–10.Google Scholar
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company. (2016). Abilify Prescribing Information. Retrieved June 14, 2016 from www.otsuka-us.com/media/images/AbilifyPI_538.pdf.Google Scholar
Pfizer Inc. (2015). Geodon prescribing information. Retrieved June 14, 2016 from http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?format=PDF&id=584.Google Scholar
Pratts, M., Citrome, L., Grant, W., Leso, L., & Opler, L. (2014). A single-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sublingual asenapine for acute agitation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130, 61–68.Google Scholar
Richmond, J. S., Berlin, J. S., Fishkind, A. B., Holloman, G. H., Jr., Zeller, S. L., Wilson, M. P., Rifai, M. A., Ng, A. T. (2012). Verbal De-escalation of the Agitated Patient: Consensus Statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA De-escalation Workgroup. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13, 17–25.Google Scholar
Steadman, E., Mulvey, E., Monahan, J., Robbins, P., Appelbaum, P., Grisso, T., … & Silver, E. (1998). Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 393–401.Google Scholar
Swanson, J., Swartz, M., Van Dorn, R., Elbogen, E., Wagner, H., Rosenheck, R., … & Lieberman, J. (2006). A national study of violent behavior in persons with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 490–499.Google Scholar
Swanson, J., Swartz, M., Van Dorn, R., Volavka, J., Monahan, J., Stroup, T., … & Lieberman, J. (2008a). Comparison of antipsychotic medication effects on reducing violence in people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 37–43.Google Scholar
Swanson, J., Van Dorn, R., Swartz, M., Smith, A., Elbogen, E., & Monahan, J. (2008b). Alternative pathways to violence in persons with schizophrenia: the role of childhood antisocial behavior problems. Law & Human Behavior, 32, 228–240.Google Scholar
Swift, R., Harrigan, E., Cappelleri, J., Kramer, D., & Chandler, L. (2002). Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS): a novel measure of activity in agitated patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 36, 87–95.Google Scholar
Tiihonen, T., Lonnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Klaukka, T., Niskanen, L., Tanskanen, A., & Haukka, J. (2009). 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). The Lancet, 374, 620–627.Google Scholar
Volavka, J. (2002). Neurobiology of violence. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Volavka, J. (2014). Comorbid personality disorders and violent behavior in psychotic patients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 85, 65–78.Google Scholar
Volavka, J. & Citrome, L. (2011). Pathways to aggression in schizophrenia affect results of treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 921–929.Google Scholar
Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Citrome, L., & Van Dorn, R. (2014). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs against hostility in patients with schizophrenia in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) study. CNS Spectrums, 19, 374–381.Google Scholar
Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Derks, E., Bitter, I., Libiger, J., Kahn, R., & Fleischhacker, W. (2011). Efficacy of antipsychotic drugs against hostility in the European First-Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 955–961.Google Scholar
Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Nolan, K., Sheitman, B., Lindenmayer, J., Citrome, L., … & Lieberman, A. (2004). Overt aggression and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 225–228.Google Scholar
Volavka, J., Swanson, J., & Citrome, L. (2012). Understanding and managing violence in Schizophrenia. In Lieberman, J. A. & Murray, R. M. (Eds), Comprehensive Care of Schizophrenia: A Textbook of Clinical Management (pp. 262–290). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Volavka, J., Van Dorn, R., Citrome, L., Kahn, R., Fleischhacker, W., & Czobor, P. (2016). Hostility in schizophrenia: An integrated analysis of the combined Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) and the European First Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST) studies. European Psychiatry, 31, 13–19.Google Scholar
Whitman, J., Maier, G., & Eichelman, B. (1987). Beta-adrenergic blockers for aggressive behavior in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 538–539.Google Scholar
Wilson, M., Pepper, D., Currier, G., Holloman, Jr., G., & Feifel, D. (2012). The psychopharmacology of agitation: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project Beta Psychopharmacology Workgroup. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13, 26–34.Google Scholar
Yates, K., Kunz, M., Khan, A., Volavka, J., & Rabinowitz, S. (2010). Psychiatric patients with histories of aggression and crime five years after discharge from a cognitive-behavioral program. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 21, 167–188.Google Scholar
Yudofsky, S., Silver, J., Jackson, W., Endicott, J., & Williams, D. (1986). The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 35–39.Google Scholar
Zedie, N., Amory, D., Wagner, B., & O’Hara, D. (1996). Comparison of intranasal midazolam and sufentanil premedication in pediatric outpatients. Clinical Pharmacology Therapy, 59, 341–348.Google Scholar
Zeller, S. & Citrome, L. (2016). Managing agitation associated with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in the emergency setting. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17, 165–172.Google Scholar
References
Agnew, R. (2012). Dire Forecast: A theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime. Journal of Theoretical Criminology, 16, 21–42.Google Scholar
Akande, A. (2000). Effects of exposure to violence and poverty on young children: The Southern African context. Early Child Development and Care, 163, 61–78.Google Scholar
Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social stress: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 15–38.Google Scholar
Benjet, C. (2010). Childhood adversities of populations living in low-income countries: Prevalence, characteristics, and mental health consequences. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23, 356–362.Google Scholar
Benson, M. L., Fox, G. L., DeMaris, A., & Van Wyck, J. (2000). Violence in families: The intersection of race, poverty, and community context. In Fox, G. L. & Benson, M. L. (Eds), Families, crime, and criminal justice (pp. 91–109). New York: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Bergman, L. (1992). Dating violence among high school students. Social Work, 37, 21–27.Google Scholar
Betancourt, T. S. & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 20, 317–328.Google Scholar
Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I. I., Williams, T. P., Brennan, R. T., Whitfield, T. H., de la Soudiere, M., … & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Sierra Leone’s former child soldiers: A follow-up study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration. Child Development, 81, 1077–1095.Google Scholar
Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I., Williams, T. P., Meyers-Ohki, S.E., Rubin-Smith, J. E., Annan, J., & Kohrt, B. A. (2013). Research review: Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers – a systemic review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 54, 17–36.Google Scholar
Black, D. A., Heyman, R. E., & Smith Slep, A. M. (2001). Risk factors for child physical abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 121–188.Google Scholar
Bogost, I. (2017). Houston’s Flood is a Design Problem. The Atlantic, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/08/why-cities-flood/538251/.Google Scholar
Borba, C. P. C., Ng, L. C., Stevenson, A., Vesga-Lopez, O., Harris, B. L., Parnarouskis, L., … & Henderson, D. C. (2016). A mental health needs assessment of children and adolescents in post-conflict Liberia: Results from a quantitative key-informant survey. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 9, 56–70.Google Scholar
Breen, A., Daniels, K., & Tomlinson, M. (2015 ). Children’s experiences of corporal punishment: A qualitative study in an urban township of South Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect, 48, 131–139.Google Scholar
Briggs-Gowan, M., Ford, J. D., Fraleigh, J. D., McCarthy, K., & Carter, A. S. (2010). Prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events in a healthy birth cohort of very young children in the Northeastern United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 725–733.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723–742.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J. & Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. Future of Children, 7(2), 55–71.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G., & Aber, J. L. (Eds) (1997). Neighborhood poverty: Context and consequences for children (Vol. 1). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., Klebanov, P. K., & Sealand, N. (1993). Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development? American Journal of Sociology, 99, 353–395.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Maritato, N. (1997). Poor families, poor outcomes: The well-being of children and youth. In Duncan, G. J. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 1–17). New York; Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., & Rebello Britto, P. (1999). Are socioeconomic gradients for children similar to those for adults? Achievement and health of children in the United States. In Keating, D. P. & Hertzman, C. (Eds), Developmental health and the wealth of nations: Social, biological, and educational dynamics (pp. 94–124). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Schneider, W., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). The Great Recession and risk for child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 721–890.Google Scholar
Buka, S. L., Stichick, T. L., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: Prevalence, risks, and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 298–310.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. & Lynch, M. (1993). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children’s development. Psychiatry, 56, 96–118.Google Scholar
Collishaw, S., Gardner, F., Aber, J. L., & Cluver, L. (2016). Predictors of mental health resilience in children who have been parentally bereaved by AIDS in Urban South Africa. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 719–730.Google Scholar
Conrad-Hiebner, A. & Scanlon, E. (2015). The economic conditions of child physical abuse: A call for national research, policy and practice agenda. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 96, 59–66.Google Scholar
Coulton, C. J., Korbin, J. E., & Su, M. (1999). Neighborhoods and child maltreatment: A multi-level study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 1019–1040.Google Scholar
Crouch, J. L., Hanson, R. F., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2000). Income, race/ethnicity, and exposure to violence in youth: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents. Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 625–641.Google Scholar
Crutchfield, R. D. & Wadsworth, T. (2003). Poverty and violence. In Heitmeyer, W. & Hagan, J. (Eds), International handbook of violence research (pp. 67–82). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1994). Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problems. Child Development, 65, 649–665.Google Scholar
Drake, B. & Jonson-Reid, M. (2014). Poverty and child maltreatment. InKorbin, J. E. and Krugman, R. D. (Eds), Handbook of Child Maltreatment, Child Maltreatment (Vol. 2, pp. 131–148). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Duncan, G. J. & Aber, J. L. (1997). Neighborhood models and measures. In Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J. & Aber, J. L. (Eds), Neighborhood poverty. Volume I: Context and consequences for children (pp. 62–78). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Duncan, G. J. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Duncan, G. J. & Moscow, L. (1997). Longitudinal indicators of children’s poverty and dependence. In Hauser, R. M., Brown, B. V., & Prosser, W. R. (Eds), Indicators of children’s well-being (pp. 258–278). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Duncan, G. J., Yeung, W. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Smith, J. R. (1998). How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? American Sociological Review, 63, 406–423.Google Scholar
Earls, F. & Carlson, M.. (2001). The social ecology of child health and well-being. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 143–166.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 77–92.Google Scholar
Evans-Campbell, T., Lincoln, K. D., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2007). Race and mental health: past debates, new opportunities. In Avison, W. R., McLeod, J. D., & Pescosolido, B. A. (Eds), Mental Health, Social Mirror (pp. 169–189). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Fincham, D. S., Altes, L. K., Stein, D. J., & Seedat, S. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents: Risk factors versus resilience moderation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 193–199.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., & Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (1994). Children as victims of violence: A national survey. Pediatrics, 94, 413–420.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2005). The Victimization of Children and Youth: A Comprehensive, National Survey. Child Maltreatment, 10, 5–25.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Omrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Poly-victimization: A neglected component of child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 7–26.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015). Prevalence of childhood exposure to violence, crime and abuse: Results from the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence. JAMA Pediatrics 169: 746–754.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2015) JAMA Pediatrics Supplementary Online Content Appendix 1. 2013 Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire Used in NatSCEV 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2016 from http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2344705.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, K. M. & Boldizar, J. P. (1993). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 424–430.Google Scholar
Foster, H. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Toward a stress process model of children’s exposure to physical family and community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12, 71–94.Google Scholar
Foster, H. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2015). Children’s exposure to community and war violence and mental health in four African countries. Social Science & Medicine, 146, 292–299.Google Scholar
Foster, H., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Martin, A. (2007). Poverty/ socio-economic status and exposure to violence in the lives of children and adolescents. In Flannery, D., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Waldman, I. D. (Eds), Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior (pp. 664–687). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garbarino, J. (1977). The human ecology of child maltreatment: A conceptual model for research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 39, 721–735.Google Scholar
Garbarino, J. & Bradshaw, C.. (2003). Violence against children. In Heitmeyer, W. & Hagan, J. (Eds), International handbook of violence research (pp. 719–735). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Garbarino, J. & Sherman, D. (1980). High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development, 51, 188–198.Google Scholar
Gelles, R. J. (1992). Poverty and violence toward children. American Behavioral Scientist, 35, 258–274.Google Scholar
Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579.Google Scholar
Gettleman, J. (2017). Drought and War Heighten Threat Not Just 1 famine but 4. New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/world/africa/famine-somalia-nigeria-south-sudan-yemen-water.html.Google Scholar
Gladstein, J., Rusonis, E. J. S., & Heald, F. P. (1992). A comparison of inner-city and upper-middle class youths’ exposure to violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13, 275–280.Google Scholar
Hagan, J. & Foster, H. (2001). Youth violence and the end of adolescence. American Sociological Review, 66, 874–899.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (IOM) and National Research Council (NRC). (2014). New directions in child abuse and neglect research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Jain, S., Buka, S. L., Subramanian, S. V., & Molnar, B. E. (2012). Protective factors for youth exposed to violence: Role of developmental assets in building emotional resilience. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10, 107–129.Google Scholar
Kaminer, D., Hardy, A., Heath, K., Mosdell, J., & Bawa, U. (2013). Gender patterns in the contribution of different types of violence to posttraumatic stress among South African urban youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 320–330.Google Scholar
Keenan, H. T., Runyan, D. K., Marshall, S. W., Nocera, M. A., Merten, D. F., & Sinal, S. H. (2003). A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 621–626.Google Scholar
Leventhal, T. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 309–337.Google Scholar
Lynch, M. & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children’s symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 235–257.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, M. J., Nicklas, E., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Waldfogel, J. (2011). Who spanks children and toddlers? Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study. Child and Youth Services Review, 33, 1364–1373.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, M. J., Nicklas, E., Waldfogel, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2012). Corporal punishment and child behavioral and cognitive outcomes through 5 years of age: Evidence from a contemporary urban birth cohort study. Infant and Child Development, 21, 3–33.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, M. J., Nicklas, E., Waldfogel, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2013). Spanking and child development across the first decade of life. Pediatrics, 132, e1118–e1125.Google Scholar
MacMillan, H., Tanaka, M., Duku, E., Vaillancourt, T., & Boyle, M. H. (2013). Child physical and sexual abuse in a community sample of young adults: Results from the Ontario Child Health Study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 14–21.Google Scholar
MacMillan, R. (2001). Violence and the life course: The consequences of victimization for personal and social development. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 1–22.Google Scholar
MacMillan, R. & Hagan, J. (2004). Violence in the transition to adulthood: Adolescent victimization, education, and socioeconomic attainment in later life. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14, 127–158.Google Scholar
Malik, S., Sorenson, S. B., & Aneshensel, C. S. (1997). Community and Dating Violence Among Adolescents: Perpetration and Victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 21, 291–302.Google Scholar
Margolin, G. & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 445–479.Google Scholar
Margolin, G. & Gordis, E. B. (2004). Children’s exposure to violence in the family and community. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 152–155.Google Scholar
Martin, L., Revington, N., & Seedat, S. (2013). The 39-item Child Exposure to Community Violence (CECV) scale: Exploratory factor analysis and relationship to PTSD symptomatology in trauma-exposed children and adolescents. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 599–608.Google Scholar
McLeod, J. D. & Kaiser, K. (2004). Childhood emotional and behavioral problems and educational attainment. American Sociological Review, 69, 636–658.Google Scholar
McLeod, J. D. & Shanahan, M. J. (1993). Poverty, parenting, and children’s mental health. American Sociological Review, 58, 351–366.Google Scholar
Meink, F., Cluver, L. D., & Boyes, M. E. (2015). Household illness, poverty and physical and emotional abuse victimization: findings from South Africa’s first prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15, 444. doi: 10.1186/s12899-015-1792-4.Google Scholar
Meink, F., Cluver, L. D., Boyes, M. E., & Loening-Voysey, H. (2016). Physical, emotional, and sexual adolescent abuse victimization in South Africa: prevalence, incidence, perpetrators and locations. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70, 910–916.Google Scholar
Meinck, F, Cluver, L. D., Boyes, M. E., & Mhlongo, E. L. (2015). Risk and protective factors for physical and sexual abuse of children and adolescents in Africa: a review and implications for practice. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 16, 81–107.Google Scholar
Meinck, F., Cluver, L., Boyes, M. E., & Ndhlovu, L. (2015). Risk and protective factors for physical and emotional abuse victimisation amongst vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse Review, 24, 182–197.Google Scholar
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress (2nd ed.). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Molnar, B. E., Buka, S. L., Brennan, R. T., Holton, J. K., & Earls, F. (2003). A multilevel study of neighborhoods and parent-to-child physical aggression: Results from the Project for Human Development in Chicago neighborhoods. Child Maltreatment, 8, 84–97.Google Scholar
Morantz, G., Cole, D., Vreeman, R., Ayaya, S., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013). Child abuse and neglect among orphaned children and youth living in extended families in sub-Saharan Africa: What have we learned from qualitative inquiry? Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 8, 338–352.Google Scholar
Neugebauer, R., Fisher, P. W., Turner, J. B., Yamabe, S., Sarsfield, J. A., & Stehling-Ariza, T. (2009). Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38, 1033–1045.Google Scholar
Nichols, J., Embleton, L., Mwangi, A., Morantz, G., Vreeman, R., Ayaya, S., … & Braistein, P. (2014). Physical and sexual abuse in orphaned compared to non-orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 304–316.Google Scholar
Ng, L. C., Ahishakiye, N., Miller, D. E., & Meyerowitz, B. E. (2015). Life after genocide: mental health, education, and social support among orphaned survivors. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 4, 83–97.Google Scholar
Odejide, A. O. (2006). Status of Drug Use/Abuse in Africa: A Review. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 4, 87–102.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, D. A., Roberts, W. C., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2011). Community violence exposure and post-traumatic stress reactions among Gambian youth: The moderating role of positive school climate. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 59–67.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, D. A. & Roberts, W. C. (2015). Experiences of violence, perceptions of neighborhood, and psychosocial adjustment among West African Refugee youth. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 4, 1–18.Google Scholar
O’Keefe, M. & Sela-Amit, M. (1997). An examination of the effects of race/ethnicity and social class on adolescents’ exposure to violence. Journal of Social Services Research, 22, 53–71.Google Scholar
Osofsky, J. D. (1999). The impact of violence on children. Future of Children, 9(3), 33–49.Google Scholar
Otwombe, K. N., Dietrich, J., Sikkema, K. J., Coetzee, J., Hopkins, K. L., Laher, F., & Gray, G. E. (2015). Exposure to and experiences of violence among adolescents in lower socio-economic groups in Johannesburg, South Africa. BMC Public Health, 15, 450. doi: 10.1186/s12899-015-1780-8.Google Scholar
Overpeck, M. D., Brenner, R. A., Trumble, A. C., Trifiletti, L. B., & Berendes, H. W. (1998). Risk factors for infant homicide in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 339, 1211–1216.Google Scholar
Overstreet, S. (2000). Exposure to community violence: Defining the problem and understanding the consequences. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9, 7–25.Google Scholar
Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 241–256.Google Scholar
Pearlin, L. I., Leiberman, M. A., Menaghan, E. G., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 337–356.Google Scholar
Reider, H. & Elbert, T. (2013). The relationship between organized violence, family violence and mental health: findings from a community-based survey in Muhanga, Southern Rwanda. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4, 21329. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21329.Google Scholar
Richter, L. M. & Dawes, A. R. L. (2008). Child abuse in South Africa: Rights and wrongs. Child Abuse Review, 17, 79–93.Google Scholar
Richters, J. & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7–21.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1989). Pathways from childhood to adult life. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 23–51.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1997). The embeddedness of child and adolescent development: A community-level perspective on urban violence. In McCord, J. (Ed.), Violence in childhood in the inner city (pp. 31–77). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. & Laub, J. H. 1993. Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. & Wilson, W. J. (1995). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In Hagan, J. & Peterson, R. (Eds), Crime and inequality (pp. 37–56). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, W., Waldfogel, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2017). The Great Recession and risk for child abuse and neglect. Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 71–81.Google Scholar
Schwab-Stone, M. D., Ayers, T. S., Kasprow, W., Voyce, C., Barone, C., Shriver, T., et al. (1995). No safe haven: A study of violence exposure in an urban community. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1343–1352.Google Scholar
Seedat, S., Nyami, F., Njenga, F., Vythlingum, B., & Stein, D. J. (2004). Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms in urban African schools. Survey in Cape Town and Nairobi. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 169–175.Google Scholar
Selner-O’Hagan, M. B., Kindlon, D. J., Buka, S. L., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. J. (1998). Assessing exposure to violence in urban youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 215–224.Google Scholar
Sheidow, A. J., Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. B. (2001). Family and community characteristics: Risk factors for violence exposure in inner-city youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 345–360.Google Scholar
Sherr, L., Hensels, I. S., Skeen, S., Tomlinson, M., Roberts, K. J., & Macedo, A. (2016). Exposure to violence predicts poor educational outcomes in young children in South Africa and Malawi. International Health, 8, 36–43.Google Scholar
Shields, N. S., Nadasen, K., & Pierce, L. (2009). Posttraumatic stress symptoms as a mediating factor on the effects of exposure to community violence among children in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 1192–1208.Google Scholar
Shields, N., Nadasen, K., & Pierce, L. (2013). Community violence and psychological distress in South African and U.S. Children. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 2, 286–300.Google Scholar
Smith, J. R. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997). Correlates and consequences of harsh discipline for young children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 151, 777–786.Google Scholar
Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75–88.Google Scholar
Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995). The epidemiology of social stress. American Sociological Review, 60, 104–125.Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund. (2010). Children and AIDS: Fifth stocktaking report, 2010. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
United Nations Children’s Fund. (2013). Towards an AIDS-Free Generation – Children and AIDS: Sixth Stocktaking Report, 2013. New York: UNICEF.Google Scholar
US Census Bureau. (2005). How the Census Bureau measures poverty. Retrieved April 29, 2005 from www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/povdef.html.Google Scholar
Vacha, E. F. & McLaughlin, T. F. (2004). Risky firearms behavior in low-income families of elementary school children: The impact of poverty, fear of crime, and crime victimization in keeping and storing firearms. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 175–184.Google Scholar
Viola, T. W., Salum, G. A., Kluwe-Schiavon, B., Sanvicente-Viera, B., Levandowski, M. L., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2016). The influence of geographical and economic factors in estimates of childhood abuse and neglect using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A worldwide meta-regression analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 1–11.Google Scholar
Ward, C. L., Martin, E., Theron, C., & Distiller, G. B. (2007). Factors affecting resilience in children exposed to violence. South African Journal of Psychology, 37, 165–187.Google Scholar
Wheaton, B., Young, M., Montazer, S., & Stuart-Lahman, K. (2013). Social stress in the twenty-first century. In Aneshensel, C. S., Phelan, J. C., & Bierman, A. (Eds), Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, Second Edition (pp. 299–323). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Wildeman, C., Emanuel, N., Leventhal, J. M., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Waldfogel, J., & Lee, H. (2014). The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among US children, 2004 to 2011. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 706–713.Google Scholar
Willms, J. D. (2002). Socioeconomic gradients for childhood vulnerability. In Willms, J. D. (Ed.), Vulnerable children: Findings from Canada’s National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (pp. 71–102). Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press.Google Scholar
Wintemute, G. (2000). Guns and gun violence. In Blumstein, A. & Wallman, J. (Eds), The crime drop in America (pp. 45–96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, S. S., Ma, C. X., Carter, R. L., Ariet, M., Feaver, E. A., Resnick, M. B., & Roth, J. (2003). Risk factors for infant maltreatment: A population-based study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 1253–1264.Google Scholar
References
Ayres, I. & Donohue, J. J. III (2003). Shooting down the more guns, less crime hypothesis. Stanford Law Review, 55(4), 1193–1314.Google Scholar
Azrael, D., Cook, P. J. & Miller, M. (2004). State and local prevalence of firearms ownership measurement, structure, and trends. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 20(1), 43–62.Google Scholar
Black, D. & Nagin, D. (1998). Do “right to carry” laws reduce violent crime? Journal of Legal Studies, 27(1), 209–219.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A. & Cook, P. J. (2016). The criminal records of gun offenders. Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, 14(1).Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Hureau, D., & Winship, C. (2008). Losing faith? Police, black churches, and the resurgence of youth violence in Boston. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6(1), 141–172.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., & Tita, G. (2002). New approaches to the strategic prevention of gang and group-involved violence. In Huff, C. R. (Ed.), Gangs in America (3rd edn., pp. 271–286). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., Waring, E. J., & Piehl, A. M. (2001). Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and youth violence: An evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(3), 195–225.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2010). The concentration and stability of gun violence at micro places in Boston, 1980–2008. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 33–53.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2014). The effects of hot spots policing on crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 31(4), 633–663.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A. & Pierce, G. L. (2005). Disrupting illegal firearms markets in Boston: The effects of Operation Ceasefire on the supply of new handguns to criminals. Criminology and Public Policy, 4, 717–748.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A. & Weisburd, D. (2012). The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(3), 323–358.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A. & Wintemute, G. J. (2013). Improving the potential effectiveness of gun buyback programs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(5), 668–671.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Wintemute, G. J., Pierce, G. L., Cook, P. J., & Ridgeway, G. (2012). Interpreting the empirical evidence on illegal gun market dynamics. Journal of Urban Health, 89(5), 779–793.Google Scholar
Branas, C. C., Richmond, T. S., Culhane, D. P., Ten Have, T. R., & Wiebe, D. J. (2009). Investigating the link between gun possession and gun assault. American Journal of Public Health, 99(11), 2034–2040.Google Scholar
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). (1997). Crime gun trace analysis reports: The illegal youth firearms market in 17 communities. Washington, DC: US Department of Treasury.Google Scholar
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). (2000). Following the gun: Enforcing federal laws against firearms traffickers. Washington, DC: US Department of Treasury.Google Scholar
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF). (2002). Crime gun trace reports (2000): National report. Washington, DC: US Department of Treasury.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1999). Presale handgun checks, the Brady interim period, 1994–1998. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2016). NCVS victimization analysis tool (NVAT). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved June 4, 2016 from www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=nvat.Google Scholar
Butterfield, F. (1999). Citizens as allies: Rethinking the strong arm of the law. The New York Times. April 4, 1999.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. & Ludwig, J. (2003). Policing crime guns. In Ludwig, J. & Cook, P. J. (Eds), Evaluating gun policy: Effects on crime and violence (pp. 217–250). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. (1981). The effect of gun availability on violent crime patterns. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 455(1), 63–79.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. (1985). The case of the missing victims: Gunshot woundings in the National Crime Survey. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 1(1), 91–102.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. (1987). Robbery violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 78(2), 357–376.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. & Braga, A. A. (2001). Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on firearms markets. Arizona Law Review, 43(2), 277–309.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J., Braga, A. A., & Moore, M. H. (2011). Gun control. In Wilson, J. Q. & Petersilia, J. (Eds), Crime and public policy (pp. 257–292). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J., Lawrence, B. A., Ludwig, J., & Miller, T. R. (1999). The medical costs of gunshot injuries in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(5), 447–454.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. & Ludwig, J. (1996). Guns in America: Results of a comprehensive national survey on firearms ownership and use. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. & Ludwig, J. (1998). Defensive gun uses: New evidence from a national survey. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14(2), 111–131.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. & Ludwig, J. (2002). The costs of gun violence against children. The Future of Children, 12(2), 86–99.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J. & Ludwig, J. (2006). Aiming for evidence-based gun policy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 25(3), 691–735.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J., Ludwig, J., & Braga, A. A. (2005). Criminal records of homicide offenders. Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(5), 598–601.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J., Ludwig, J., & Hemenway, D. (1997). The gun debate’s new mythical number: How many defensive uses per year? Journal of Policy Analysis, 16(3), 463–469.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J., Ludwig, J., Venkatesh, S., & Braga, A. A. (2007). Underground gun markets. The Economic Journal, 117(524), F558–F588.Google Scholar
Cook, P. J., Parker, S. T., & Pollack, H. A. (2015). Sources of guns to dangerous people: What we learn by asking them. Preventive Medicine, 79, 28–36.Google Scholar
Cooper, A. & Smith, E. L. (2011). Homicide trends in the United States, 1980–2008: Annual rates for 2009 and 2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Dalton, E. (2002). Targeted crime reduction efforts in ten communities: Lessons for the Project Safe Neighborhoods Initiative. U.S. Attorney’s Bulletin, 50(1), 16–25.Google Scholar
Dresang, L. T. (2001). Gun deaths in rural and urban settings: Recommendations for prevention. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 14(2), 107–115.Google Scholar
Duggan, M. (2001). More guns, more crime. Journal of Political Economy, 109(5), 1086–1114.Google Scholar
FBI. (2015). UCR Publications: Crime in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigations. Retrieved June 4, 2016 from https://ucr.fbi.gov/ucr-publications.Google Scholar
Hemenway, D. (2004). Private guns, public health. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Hepburn, L., Miller, M., Azrael, D., & Hemenway, D. (2007). The US gun stock: Results from the 2004 National Firearms Survey. Injury Prevention, 13(1), 15–19.Google Scholar
Huebner, B. M., Martin, K., Moule, Jr., R. K., Pyrooz, D., & Decker, S. H. (2016). Dangerous places: Gang members and neighborhood levels of gun assault. Justice Quarterly, 33(5), 836–862.Google Scholar
Kellermann, A. L. & Cook, P. J. (1999). Armed and dangerous: Guns in American homes. In Bellesiles, M. A. (Ed.), Lethal imagination: Violence and brutality in American history (pp. 425–440). New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Kellermann, A. L., Rivara, F. P., Rushforth, N. B., Banton, J. G., Reay, D. T., Francisco, J. T., … & Somes, G. (1993). Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1084–1091. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199310073291506.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. M. (1997). Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime settings, and a theory of prevention. Valparaiso University Law Review, 31(2), 449–484.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. M., Piehl, A. M., & Braga, A. A. (1996). Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59(1), 147–196.Google Scholar
Kleck, G. (1991). Point blank: Guns and violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kleck, G. & Gertz, M. (1995). Armed resistance to crime: The prevalence and nature of self-defense with a gun. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86(1), 150–187.Google Scholar
Kleck, G. & McElrath, K. (1991). The effects of weaponry on human violence. Social Forces, 69(3), 669–692.Google Scholar
Kleck, G. & Patterson, E. B. (1993). The impact of gun control and gun ownership levels on violence rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 9(3), 249–288.Google Scholar
Koper, C. S., Egge, S. J. & Lum, C. (2015). Institutionalizing place-based approaches: Opening ‘cases’ on gun crime hot spots. Policing, 9(3), 242–254.Google Scholar
Koper, C. S. & Roth, J. A. (2002). The impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban on gun markets: An assessment of short-term primary and secondary market effects. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18(3), 239–266.Google Scholar
Krouse, W. J. (2012). Gun control legislation. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Kuhn, E. M., Nie, C. L., O’Brien, M. E., Withers, R. L., Wintemute, G. J., & Hargarten, S. W. (2002). Missing the target: A comparison of buyback and fatality related guns. Injury Prevention, 8(2), 143–146.Google Scholar
Langton, L. (2012). Firearms stolen during household burglaries and other property crimes, 2005–2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Leigh, A. & Neill, C. (2010). Do gun buybacks save lives? Evidence from panel data. American Law and Economics Review, 12(2), 462–508.Google Scholar
Lott, J. (2000). More guns, less crime (2nd edn.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lott, J. R. & Mustard, D. B. (1997). Crime, deterrence, and right-to-carry concealed handguns. Journal of Legal Studies, 26(1), 1–68.Google Scholar
Marvell, T. B. & Moody, C. E. (1995). The impact of enhanced prison terms for felonies committed with guns. Criminology, 33(2), 247–281.Google Scholar
McDowall, D., Loftin, C., & Presser, S. (2000). Measuring civilian defensive firearm use: A methodological experiment. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(2), 1–19.Google Scholar
McDowall, D., Loftin, C., & Wiersema, B. (1992). A comparative study of the preventive effects of mandatory sentencing laws for gun crimes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 83(2), 378–394.Google Scholar
McDowall, D., Loftin, C., & Wiersema, B. (1995). Easing concealed firearms laws: Effects on homicide in three states. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86(1), 193–206.Google Scholar
McDowall, D. & Wiersema, B. (1994). The incidence of defensive firearm use by US crime victims, 1987 through 1990. American Journal of Public Health, 84(12), 1982–1984.Google Scholar
McGarrell, E. F., Chermak, S., Weiss, A., & Wilson, J. (2001). Reducing firearms violence through directed police patrol. Criminology and Public Policy, 1(1), 119–148.Google Scholar
Miller, M., Azrael, D., & Hemenway, D. (2002). Rates of household firearm ownership and homicide across US regions and states, 1988–1997. American Journal of Public Health, 92(12), 1988–1993.Google Scholar
Miller, T. R. (2013). The cost of gun violence. Calverton, MD: Pacific Institute of Research and Evaluation.Google Scholar
Moody, C. E. & Marvell, T. B. (2008). The debate on shall-issue laws. Econ Journal Watch, 5(3), 269–293.Google Scholar
Moore, M. H. (1980). The police and weapons offenses. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 452(1), 22–32.Google Scholar
Morrison, C., Gross, B., Horst, M., Bupp, K., Rittenhouse, K., Harnish, C., … & Rogers, F. B. (2015). Under fire: Gun violence is not just an urban problem. Journal of Surgical Research, 199(1), 190–196.Google Scholar
Nance, M. L., Denysenko, L., Durbin, D. R., Branas, C. C., Stafford, P. W., & Schwab, W. (2002). The rural-urban continuum: Variability in statewide serious firearm injuries in children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 156(8), 781–785.Google Scholar
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2016). 20 leading causes of nonfatal violence-related injury, United States: 2014, all races, both sexes, disposition: All cases. Washington, DC: NCIPC.Google Scholar
National Research Council. (2005). Firearms and violence: A critical review. Committee to Improve Research Information and Data on Firearms. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Olson, D. E. & Maltz, M. D. (2001). Right-to-carry concealed weapon laws and homicide in large U.S. counties. Journal of Law and Economics, 44(2), 747–770.Google Scholar
Papachristos, A. V., Braga, A. A., & Hureau, D. (2012). Social networks and the risk of gunshot injury. Journal of Urban Health, 89(6), 992–1003.Google Scholar
Papachristos, A. V., Braga, A. A., Piza, E., & Grossman, L. S. (2015). The company you keep? The spillover effects of gang membership on individual gunshot victimization in a co-offending network. Criminology, 53(4), 624–649.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015). Continued bipartisan support for expanded background checks on gun sales, more polarized views on the NRA’s influence. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Pierce, G. L., Braga, A. A., Hyatt, R. R., & Koper, C. S. (2004). The characteristics and dynamics of illegal firearms markets: Implications for a supply-side enforcement strategy. Justice Quarterly, 21(2), 391–422.Google Scholar
Plassmann, F. & Tideman, T. N. (2001). Does the right to carry concealed handguns deter countable crimes? Journal of Law and Economics, 44(2), 771–798.Google Scholar
Richardson, E. G. & Hemenway, D. (2011). Homicide, suicide, and unintentional firearm fatality: Comparing the United States with other high-income countries, 2003. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 70(1), 238–234.Google Scholar
Romero, M., Wintemute, G., & Vernick, J. (1998). Characteristics of a gun exchange program, and an assessment of potential benefits. Injury Prevention, 4(3), 206–210.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. & Wilson, W. J. (1995). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In Hagan, J. & Peterson, R. (Eds), Crime and inequality (pp. 37–56). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. W. (1995). Community policing against guns: Public opinion of the Kansas City gun experiment. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 695–710.Google Scholar
Sheley, J. F. & Wright, J. D. (1995). In the line of fire: Youth, guns, and violence in urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sherman, L. W. & Rogan, D. P. (1995). Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: “Hot spots” patrol in Kansas City. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 673–693.Google Scholar
Smith, T. W. (2001). 2001 National gun policy survey of the National Opinion Research Center: Research findings. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Sorenson, S. B. & Vittes, K. A. (2003). Buying a handgun for someone else: Firearm retailer willingness to sell. Injury Prevention, 9(2), 147–150.Google Scholar
Teret, S. P., DeFrancesco, S., Hargarten, S. W., & Robinson, K. (1998). Making guns safer. Issues in Science and Technology, 14(4), 37–40.Google Scholar
Teret, S. P. & Wintemute, G. J. (1993). Policies to prevent firearm injuries. Health Affairs, 12(4), 96–108.Google Scholar
Vigdor, E. R. & Mercy, J. A. (2006). Do laws restricting access to firearms by domestic violence offenders prevent intimate partner homicide? Evaluation Review, 30(3), 313–346. doi: 10.1177/0193841X06287307.Google Scholar
Webster, D. W., Bulzacchelli, M. T., Zeoli, A. M., & Vernick, J. S. (2006). Effects of undercover police stings of gun dealers on the supply of new guns to criminals. Injury Prevention, 12(4), 225–230.Google Scholar
Webster, D. W., Vernick, J. S., & Bulzacchelli, M. T. (2006). Effects of a gun dealer’s change in sales practices on the supply of guns to criminals. Journal of Urban Health, 83(5), 778–787.Google Scholar
Webster, D. W., Vernick, J. S., & Hepburn, L. M. (2002). Effects of Maryland’s law banning “Saturday Night Special” handguns on homicides. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(5), 406–412.Google Scholar
Wiebe, D. J., Richmond, T. S., Guo, W., Allison, P. D., Hollander, J. E., Nance, M. L., & Branas, C. C. (2016). Mapping activity patterns to quantify risk of violent assault in urban environments. Epidemiology, 27(1), 32–41.Google Scholar
Wintemute, G. J. (2010). Firearm retailers’ willingness to participate in an illegal gun purchase. Journal of Urban Health, 87(5), 865–878.Google Scholar
Wintemute, G. J., Cook, P. J., & Wright, M. A. (2005). Risk factors among handgun retailers for frequent and disproportionate sales of guns used in violent and firearm related crimes. Injury Prevention, 11(6), 357–363.Google Scholar
Wintemute, G. J., Wright, M. A., Drake, C. M., & Beaumont, J. J. (2001). Subsequent criminal activity among violent misdemeanants who seek to purchase handguns: Risk factors and effectiveness of denying handgun purchase. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(8), 1019–1026.Google Scholar
Wolfgang, M. (1958). Patterns in criminal homicide. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Wright, J. D. (1995). Ten essential observations on guns in America. Society, March/April, 63–68.Google Scholar
Wright, J. D. & Rossi, P. H. (1994). Armed and considered dangerous: A survey of felons and their firearms (2nd edn.). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Wright, J. D., Rossi, P. H., & Daly, K. (1983). Under the gun: Weapons, crime, and violence in America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Zeoli, A. M. & Webster, D. W. (2010). Effects of domestic violence policies, alcohol taxes and police staffing levels on intimate partner homicide in large US cities. Injury Prevention, 16(2), 90–95.Google Scholar
Zimring, F. E. (1968). Is gun control likely to reduce violent killings? University of Chicago Law Review, 35(4), 21–37.Google Scholar
Zimring, F. E. (1972). The medium is the message: Firearm caliber as a determinant of death from assault. Journal of Legal Studies, 35, 21–37.Google Scholar
Zimring, F. E. (1976). Street crime and new guns: Some implications for firearms control. Journal of Criminal Justice, 4(2), 95–107.Google Scholar
Zimring, F. E. & Hawkins, G. (1997). Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar