Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes
- Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics
- The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Maps
- Tables
- Notes on Contributors
- 1 World Englishes: An Introduction
- Part I The Making of Englishes
- Part II World Englishes Old and New
- Part III Linguistics and World Englishes
- Part IV Current Challenges
- Index
- References
Part II - World Englishes Old and New
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 December 2019
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes
- Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics
- The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Maps
- Tables
- Notes on Contributors
- 1 World Englishes: An Introduction
- Part I The Making of Englishes
- Part II World Englishes Old and New
- Part III Linguistics and World Englishes
- Part IV Current Challenges
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes , pp. 143 - 308Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
References
Belich, James. 1997. Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders from Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century. Auckland: Penguin.Google Scholar
Belich, James. 2009. Replenishing the Earth: The Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Anglo-World, 1783–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bevan, Robert. 2016. Oswestry, Hay-on-Wye and Berwick-upon Tweed: Football fandom, nationalism and national identity across the Celtic borders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University.Google Scholar
Bradburne, James. 2000. Changes of art: The changing role of art and museums in contemporary society. In Deutsche Bank ed., Visuell, London and Frankfurt: Deutsche Bank, 44–48.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 1997. Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: “Canadian Raising” in the English Fens. Language in Society 26: 15–46.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2005. Where did New Zealand English come from? In Bell, Allan, Harlow, Ray and Starks, Donna, eds. The Languages of New Zealand. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 156–193.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2008. When is a change not a change?: A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 20: 187–223.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2016. Sedentarism, nomadism and the sociolinguistics of dialect. In Coupland, Nikolas ed., Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 217–241.Google Scholar
Clayton, Ian. 2017. Preaspiration in Hebrides English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47.Google Scholar
Cohen, Ira. 1989. Structuration Theory: Anthony Giddens and the Constitution of Social Life. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry. 1975. The sources of Australian pronunciation. Working Papers of the Speech and Language Research Centre, Macquarie University, No. 1, 115–128.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2010. Language, ideology, media and social change. In Junod, Karen and Maillat, Didier eds., Performing the Self. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 127–151.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12: 453–476Google Scholar
Ellis, Alexander. 1889. On Early English Pronunciation: Part V. London: Truebner and Co.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli. 2012. English and Celtic in Contact. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Friedlander, Daniel and Roshier, Robert. 1966. A study of internal migration in England and Wales: Part I. Population Studies 19: 239–279.Google Scholar
Games, Alison. 2009. Migration. In Armitage, David and Braddick, Michael eds., The British Atlantic World 1500–1800 (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan, 33–52.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–1380.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2012. Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Honeybone, Patrick. 2007. New-dialect formation in nineteenth century Liverpool: A brief history of Scouse. In Grant, Anthony and Grey, Clive eds. The Mersey Sound: Liverpool’s Language, People and Places. Liverpool: Open House Press. 106–140.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, Ossi. 1994. The dialects of England since 1776. In Burchfield, Robert ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 197–276.Google Scholar
Jupp, James. 2001. The making of the Anglo-Australian. In Jupp, James ed. The Australian People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 796–803.Google Scholar
Kroskrity, Paul. 2005. Language ideologies. In Duranti, Alessandro ed. A Reader in Linguistic Anthropology. Oxford: Blackwell, 496–517.Google Scholar
Kuo, Yun-Hsuan. 2005. New dialect formation: The case of Taiwanese Mandarin. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Essex.Google Scholar
Mayr, Robert, Morris, Jonathan, Mennen, Ineke and Williams, Daniel. 2017. Disentangling the effects of long-term language contact and individual bilingualism: The case of monophthongs in Welsh and English. International Journal of Bilingualism 21: 245–267.Google Scholar
Milroy, James and Milroy, Lesley. 1985. Linguistic change, social network and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21: 339–384.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley 2002. Social networks. In Chambers, Jack, Trudgill, Peter and Schilling-Estes, Natalie eds., Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 549–572.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael 1989. Exploring the roots of Appalachian English. English World-Wide 10: 227–278.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 8: 83–134.Google Scholar
Nicholas, Stephen and Shergold, Peter. 1987. Internal migration in England, 1818–1839. Journal of Historical Geography 13: 155–168.Google Scholar
ONS (Office for National Statistics). 2011. 2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011. www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/2011censusquickstatisticsforenglandandwales/2013–01-30#main-languageGoogle Scholar
Orton, Harold. 1962. Survey of English Dialects: Introduction. Leeds: E J Arnold and Son.Google Scholar
Paulasto, Heli. 2006. Welsh English Syntax: Contact and Variation. Joensuu: Joensuu University Press.Google Scholar
Pavlenko, Aneta. 2018. Superdiversity and why it isn’t: Reflections on terminological innovation and academic branding. In Schmenk, Barbara, Breidbach, Stephan and Küster, Lutz eds., Sloganization in Language Education Discourse. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 142–168.Google Scholar
Penhallurick, Robert. 2004. Welsh English: Phonology. In Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive eds., A Handbook of the Varieties of English, Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter. 98–112.Google Scholar
Piller, Ingrid. 2014. Superdiversity: Another Eurocentric idea? Language on the Move, June 4. www.languageonthemove.com/language-globalization/superdiversity-another-eurocentric-ideaGoogle Scholar
Pooley, Colin and Turnbull, Jean. 1998. Migration and Mobility in Britain since the 18th Century. London: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Robert. 1990. The Classic Slum: Salford Life in the First Quarter of the Century. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Sabban, Annette. 1985. On the variability of Hebridean English syntax. In Görlach, Manfred ed., Focus On: Scotland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 125–44.Google Scholar
Sayers, Dave. 2009. Reversing Babel: Declining linguistic diversity and the flawed attempts to protect it. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Essex.Google Scholar
Shuken, Cynthia. 1985. Variation in Hebridean English. In Görlach, Manfred ed., Focus On: Scotland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 145–158.Google Scholar
Sudbury, Andrea. 2000. Dialect contact and koineization in the Falkland Islands: Development of a southern hemisphere variety? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Essex.Google Scholar
Thomas, Alan. 1997. English in Wales. In Tristram, Hildegard ed., The Celtic Englishes. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Carl Winter, 55–85.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Vincent, David. 1989. Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Colin. ed. 1988. Language in Geographic Context. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 1898–1905. English Dialect Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
References
Abbott, Orville Lawrence. 1953. A study of verb forms and verb uses in certain American writings of the seventeenth century. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science.Google Scholar
Abbott, Orville Lawrence. 1957. The preterit and past participle of strong verbs in seventeenth-century American English. American Speech 32: 31–42.Google Scholar
Anderwald, Lieselotte. 2014. Burned, dwelled, dreamed: The evolution of a morphological Americanism and the role of prescriptive grammar writing. American Speech 89(4): 408–440.Google Scholar
Anderwald, Lieselotte. 2016. Language Between Description and Prescription: Verbs and Verb Categories in Nineteenth-Century Grammars of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Avis, Walter S. 1967. Introduction. In Avis, Walter S., Crate, Charles, Drysdale, Patrick, Leechman, Douglas, Scharill, Matthew H. and Lovell, Charles L., eds. A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles. Toronto: Gage, i–xiixv.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy. 1997. When did Southern English begin? In Schneider, Edgar, ed. Englishes Around the World, Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 255–275.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Maynor, Natalie and Cukor-Avila, Patricia, eds. 1991. The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bailey, Richard W. 2012. Varieties of English: Standard American English. In J. Brinton, Laurel and Bergs, Alexander, eds. English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 1809–1826.Google Scholar
Barber, Charles. 1976/1997. Early Modern English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2005. The North American regional vocabulary survey: New variables and methods in the study of North American English. American Speech 80(1): 22–60.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2010. The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1974. The verb be in early Black English: A study based on the WPA ex-slave narratives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel J. and Fee, Margery. 2001. Canadian English. In Algeo, John, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. IV: English in North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 422–440.Google Scholar
Campbell, Mildred. 1959. Social origins of some early American. In Smith, James Morton, ed. Seventeenth-Century America. Essays in Colonial History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 63–89.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1982. Geographical variation of English in the United States. In Bailey, Richard W. and Görlach, Manfred, eds. English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 177–209.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. and Hall, Joan Houston. 2001. Americanisms. In Algeo, John, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. IV: English in North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 184–218.Google Scholar
Chalkey, Lyman. 1912. Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia: Extracted from the Original Court Records of Augusta County, 1745–1800. Rosslyn, VA: The Commonwealth Printing Company.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K. 1986. Three kinds of standard in Canadian English. In Lougheed, W. C., ed. In Search of the Standard in Canadian English (Strathy Occasional Papers on Canadian English 1). Kingston, ON: Queen’s University, 1–15.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K. 1994. An introduction to dialect topography. English World-Wide 15: 35–53.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K. 2004. “Canadian Dainty”: The rise and decline of Briticisms in Canada. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 224–241.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K. 2014. Canadian English and identity. Annual Review of Canadian Studies 34: 57–65.Google Scholar
Culpeper, Jonathan and Merja, Kytö. 2010. Early Modern English Dialogues: Spoken Interaction as Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Mark. 2012a. The 400 million word Corpus of Historical American English (1810–2009). In Hegedus, Irén and Fodor, Alexandra eds. English Historical Linguistics 2010. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 217–250.Google Scholar
Davies, Mark. 2012b. Expanding horizons in historical linguistics with the 400 million word Corpus of Historical American English. Corpora 7(2): 121–157.Google Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan. 2006. Oh Canada! Towards the Corpus of Early Ontario English. In Renouf, Antoinette and Kehoe, Andrew, eds. The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 7–25.Google Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan. 2008. New-Dialect Formation in Canada: Evidence from the English Modal Auxiliaries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan. 2012. Varieties of English: Canadian English in real-time perspective. In J. Brinton, Laurel and Bergs, Alexander, eds. English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 1858–1879.Google Scholar
Dorrill, George Townsend. 1986. Black and White Speech in the Southern United States: Evidence from the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States.Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Eliason, Norman E. 1956. Tarheel Talk: An Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, Michael and Montgomery, Michael. 2012. LAMSAS, CACWL, and the South-South Midland dialect boundary in nineteenth-century North Carolina. American Speech 87(4): 470–490.Google Scholar
Ellis, Michael and Montgomery, Michael. N.d. The Corpus of American Civil War Letters (CACWL). See www.ehistory.org/projects/private-voices.html.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Norman. 1988. Register, power and socio-semantic change. In Birch, David and O’Toole, Michael, eds. Functions of Style. London: Pinter Publishers, 111–125.Google Scholar
Fasold, Ralph W. 1981. The relation between black and white speech in the South. American Speech 56(3): 163–189.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford. 1997. The African contribution to Southern States English. In Bernstein, Cynthia, Nunnally, Thomas and Sabino, Robin, eds. Language Variety in the South Revisited. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 123–139.Google Scholar
Fee, Margery. 1992. Canadian dictionaries in English. In McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 178–179.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1987. Colonial lag? The alleged conservative character of American English and other “colonial” varieties. English World-Wide 8: 41–60.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1991. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1999a. Regional and social variation. In Lass, Roger, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. III: 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 459–538.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1999b. Towards a historical dialectology of English. In Görlach, Manfred, Aspects of the History of English. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 94–161.Google Scholar
Greene, Evarts B. and Harrington, Virginia D.. 1966 [1932]. American Population before the Federal Census of 1790. Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith.Google Scholar
Grund, Peter, Hiltunen, Risto, Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena, Kytö, Merja, Peikola, Matti and Rissanen, Matti. 2009. Linguistic introduction. In Rosenthal, Bernard, Adams, Gretchen A., Burns, Margo, Grund, Peter, Hiltunen, Risto, Kahlas-Tarkka, Leena et al., eds. Records of the Salem Witch-Hunt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 64–90.Google Scholar
Handlin, Oscar. 1959. The significance of the seventeenth century. In Smith, James Morton, ed. Seventeenth-Century America: Essays in Colonial History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 3–12.Google Scholar
Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic. The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Michol F. and Walker, James A.. 2010. Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change 22(1): 37–67.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2009. Colonial lag, colonial innovation or simply language change? In Rohdenburg, Günter and Schlüter, Julia, eds. One Language, Two Grammars? Differences Between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13–37.Google Scholar
Kautzsch, Alexander. 2002. The Historical Evolution of Earlier African-American English: An Empirical Comparison of Early Sources. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kautzsch, Alexander. 2012. English in contact: African American English (AAE) early evidence. In J. Brinton, Laurel and Bergs, Alexander, eds. English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 1793–1807.Google Scholar
Krapp, George Philip. 1925. The English Language in America, Vols. 1–2. New York: Frederick Ungar.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans. 1972. Studies in Area Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans. 1977 [1949]. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja. 1991. Variation and Diachrony, with Early American English in Focus. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja. 2004. The emergence of American English: Evidence from seventeenth-century records in New England. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 121–157.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja and Romaine, Suzanne. 2000. Adjective comparison and standardisation processes in American and British English from 1620 to the present. In Wright, Laura, ed. The Development of Standard English 1300–1800: Theories, Description, Conflicts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 171–194.Google Scholar
Lanehart, Sonja L. 2012. Varieties of English: Re-viewing the origins and history of African American language. In J. Brinton, Laurel and Bergs, Alexander, eds. English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 1826–1839.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1990. Where do extraterritorial Englishes come from? Dialect input and recodification in transported Englishes. In Adamson, Sylvia M., Law, Vivien A., Vincent, Nigel and Wright, Susan, eds. Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 245–280.Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 1993. Y’all in American English: From black to white, from phrase to pronoun. English World-Wide 14: 23–56.Google Scholar
Lockridge, Kenneth A. 1974. Literacy in Colonial New England: An Enquiry into the Social Context of Literacy in the Early Modern West. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Mathews, Mitford McLeod. 1936. Notes and comments made by British travelers and observers upon American English, 1770–1850. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Kevin and Amador-Moreno, Caroline P.. 2014. “[The Irish] find much difficulty in these auxiliaries … putting will for shall with the first person”: The decline of first-person shall in Ireland, 1760–1890. English Language and Linguistics 18(3): 407–429.Google Scholar
McDavid, Jr., Raven I. 1951. Midland and Canadian words in upstate New York. American Speech 26(4): 248–256.Google Scholar
McDavid, Jr., Raven I. 1958. The dialects of American English. In Nelson Francis, W., ed. The Structure of American English. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 480–543.Google Scholar
Mencken, Henry L. 1963 [1919]. The American Language, Vol. 1 (abridged ed.; ed. by McDavid, Raven I. and Maurer), David W.. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Miethaner, Ulrich. 2005. “I Can Look Through Muddy Water”: Analyzing Earlier African American English in Blues Lyrics (BLUR). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael M. 1989a. Exploring the roots of Appalachian English. English World-Wide 10: 227–278.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael M. 1989b. English language. In Wilson, Charles Reagan and Ferris, William, eds. Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 761–767.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael M. 1998. Multiple modals in LAGS and LAMSAS. In Montgomery, Michael M. and Nunnally, Thomas, eds. From the Gulf States and Beyond: The Legacy of Lee Pederson and LAGS. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 90–122.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael M. 1999. Eighteenth-century Sierra Leone English: Another exported variety of African American English. English World-Wide 20: 1–34.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael M. 2001. British and Irish antecedents. In Algeo, John, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. IV: English in North America.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 86–153.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael, Fuller, Janet M. and Sharon, DeMarse. 1993. “The black men has wives and Sweet harts [and third person plural -s] Jest like the white men”: Evidence for verbal -s from written documents of 19th-century African American speech. Language Variation and Change 5(3): 335–354.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael and Melo, Cecil Ataide. 1990. The phonology of the lost cause: The English of the Confederados in Brazil. English World-Wide 11: 195–216.Google Scholar
Morgan, Marcyliena. 1989. From Down South to Up South: The language behavior of three generations of black women residing in Chicago. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Morgan, Marcyliena. 1993. The Africanness of counterlanguage among Afro-Americans. In Mufwene, Salikoko S., ed. Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties Athens: University of Georgia Press, 423–435.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The development of American Englishes: Some questions from a creole genesis perspective. In Schneider, Edgar W., ed. Focus on USA Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 231–264.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. African-American English. In Algeo, John, ed. The Cambridge History of the English language, Vol. 4: English in North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 291–324.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu and Helena, Raumolin-Brunberg. 2003. Historical Sociolinguistics: Language Change in Tudor and Stuart England. London: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Peitsara, Kirsti. 1996. Studies on the structure of the Suffolk dialect. In Klemola, Juhani, Kytö, Merja and Rissanen, Matti, eds. Speech, Past and Present: Studies in English Dialectology in Memory of Ossi Ihalainen. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 284–306.Google Scholar
Perdue, Charles L., Barden, Thomas E. and Phillips, Robert K.. [1976] 1992. Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.Google Scholar
Pomfret, John E. and Shumway, Floyd M.. 1970. Founding the American Colonies, 1583–1660. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana, Walker, James A. and Malcolmson, Rebecca. 2006. An English “like no other”?: Language contact and change in Quebec. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 51(2–3): 185–213.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker. 1933. British recognition of American Speech in the eighteenth century. Dialect Notes 6: 313–334.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker. 1938. The assimilation of the speech of British immigrants in colonial America. The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 37: 70–79.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 2013. “It snuck in so smooth and slippery we didn’t even hear it”: How snuck snuck up on sneaked. Anglistica 15(1–2): 127–145.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English: Morphological and Syntactic Variables. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2004. The English dialect heritage of the southern United States. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 262–309.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2013. Investigating historical variation and change in written documents: New perspectives. In Chambers, J. K. and Schilling, Natalie, eds. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 57–81.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2015. Documenting the history of African American English: A survey and assessment of sources and results. In Bloomquist, Jennifer, Green, Lisa J. and Lanehart, Sonja L., eds. The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 125–139.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. and Montgomery, Michael. 2001. On the trail of early nonstandard grammar: An electronic corpus of Southern U.S. antebellum overseers’ letters. American Speech 76: 388–410.Google Scholar
Siebers, Lucia. 2015. Assessing heterogeneity. In Auer, Anita, Schreier, Daniel and Watts, Richard, eds. Letter Writing and Language Change Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 240–263.Google Scholar
Smitherman, Geneva. 1977. Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (Reprint: Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Story, G. M., Kirwin, W. J. and Widdowson, J. D. A., eds. 1990 Dictionary of Newfoundland English (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (First edition published in 1982.)Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali. 2006. “So cool, right?”: Canadian English entering the 21st century. Journal of Linguistics 51(2–3): 309–332.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali. 2008. So different and pretty cool: Recycling intensifiers in Toronto. English Language and Linguistics 12(2): 361–394.Google Scholar
Thompson, Roger. 1994. Mobility and Migration: East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Wakelin, Martyn. 1988. Tracing the English in American. Righting Words 1988(May–June): 16–23.Google Scholar
Warren, Paul and Britain, David. 2000. Intonation and prosody in New Zealand English. In Bell, Allan and Kuiper, Koenraad, eds. New Zealand English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 146–172.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1974. The relationship of white Southern speech to vernacular Black English. Language 50: 498–527.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 2000. Issues in reconstructing earlier African-American English. World Englishes 19: 39–58.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Natalie, Schilling-Estes. 1998. American English: Dialects and Variation. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Thomas, Erik. 2002. The Development of African American English. Oxford, Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wood, Gordon R. 1977. English language and the westward movement. In Lamar, Howard R., ed. The Reader’s Encyclopedia of the American West, New York: Harper and Row, 349–353.Google Scholar
Woods, Howard B. [1979] 1999. The Ottawa Survey of Canadian English. Kingston: Queen’s University.Google Scholar
References
Aceto, Michael. 1995. Variation in a secret Creole language of Panama. Language in Society 24: 537–560.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 1999a. Looking beyond decreolization as an explanatory model of language change in Creole-speaking communities. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14: 93–119.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 1999b. The Gold Coast contribution to the Atlantic English creoles. In Huber, M. and Parkvall, M., eds. Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles (Westminster Creolistics Series 6). London: University of Westminster Press, 69–80.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2002. Barbudan Creole English: Its history and some grammatical features. English World-Wide 23: 223–250.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2003. What are creole languages? An alternative approach to the Anglophone Atlantic World with special emphasis on Barbudan Creole English. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 121–140.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2010a. Dominican Kokoy. In Schreier, D., Trudgill, P., Schneider, E. W., and Williams, J. P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction (Studies in English Language Series). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 171–194.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2010b. Review of Salikoko Mufwene. Language Evolution: Contact, competition and change (London, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2008). Language in Society 39: 276–281.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2015. St. Eustatius English. In Schreier, D., Trudgill, P., Schneider, E. W., and Williams, J. P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English, Vol. 2. (Studies in English Language Series). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 165–197.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Andersen, Roger, ed. 1983. Pidginization and Creolization as Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Bailey, Beryl L. 1966. Jamaican Creole Syntax: A Transformational Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne, eds. 1998. St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles: The Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective (Westminster Creolistics Series 4). London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2014. Creolistics: Back to square one? Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29: 177–194.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter, Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, Parkvall, Mikael and Plag, Ingo. 2011. Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26: 5–42.Google Scholar
Baugh, John. 1983. Black Street Speech: Its History Structure and Survival. Austin: The University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1984. The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7: 173–221.Google Scholar
Childs, Becky, Reaser, Jeffrey and Wolfram, Walt. 2003. Defining ethnic varieties in the Bahamas: Phonological accommodation in Black and White enclave communities. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–28.Google Scholar
Cutler, Cecilia. 2003. English in the Turks and Caicos Islands: A look at Grand Turk. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 51–80.Google Scholar
DeCamp, David. 1971. Toward a generative analysis of the post-creole continuum. In Hymes, Dell, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 349–370.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel, ed. 1999. Language Creation and Language Change: Creolization, Diachrony, and Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Evans, Vyvyan. 2014. The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .Google Scholar
Garrett, Paul. 1999. Language socialization, convergence, and shift in St Lucia, West Indies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University.Google Scholar
Garrett, Paul. 2003. An English Creole that isn’t: On the sociohistorical origins and linguistic classification of the vernacular English in St. Lucia. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 155–210.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian. 1987. A preliminary classification of the anglophone Atlantic Creoles with syntactic data from thirty-three representative dialects. In Gilbert, Glenn G., ed. Pidgin and Creole Languages. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 264–333.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian. 1994. Componentiality and the Creole matrix: The southwest English contribution. In Montgomery, Michael, ed. The Crucible of Carolina: Essays in the Development of Gullah Language and Culture. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 95–114.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2014. A Dictionary of Varieties of English. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Holm, John, ed. 1983. Central American English (Varieties of English around the World, Text Series 2). Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.Google Scholar
Holm, John, ed. 1988–1989. Pidgins and Creoles, Vols. 1 and 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lalla, Barbara and D’Costa, Jean. 1990. Language in Exile: Three Hundred years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Le Page, Robert. B. 1957–8. General outlines of Creole English dialects in the British Caribbean. Orbis 6: 373–391; 7: 54–64Google Scholar
Le Page, Robert. B. 1998. Ivory Towers: The Memoirs of a Pidgin Fancier. A Personal Memoir of Fifty Years in Universities around the World. St Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 1998. Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class. Language 74: 788–818.Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne. 2000. The fate of subject pronouns: Evidence from creole and non-creole languages. In Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 163–183.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1994. On decreolization: The case of Gullah. In Morgan, Marcyliena, ed. Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, UCLA, 63–99.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 12: 83–134.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2014. The case was never closed: McWhorter misinterprets the ecological approach to the emergence of creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1: 157–171.Google Scholar
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. 2000. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Niles, Norma A. 1980. Provincial English dialects and Barbadian English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael. 2000. Out of Africa: African Influences in the Atlantic Creoles. London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Popper, Karl. 1984. The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Reinecke, John. E. 1937. Marginal languages: A sociological survey of the creole languages and trade jargons. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi. 1999. Broadening the empirical basis of Universal Grammar models: A commentary. In DeGraff, Michel, ed. Language Creation and Language Change: Creolization, Diachrony, and Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 453–472.Google Scholar
Satyanath, Shobha. 2006. English in the New World: Continuity and change, the case of personal pronouns in Guyanese English. In Bhatt, Parth and Plag, Ingo, eds. The Structure of Creole Words: Segmental, Syllabic and Morphological Aspects. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer, 179–199.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Van Herk, Gerard. 2003. Barbadian lects: Beyond Meso. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 241–264.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English, Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1987. Phonological relationships in Caribbean and West Africa English. English World-Wide 8: 61–68.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 1985. Preliminaries to the study of the dialects of White West Indian English. New West Indian Guide 59: 27–44.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 1987. Anglo-Caribbean English: A study of its sociolinguistic history and the development of its aspectual markers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 1988. The development of aspectual markers in Anglo-Caribbean English. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 3: 245–263.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 2003. The establishment and perpetuation of White enclave communities in the Eastern Caribbean: The case of Island Harbor, Anguilla. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 95–119.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1993. Predication in Caribbean English Creoles. Amsterdam: John BenjaminsGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2000. “Intermediate” creoles and degrees of change in creole formation: The case of Bajan. In Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 215–246.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Thomas, Erik. 2002. The Development of African American English. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
References
Achebe, Chinua. 1993. The education of a British-protected child. In Achebe, Chinua, The Education of a British-Protected Child: Essays. New York: Anchor Books, 3–24.Google Scholar
Ajala, Adekunle. 1983. The nature of African boundaries. Africa Spectrum 18(2): 177–189.Google Scholar
Akinlotan, Mayowa and Housen, Alex. 2017. Noun phrase complexity in Nigerian English. English Today 33(3): 31–38.Google Scholar
Alo, Moses A. and Igwebuike, Ebuka E. 2012. The grammaticality and acceptability of Nigerianisms: Implications for the codification of Nigerian English. Journal of the Nigerian English Studies Association 15(1): 13–35.Google Scholar
Anchimbe, Eric A. 2006. Cameroon English: Authenticity, Ecology and Evolution. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Angogo, Rachel and Hancock, Ian F.. 1980. English in Africa: Emerging standards or diverging regionalisms? English World-Wide 1: 67–96.Google Scholar
Arua, Arua E. 2004. Botswana English: Some syntactic features. English World-Wide 25(2): 255–272.Google Scholar
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1992. Standard Nigerian English: Issues of codification. In Kachru, Braj B., (ed.) The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.) Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 99–111.Google Scholar
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1998. Torn between the norms: Innovations in world Englishes. World Englishes 17(1): 1–14.Google Scholar
Bamgbose, Ayo. 2003. A recurring decimal: English in language policy and planning. World Englishes 22(4): 419–431.Google Scholar
Banda, Felix. 1996. In search of the lost tongue: Prospects for mother tongue education in Zambia. Language, Culture and Curriculum 9(2): 109–119.Google Scholar
Banjo, Ayo. 1971. Towards a definition of standard Nigerian spoken English. In Actes du 8e Congres de la Société Linguistique de l’Afrique Occidental (pp. 165–174).Google Scholar
Banjo, Ayo. 1993. An endonormative model for the teaching of English in Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 32(2): 261–275.Google Scholar
Banjo, Ayo. 1995. On codifying Nigerian English: Research so far. In Bamgbose, Ayo, Banjo, Ayo, and Thomas, Andrew, eds. New Englishes: A West African Perspective. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 203–231.Google Scholar
Barnett, Ursula A. 1983. A Vision of Order: A Study of Black South African Literature in English (1914–1980). Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.Google Scholar
Beck, Roger B. 1997. Monarchs and missionaries among the Tswana and Sotho. In Elphick, Richard and Davenport, Rodney, eds. Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social and Cultural History. Cape Town: David Phillip, 107–120.Google Scholar
Bekker, Ian. 2012. South African English as a late 19th-century extraterritorial variety. English World-Wide 33(2): 127–146.Google Scholar
Bokamba, Eyamba G. 2015. African Englishes and creative writing. World Englishes 34(3): 315–335.Google Scholar
Bretborde, Lawrence B. 1988. The persistence of English in Liberia: Sociolinguistic factors. World Englishes 7(1): 15–23.Google Scholar
Brosnahan, Leonard F. 1958. English in southern Nigeria. English Studies 39(1–6): 97–110.Google Scholar
Buregeya, Alfred. 2006. Grammatical features of Kenyan English and the extent of their acceptability. English World-Wide 27: 199–216.Google Scholar
Chick, J. Keith and Wade, Rodrik. 1997. Restandardisation in the direction of a new English: Implications for access and equity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18(4): 271–284.Google Scholar
Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan. 2014. Explaining the ordinary magic of stable African multilingualism in the Vaal Triangle region in South Africa, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35(2): 121–138.Google Scholar
De Kadt, Elizabeth. 2004. Gender aspects of the use of English on a South African university campus. World Englishes 23(4): 515–534.Google Scholar
De Klerk, Vivian. 2006. Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes: An Analysis of Xhosa-English. London: ContinuumGoogle Scholar
De Kock, Leon. 1996. Civilising Barbarians: Missionary Narrative and African Textual Response in Nineteenth-Century South Africa. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Deumert, Ana. 2014. Sociolinguistics and Mobile Communication. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Deumert, Ana and Masinyana, Sibabalwe O.. 2008. Mobile language choices – The use of English and isiXhosa in text messages (SMS): Evidence from a bilingual South African sample. English World-Wide 29(2): 117–147.Google Scholar
Dolphyne, Florence. 1995. A note on the English language in Ghana. In Bamgbose, Ayo, Banjo, Ayo, and Thomas, Andrew, eds. New Englishes: A West African Perspective. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 27–33.Google Scholar
Elphick, Richard. 1997. Introduction: Christianity in South African history. In Elphick, Richard and Davenport, Rodney, eds. Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social and Cultural History. Cape Town: David Phillip, 1–15.Google Scholar
Etherington, Norman. 1997. Kingdoms of this world and the next: Christian beginnings among Zulu and Swazi. In Elphick, Richard and Davenport, Rodney, eds. Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social and Cultural History. Cape Town: David Phillip, 89–106.Google Scholar
Fitzmaurice, Susan. 2010. L1 Rhodesian English. In Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W., and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 263–285.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Robert, Gut, Ulrike, and Soneye, Taiwo. 2013. “We just don’t even know”: The usage of the pragmatic particles even and still in Nigerian English. English World-Wide 34(2): 123–145.Google Scholar
Giliomee, Herman and Mbenga, Bernard. 2007. Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. (New history of South Africa.) Cape Town: Tafelberg.Google Scholar
Gough, David, 1996. Black English in South Africa. In De Klerk, Vivian, ed. Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 53–77.Google Scholar
Gut, Ulrike. 2008. Nigerian English: Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 35–54.Google Scholar
Gut, Ulrike. 2011. Studying structural innovations in New English varieties. In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne (eds.) Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 101–124.Google Scholar
Gut, Ulrike. 2012. Towards a codification of Nigerian English: The ICE Nigeria project. Journal of the Nigerian English Studies Association 15(1): 1–12.Google Scholar
Haacke, Wilfrid. 1994. Language policy and planning in independent Namibia. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14: 240–253.Google Scholar
Hartshorne, Ken, 1995. Language policy in African education: A background to the future. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics. Cape Town: David Phillip, 306–318.Google Scholar
Hirson, Baruch. 1981. Language in control and resistance in South Africa. African Affairs 80: 219–37.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Janet. 1997. A battle for sacred power: Christian beginnings among the Xhosa. In Elphick, Richard and Davenport, Rodney, eds. Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social and Cultural History. Cape Town: David Phillip, 68–88.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Thomas. 2010. White Kenyan English. In Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W., and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 286–310.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 1999. Ghanaian Pidgin English in Its West African Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 2008a. Ghanaian English: Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 67–92.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 2008b. Ghanaian Pidgin English: Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 93–101.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 2014. Stylistic and sociolinguistic variation in Schneider’s nativization phase: T-affrication and relativization in Ghanaian English. In Buschfeld, Sarah, Hoffmann, Thomas, Huber, Magnus, and Kautzsch, Alexander, eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 86–106.Google Scholar
Jibril, Munzali. 1995. The elaboration of the functions of Nigerian Pidgin. In Bamgbose, Ayo, Banjo, Ayo, and Thomas, Andrew, eds. New Englishes: A West African Perspective. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 232–247.Google Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 1996. Sociolinguistic aspects of siSwati-English bilingualism. World Englishes 15(3): 295–305.Google Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 2013. Effects of policy on English-medium instruction in Africa. World Englishes 32(3): 325–337.Google Scholar
Kouega, Jean-Paul. 2006. Aspects of Cameroon English Usage: A Lexical Appraisal. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Kruger, Haidee and Van Rooy, Bertus. 2017. Editorial practice and the distinction between error and conventionalised innovation in New Englishes: The progressive in Black South African English. World Englishes 36(1): 20–41.Google Scholar
Lanham, L. W. 1967. Teaching English in Bantu Primary Schools: Final Report on Research in Johannesburg Schools. Johannesburg: Wits University.Google Scholar
Lanham, L. W. 1995. Which English? In Lanham, L. W., Langhan, David, Blacquière, Arie, and Wright, Laurence. Getting the Message in South Africa: Intelligibility, Readability, Comprehensibility. Howick: Brevitas, 12–43.Google Scholar
Lanham, L. W. 1996. A history of English in South Africa. In De Klerk, Vivian, ed. Focus on South Africa, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 19–34.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian and Heyd, Theresa. 2014. From vernacular to digital ethnolinguistic repertoire: The case of Nigerian Pidgin. In Leimgruber, Jabok and Breyer, Thiemo, eds. Indexising Authenticity: Sociolinguistics Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 244–268.Google Scholar
Makalela, Leketi. 2013. Black South African English on the radio. World Englishes 32(1): 93–107.Google Scholar
Manyike, T.V. 2007. The acquisition of English academic language proficiency among grade 7 learners in South African schools. Unpublished D.Ed. thesis, University of South Africa.Google Scholar
McCormick, Kay. 2002. Language in Cape Town’s District Six, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McGinley, Kevin. 1987. The future of English in Zimbabwe. World Englishes 6(2): 159–164.Google Scholar
Meierkord, Christiane. 2009. It’s kuloo tu: Recent developments in Kenya’s Englishes. English Today 25(1): 3–11.Google Scholar
Meierkord, Christiane. 2012. Interactions across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Menang, Thaddeus. 2008. Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 133–149.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1995. Language change, survival, decline: Indian languages in South Africa. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics. Cape Town: David Phillip, 116–128.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1996. Imagint excusations: Missionary English in the nineteenth century Cape Colony, South Africa. World Englishes 15(2): 139–157.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1999. Fifty ways to say “I do”: Tracing the origins of unstressed do in Cape Flats English, South Africa. South African Journal of Linguistics 17(1): 58–71.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2010. Sociophonetics and social change: Deracialisation of the GOOSE vowel in South African English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14(1): 3–33.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Chevalier, Alida. 2014. Sociophonetics and the Indian diaspora: The NURSE vowel and other selected features in South African Indian English. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 85–104.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend, Chevalier, Alida, and Dunne, Timothy. 2015. A regional and social dialectology of the BATH vowel in South African English. Language Variation and Change 27(1): 1–30.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Hurst, Ellen. 2013. Slang registers, code-switching and restructured urban varieties in South Africa: An analytic overview of tsotsitaals with special reference to the Cape Town variety. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28(1): 103–130.Google Scholar
Mfum-Mensah, Obed. 2006. The impact of colonial and postcolonial Ghanaian language policies on vernacular use in two northern Ghanaian communities. Comparative Education 41(1): 71–85.Google Scholar
Michieka, Martha Moraa. 2005. English in Kenya: A sociolinguistic profile. World Englishes 24(2): 173–186.Google Scholar
Mwangi, Serah. 2003. Prepositions in Kenyan English: A Corpus-Based Study in Lexico-Grammatical Variation. Aachen: Shaker Verlag.Google Scholar
Ndebele, Njabulo S. 1987. The English language and social change in South Africa. English Academy Review 4(1): 1–17Google Scholar
Nöthling, F. J. 1989. Pre-colonial Africa: Her Civilisations and Foreign Contacts. Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers.Google Scholar
Ofori, Dominic M. and Albakry, Mohammed. 2012. I own this language that everybody speaks: Ghanaians’ attitude toward the English language. English World-Wide 33(2): 165–184.Google Scholar
Omoniyi, Toye. 2006. West African Englishes. In Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell, 172–187.Google Scholar
Peter, Lothar and Wolf, Hans-Georg. 2007. A comparison of the varieties of West African Pidgin English. World Englishes 26(1): 3–21.Google Scholar
Rubagumya, , Casmir, M. 1991. Language promotion for educational purposes: The example of Tanzania. International Review of Education 37(1): 67–85.Google Scholar
Samuelson, Beth L. and Freedman, Sarah W. 2010. Language policy, multilingual education, and power in Rswana. Language Policy 9(3): 191–215.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef. 1996. English in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi. In De Klerk, Vivian, ed. Focus on South Africa, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 301–321.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef. 2004. Cultural discourse in the Corpus of East African English and beyond: Possibilities and problems of lexical and collocational research in a one million‐word corpus. World Englishes 23(2): 251–260.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef. 2006. East African Englishes. In Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna, and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell, 188–202.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79: 233–281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simeja, Brigit and Mathangwane, Joyce T.. 2010. The development of English in Botswana: Language policy and education. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Routledge, 212–218.Google Scholar
Simo Bobda, Augustin. 2004. Linguistic apartheid: British language policy in Africa. English Today 20(1): 19–26.Google Scholar
Simo Bobda, Augustin. 2010. Cameroon: Which language, where and why? In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Routledge, 653–670.Google Scholar
Singler, John V. 2008. Liberian Settler English: Phonology. In Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 102–114.Google Scholar
Skandera, Paul. 2003. Drawing a Map of Africa: Idiom in Kenyan English. Tübingen: Narr, 2003.Google Scholar
Stats SA. 2012. Census 2011 in brief. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf)Google Scholar
Tembe, Juliet. 2006. Teacher training and the English language in Uganda. TESOL Quarterly 40(4): 857–860.Google Scholar
Titlestad, Peter. 1996. English, the Constitution and South Africa’s language future. In De Klerk, Vivian, ed. Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 163–173.Google Scholar
Udofot, Inyang. 2013. The English language and politics in Nigeria. Journal of the Nigeria English Studies Association 13(1): 8–16.Google Scholar
Udofot, Inyang and Mbarachi, Chibuike S.. 2016. Social media English in Nigeria. Research Journal of English Language and Literature 4(2): 775–784.Google Scholar
Van der Walt, Johann L. and van Rooy, Bertus. 2002. Towards a norm in South African Englishes. World Englishes 21(1): 113–128.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, Bertus. 2011. A principled distinction between error and conventionalised innovation in African Englishes. In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 191–209.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, Bertus. 2013. Corpus linguistic work on Black South African English. English Today 29(1): 10–15.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, Bertus. 2014. Convergence and endonormativity at Phase Four of the Dynamic Model. In Buschfeld, Sarah, Hoffmann, Thomas, Huber, Magnus and Kautzsch, Alexander, eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 21–38.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, Bertus and Coetzee-Van Rooy, Susan. 2015. The language issue and academic performance at a South African University. Southern African Journal for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 33(1): 1–16.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, Bertus and Haidee, Kruger. 2016. The innovative progressive aspect of Black South African English: The role of language proficiency and normative processes. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2(2): 205–228.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, Bertus and Terblanche, Lize. 2010. Complexity in word-formation processes in new varieties of South African English. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 28(4): 357–374.Google Scholar
Webb, Vic. 1996. English and language planning in South Africa: The flip-side. In De Klerk, Vivian, ed. Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 175–190.Google Scholar
Wolf, Hans-Georg. 2010. East and West African Englishes: Differences and commonalities. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Routledge, 197–211.Google Scholar
Wolf, Hans-Georg and Polzenhagen, Frank. 2009. World Englishes: A Cognitive Sociolinguistic Approach. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Wright, Laurence. 1995. English in South Africa: Effective communication and the policy debate. In Lanham, L. W., Langhan, David, Blacquière, Arie, and Wright, Laurence, eds. Getting the Message in South Africa: Intelligibility, Readability, Comprehensibility. Howick: Brevitas, 1–8.Google Scholar
References
Abidi, S. A. H. and Gargesh, R. 2008. Persian in South Asia. In Kachru, B. B., Sridhar, S. N., and Kachru, Y., eds. Language in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 103–120.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. 2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (rev. ed.). London: Verso.Google Scholar
Balasubramanian, C. 2009. Register Variation in Indian English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bansal, R. K., and Harrison, B. [1988] 2009. Spoken English: A Manual of Speech and Phonetics. New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan.Google Scholar
Bernaisch, T. 2015. The Lexis and Lexicogrammar of Sri Lankan English. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bernaisch, T., Gries, S. T. and Mukherjee, J. 2014. The dative alternation in South Asian English(es): Modelling predictors and predicting prototypes. English World-Wide 35: 7–31.Google Scholar
Bernaisch, T., Koch, C., Schilk, M. and Mukherjee, J. 2011. Manual to the South Asian Varieties of English (save) Corpus. Giessen: Justus Liebig University, Department of English.Google Scholar
Bernaisch, T. and Lange, C. 2012. The typology of focus marking in South Asian Englishes. Indian Linguistics 73: 1–18. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-224747.Google Scholar
Bhatia, T. K. and Ritchie, W. C. 2013. Bilingualism and multilingualism in South Asia. In Bhatia, T. K. and Ritchie, W. C., eds. The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 843–870.Google Scholar
Bose, S. and Jalal, A. 2004. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chand, V. 2013. Language policies and politics in South Asia. In Bayley, R., Cameron, R., and Lucas, C., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 587–608.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. 2008. Two thousand million? Update on the statistics of English. English Today 93(24): 3–6.Google Scholar
D’Souza, J. 1987. South Asia as a sociolinguistic area. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
D’Souza, J. 1988. Interactional strategies in South Asian languages: Their implications for teaching English internationally. World Englishes 7: 159–171.Google Scholar
Evans, S. 2002. Macaulay’s Minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23: 260–281.Google Scholar
Farrington, A. 1999. Catalogue of East India Company Ships’ Journals and Logs, 1600–1834. London: British Library, Oriental India Office Collections.Google Scholar
Frykenberg, R. E. 1999. India to 1858. In Winks, R. W., ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 5: Historiography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 194–213.Google Scholar
Fuchs, R. 2012. Focus marking and semantic transfer in Indian English: The case of also. English World-Wide 33: 27–53.Google Scholar
Fuchs, R. 2016. Speech Rhythm in Varieties of English: Evidence from Educated Indian English and British English. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
Gandhi, M. K. [1921] 1999. “Young India,” February 9, 1921. In The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (eBook), 98 vols. New Delhi: Publications Division Government of India. www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/collected-works-of-mahatma-gandhi-volume-1-to-98.php.Google Scholar
Graddol, D. 2010. English Next India: The Future of English in India. British Council. https://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/attachments/books-english-next-india-2010.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gries, S. T. and Bernaisch, T. 2016. Exploring epicentres empirically: Focus on South Asian Englishes. English World-Wide 37: 1–25.Google Scholar
Hilbert, M. 2008. Interrogative inversion in non-standard varieties of English. In Siemund, P. K. N., ed., Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 262–89.Google Scholar
Hock, H. H. and Bashir, E., eds. 2016. The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, S., Hundt, M. and Mukherjee, J. 2011. Indian English: An emerging epicentre? A pilot study on light verbs in web-derived corpora of South Asian Englishes. Angliae 129: 258–280.Google Scholar
Hundt, M. 2013. The diversification of English: Old, new and emerging epicentres. In Schreier, D. and Hundt, M., eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 182–203.Google Scholar
Hundt, M. 2015. World Englishes. In Biber, D. and Reppen, R., eds. The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 362–380.Google Scholar
Hundt, M., Hoffmann, S. and Mukherjee, J. 2012. The hypothetical subjunctive in South Asian Englishes: Local developments in the use of a global construction. English World-Wide 33: 147–164.Google Scholar
Hundt, M. and Sharma, D., eds. 2014. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, R., ed., The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Developments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 497–553.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 2008. Introduction: Languages, contexts, and constructs. In Kachru, B. B., Kachru, Y., and Sridhar, S. N., eds. Language in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–28.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B., Kachru, Y., and Sridhar, S. N., eds. 2008. Language in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Y. and Nelson, C. L. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kashyap, A. K. 2014. Developments in the linguistic description of Indian English: State of the art. Linguistics and the Human Sciences 9: 249–275.Google Scholar
Khubchandani, L. M. 1991. India as a sociolinguistic area. Language Sciences 13: 265–288.Google Scholar
Kindersley, A. F. 1938. Notes on the Indian idiom of English: Style, syntax, and vocabulary. Transactions of the Philological Society 37: 25–34.Google Scholar
Koch, C., Lange, C. and Leuckert, S. 2016. This hair-style called as “Duck Tail”: The “intrusive as”- construction in South Asian varieties of English and Learner Englishes. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2: 151–176.Google Scholar
Kortmann, B., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., Schneider, E. W. and Upton, C., eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. 2013. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://ewave-atlas.orgGoogle Scholar
Kothari, R. and Snell, R. 2011. Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish. New Delhi: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Krishnaswamy, N. and Burde, A. S. 1998. The Politics of Indians’ English: Linguistic Colonialism and the Expanding English Empire. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kumar, T. V. ed. 2018. Peoples’ Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. 37: English and Other International Languages. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan.Google Scholar
Lambert, J. 2012. Beyond Hobson Jobson: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English. English World-Wide 33: 292–320.Google Scholar
Lange, C. 2012a. Standards of English in South Asia. In Hickey, R., ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 256–273.Google Scholar
Lange, C. 2016. The “intrusive as”-construction in South Asian Varieties of English. World Englishes 35: 133–146.Google Scholar
Lim, L. 2013. Kaduva of privileged power, instrument of rural empowerment? The politics of English (and Sinhala and Tamil) in Sri Lanka. In Wee, L., Goh, R. B. H., and Lim, L., eds. The Politics of English: South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 61–80.Google Scholar
Malekar, A. 2010. The case for a linguistic survey. Info Change India. http://infochangeindia.org/component/content/article/310-media/languages-of-india/8218-the-case-for-a-linguistic-survey.Google Scholar
Mann, M. 2015. South Asia’s Modern History: Thematic Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Masica, C. P. 1976. Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Maxwell, O. and Fletcher, J. 2009. Acoustic and durational properties of Indian English vowels. World Englishes 28, 42–69.Google Scholar
Mendis, D. and Rambukwella, H. 2010. Sri Lankan Englishes. In Kirkpatrick, A., ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge, 181–196.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, R. 1992. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Metcalf, B. D. and Metcalf, Th. R. 2006. A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meyler, M. 2012. Sri Lankan English. In Kortmann, B. and Lunkenheimer, K., eds. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 540–547.Google Scholar
Misra, A. 2004a. An introduction to the “small” and “micro” states of South Asia. Contemporary South Asia 13: 127–131.Google Scholar
Misra, A. 2004b. Theorising “small” and “micro” state behaviour using the Maldives, Bhutan and Nepal. Contemporary South Asia 13: 133–148.Google Scholar
Moseley, C., ed. 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J. 2007. Steady states in the evolution of New Englishes: Present-day Indian English as an equilibrium. Journal of English Linguistics 35: 157–187.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J. 2010. The development of the English language in India. In Kirkpatrick, A, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge, 167–180.Google Scholar
Nihalani, P., Tongue, R. K., and Hosali, P. 1979. Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nurullah, S. and Naik, J. P. 1951. A History of Education in India (During the British Period). Bombay: Macmillan. https://ia801902.us.archive.org/26/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.513884/2015.513884.History-of.pdfGoogle Scholar
Platt, J., Weber, H. and Lian, H. M. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2016. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35: 339–354.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2011. English around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sedlatschek, A. 2009. Contemporary Indian English: Variation and Change: Varieties of English around the World. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. 2005. Language transfer and discourse universals in Indian English article use. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27: 535–566.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. 2009. Typological diversity in New Englishes. English World-Wide 30: 170–195.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. 2011. Style repertoire and social change in British Asian English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 464–492.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. 2012a. Indian English. In Kortmann, B. and Lunkenheimer, K., eds. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 523–530.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. 2012b. Second-language varieties: English in India. In Bergs, A. and Brinton, L., eds., English Historical Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2077–2091.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. 2012c. Shared features in New Englishes. In Hickey, R., ed. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 211–232.Google Scholar
Simpson, A., ed. 2007. Language and National Identity in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sirkin, N. R. and Sirkin, G. 1971. The battle of Indian education: Macaulay’s opening salvo newly discovered. Victorian Studies 14(4): 407–428.Google Scholar
Subbarao, K. V., Agnihotri, R. K. and Mukherjee, A. 1991. Syntactic strategies and politeness phenomena. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 92: 35–53.Google Scholar
Uma, A., Rani, S. and Manohar, D. M., eds. 2014. English in the Dalit Context. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.Google Scholar
Whitworth, G. C. 1907. Indian English: An Examination of the Errors of Idiom Made by Indians in Writing English. Letchworth: Garden City Press.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, C. R. 2005. The “Indian English” of Tibeto-Burman language speakers. English World-Wide 26: 275–300.Google Scholar
Wiltshire, C. R. and Harnsberger, J. D. 2006. The influence of Gujarati and Tamil L1s on Indian English: A preliminary study. World Englishes 25: 91–104.Google Scholar
Wright, A. 1891. Baboo English as ’tis Writ: Being Curiosities of Indian Journalism. London: T. Fisher Unwin. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn3byx;view=1up;seq=11.Google Scholar
Zastoupil, L. and Moir, M., eds. 1999. The Great Indian Education Debate. Documents Relating to the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, 1781–1843. Richmond: Curzon.Google Scholar
References
Asuncion-Lande, N. 1971. Multilingualism, politics, and “Filipinism.” Asian Survey 11(7): 677–692.Google Scholar
Bruthiaux, Paul. 2003. Squaring the circles: Issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2): 159–178.Google Scholar
Bruthiaux, Paul. 2010. The Speak Good English Movement: A web-user’s perspective. In Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel, eds. English in Singapore: Modernity and Management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 91–108.Google Scholar
Chan, Swee Heng. 2012. Defining English language proficiency for Malaysian tertiary education. Advances in Language and Literary Studies 3(2): 150–160.Google Scholar
Chng, Huang Hoon. 2003. “You see me no up”: Is Singlish a problem? Language Problems and Language Planning 27(1): 45–62.Google Scholar
Espiritu, Clemencia. 2015. Language policies in the Philippines. April 30. http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/language-and-translation/language-policies-in-the-philippines/Google Scholar
Gaudart, Hyacinth. 1987. English Language Teaching in Malaysia: A historical account. The English Teacher, Vol XVI. www.melta.org.my/index.php/11-melta-articles/128-english-language-teaching-in-malaysia-a-historical-accountGoogle Scholar
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Jain, Ritu and Wee, Lionel. 2018. Diversity management and the presumptive universality of categories: The case of the Indians in Singapore. Current Issues in Language Planning 20(1): 16–32.Google Scholar
Kok, Loy Fatt. 1978. Colonial Office Policy Towards Education in Malaya (1920–1940). Kuala Lumpur: FaKulti Pendidikan.Google Scholar
Kumaravadivelu, B. 2003. A postmethod perspective on English language teaching. World Englishes 22(4): 539–550.Google Scholar
Lee, Jonathan and Nadeau, Kathleen. 2011. Thai Americans: Vernacular language, speech and manner. In Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, Vol. 3, 1122–1126. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2010. Migrants and “mother tongues”: Extralinguistic forces in the ecology of English in Singapore. In Lim, Lisa, Pakir, Anne and Wee, Lionel, eds. English in Singapore: Modernity and Management. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 19–54.Google Scholar
Lorente, Beatriz. 2013. The grip of English and Philippine language policy. In Wee, Lionel, Goh, Robbie and Lim, Lisa, eds. The Politics of English: South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific, 187–204. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
MacArthur, Tom. 1998. Philippine English. In Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-PHILIPPINEENGLISH.htmlGoogle Scholar
Masavisut, Nitaya, Sukwiwat, Mayuri and Wongmontha, Seri. 1986. The power of the English language in Thai media. World Englishes 5(2–3): 197–207.Google Scholar
Muniandy, Mohan K., Nair, Gopala Krishnan Sekharan, Shanmugam, Shashi Kumar Krishnan, Ahmad, Irma and Noor, Norashikin Binte Mohamed. 2010. Sociolinguistic competence and Malaysian students’ English language proficiency. English Language Teaching 3(3): 145–151.Google Scholar
Noss, R. B. 1984. An Overview of Language Issues in South-East Asia 1950–1980. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Park, Joseph and Wee, Lionel. 2013. Linguistic baptism and the disintegration of ELF. Applied Linguistics Review 4(2): 339–359.Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 1998. English and the Discourses of Colonialism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Platt, John and Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rappa, A. and Wee, L.. 2006. Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Rubdy, Rani. 2001. Creative destruction: Singapore’s Speak Good English Movement. World Englishes 20: 341–355.Google Scholar
Rubdy, Rani. 2015. Unequal Englishes, the native speaker, and decolonization in TESOL. In Ruanni Tupas, T., ed. Unequal Englishes: The Politics of Englishes Today. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 42–58.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2011. English into Asia: From Singaporean ubiquity to Chinese learners’ features. In Adams, Michael and Curzan, Anne, eds. Contours of English and English Language Studies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 135–156.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2016. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35(3): 339–354.Google Scholar
Sibayan, Bonifacio and Gonzales, Andrew. 1996. Post-imperial English in the Philippines. In Fishman, Joshua A., Rubal-Lopez, Alma and Conrad, Andrew W., eds. Post-imperial English. Berlin: Mouton, 139–72.Google Scholar
Siegel, J. 1999. Stigmatized and standardized varieties in the classroom: Interference or separation. TESOL Quarterly 33(4): 701–728.Google Scholar
Smalley, W. A. 1994. Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Language Ecology in Thailand. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Rex. 1975. Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policy Towards the Malays 1875–1906. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tupas, Topsie Ruanni, F. 2004. Back to class: The medium of instruction debate in the Philippines. Paper presented at the Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia Roundtable.Google Scholar
Vella, Walter F. 1955. The Impact of the West on Government in Thailand. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2004. Reduplication and discourse particles. In Lim, Lisa, eds. Singapore English: A Grammatical Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 105–126.Google Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2018. The Singlish Controversy: Language, Culture and Identity in a Globalizing World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wongsothorn, A. 2000. Thailand. In Ho, Wah Kum and Ruth, Y. L. Wong, eds., Language Policies and Language Education. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 307–320.Google Scholar
References
Andersen, Roger W. 1983. Transfer to somewhere. In Gass, Susan and Selinker, L., eds. Language Transfer in Language Learning: Issues in Second Language Research. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 177–201.Google Scholar
Bailey, Richard W. 1990. English at its twilight. In Ricks, Christopher and Michaels, Leonard, eds. The State of the Language. London: Faber and Faber, 83–94.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie. 2017. Australian and New Zealand Englishes. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 409–424.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan and Gibson, Andy. 2008. Stopping and fronting in New Zealand Pasifika English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14(2): 42–53.Google Scholar
Besnier, Niko. 1994. Polynesian gender liminality through time and space. In Herdt, Gilbert, ed. Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York: Zone, 285–328.Google Scholar
Besnier, Niko. 1992. Polynesian languages. In Bright, William, ed. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 245–251.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1975. Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2008a. South Pacific Englishes: Unity and diversity in the usage of the present perfect. In Nevalainen, Terttu, Korhonen, Minna, Pahta, Paivi and Taavitsainen, Irma, eds., Dynamics of Linguistic Variation: Corpus Evidence on English Past and Present. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 203–219.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2008b. Concord patterns in South Pacific Englishes: The influence of New Zealand English and the local substrate. In Stierstorfer, Klaus, ed. Anglistentag 2007 Münster, Proceedings. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 331–343.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English: A learner’s perspective. In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 7–33.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2015. South Pacific Englishes. A Sociolinguistic and Morphosyntactic Profile of Fiji English, Samoan English and Cook Islands English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Britain, David and Matsumoto, Kazuko. 2016. When substrate and superstrate collide: The case of (d) in Palauan English. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 15.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. 2016. Language contact at the date line: Investigating Marshallese English. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 15.Google Scholar
Bürki, Dominique. 2016. A case study of the future tense in Saipan: Mobility as a window on the emergence of a new Pacific variety. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 15.Google Scholar
Burridge, Kate. 2008. Synopsis: Morphological and syntactic variation in the Pacific and Australasia. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 583–600.Google Scholar
Bussmann, Hadumod. 1996. The Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (trans. and ed. Trauth, G. P. and Kazzazi, K.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Campbell, Ian. 1989. A History of the Pacific Islands. Christchurch: University of Canterbury Press.Google Scholar
Cox, Felicity and Palethorpe, Sallyanne. 2008. Reversal of short front vowel raising in Australian English, Proceedings of Interspeech, September 22–26, Brisbane, 342–345.Google Scholar
Crocombe, Ron. 1992. Pacific Neighbours: New Zealand’s Relations with Other Pacific Islands. Aotearoa me Nga Moutere o te Moana Nui a Kiwa. Christchurch: Centre for Pacific Studies.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 1994. Documenting rhythmical change. In Windsor Lewis, J. ed., Studies in General and English Phonetics. London: Routledge, 174–179.Google Scholar
Deterding, David. 2012. Variation across Englishes: Phonology. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed., The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge, 385–399.Google Scholar
Doherty, Ben. 2016. A short history of Nauru, Australia’s dumping ground for refugees. The Guardian, August 9. www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/10/a-short-history-of-nauru-australias-dumping-ground-for-refugeesGoogle Scholar
Fraenkel, Jon. 2012. Pacific Islands and New Zealand – Fiji and Tonga. In Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. www.teara.govt.nz/en/ pacific-islands-and-new-zealand/page-6Google Scholar
Geraghty, Paul. 1997. The ethnic basis of society in Fiji. In Lal, Brij V. and Vakatora, Tomasi R., eds., Fiji Constitution Review Commission Research Papers, Vol. 1: Fiji in Transition. Suva: USP, 1–23.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1990. The development of Standard Englishes. In Görlach, Manfred, ed. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 9–64. (Revised paper based on a German version from 1988.)Google Scholar
Gylfadottir, Duna. 2015. Shtreets of Philadelphia: An Acoustic Study of /str/-retraction in a Naturalistic Speech Corpus. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 21(2), 89–97. http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol21/iss2/11Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1972. The Ecology of Language: Essays. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret and Gordon, Elizabeth. 2008. New Zealand English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Hendery, Rachel. 2015. Palmerston Island English. In Williams, Jeffrey P., Schneider, Edgar W., Trudgill, Peter and Schreier, Daniel, eds. Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 267–287.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2012. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Huffer, Elise, ed. 2008. Land and Women: The Matrilineal Factor. The Cases of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Fiji: Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2013. The diversification of English: Old, new and emerging epicentres. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 182–203.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Vogel, Katrin. 2011. Overuse of the progressive in ELS and learner Englishes – fact or fiction? In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, M, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 145–165.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Institutionalized second-language varieties. In Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. The English Language Today. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 211–226.Google Scholar
Kouwenberg, Silvia. 2003. Introduction. In Kowenberg, Silvia, ed. Twice as Meaningful: Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and Other Contact Languages. London: Battlebridge, 1–6.Google Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 1992. English as a pluricentric language. In Clyne, Michael, ed. Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: de Gruyter, 179–237.Google Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 2004. Australia’s Many Voices: Australian English – the National Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Leonhardt, Tobias. 2016. Kiribati and English: Bridging linguistic and cultural obstacles with alveolar plosives. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 16.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2009. Not just an “Outer Circle”, “Asian” English: Singapore English and the significance of ecology. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 183–206.Google Scholar
Loakes, Debbie, Clothier, Josh J., Hajek, John and Fletcher, Janet. 2014. An investigation of the /el/-/ael/ merger in Australian English: A pilot study on production and perception in south-west Victoria. Australian Journal of Linguistics 34(4): 436–452.Google Scholar
Lynch, John. 1998. Pacific Languages: An Introduction. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, John, Ross, Malcom and Crowley., Terry 2002. The Oceanic Languages. Richmond: Curzon.Google Scholar
Lynch, Sara. 2016. Cases of epenthesis and deletion in the Pacific: The intriguing realization of /h/ in Kosraen English. Presentation given at the Sociolinguistic Symposium 21 at the University of Murcia, June 16.Google Scholar
Maclagan, Margaret. 2010. The English(es) of New Zealand. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London: Routledge, 152‒164.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2003. Kreolismen und verbales Identitätsmanagement im geschriebenen jamaikanischen Englisch. In Vogel, Elisabeth, Napp, Antonia and Lutterer, Wolfram, eds. Zwischen Ausgrenzung und Hybridisierung – Zur Konstruktion von Identitäten aus Kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 79–96.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G. 2008. Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: phonetics and phonology. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 124–141.Google Scholar
Marmion, Doug, Obata, Kazuko and Troy, Jakelin. 2014. Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS). Canberra: Australia.Google Scholar
Meakins, Felicity and O’Shannessy, Carmel. 2012. Typological constraints on verb integration in two Australian mixed languages. Journal of Language Contact 5: 216–246.Google Scholar
Meleisea, Malama, Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel, Va‘ai, Isalei and Suafole, I‘iga. 1987. New Zealand Samoa 1914–1944. In Meleisea, Malama and Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel, eds. Lagaga: A Short History of Western Samoa. Suva: Oceania Printers, 125–144.Google Scholar
Moag, Rodney F. 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru, Braj B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 233–252.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mugler, France and Tent, Jan. 2008. Fiji English: Morphology and syntax. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 546–567.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1996. Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Rim. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfok Island-Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk): Morphology and syntax. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 568–582.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 2009. Australian English as a regional epicenter. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 107–124.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam and Burridge, Kate. 2012. English in Australia and New Zealand. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 233–260.Google Scholar
Pitt, David and Macpherson, Cluny. 1974. Emerging Pluralism: The Samoan Community in New Zealand. Auckland: Longman Paul.Google Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi and Ho, Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Ravulo, Jioji. 2015. Pacific Communities in Australia. Sydney: School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2004. Global synopsis: Phonetic and phonological variation in English worldwide. Schneider, Edgar W., Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Raj and Clive, Upton, eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1111–1138.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Gerold and Hundt, Marianne. 2012. “Off with their heads”: Profiling TAM in ICE corpora. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–34.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1996. The English language in the Asia Pacific region. In Stephen, A. Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler and Tryon, Darrell T., eds. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Vol. 2.1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 241–250.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2013. Regional profile: Australia Pacific Region. In Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 765–782.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2008. Language contact: Constraints and common paths of contact-induced language change. In Siemund, Peter and Kintana, Noemi, eds. Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3–11.Google Scholar
Strevens, Peter. 1980. Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Tent, Jan. 2000. The dynamics of Fiji English: A study of its use, users and features. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Otago.Google Scholar
Tent, Jan and Mugler, France. 2008. Fiji English: Phonology. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 234–266.Google Scholar
Velupillai, Viveka. 2015. Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2003. Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2014. Educated Fiji English: Lexico-grammar and Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar