Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- 1 China on the Eve of the Historical Period
- 2 Language and Writing
- 3 Shang Archaeology
- 4 The Shang: China’s First Historical Dynasty
- 5 Western Zhou History
- 6 Western Zhou Archaeology
- 7 The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770–481 B.C.
- 8 The Spring and Autumn Period
- 9 Warring States Political History
- 10 The Art and Architecture of the Warring States Period
- 11 The Classical Philosophical Writings
- 12 Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought
- 13 The Northern Frontier in Pre–Imperial China
- 14 The Heritage Left to the Empires
- Bibliography
- Index
- Map 1 Topography of China
- Map 3.1 Archaeological sites of the Early Bronze Age
- Map 6.1 Archaeological sites of the Western Zhou period
- References
13 - The Northern Frontier in Pre–Imperial China
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- 1 China on the Eve of the Historical Period
- 2 Language and Writing
- 3 Shang Archaeology
- 4 The Shang: China’s First Historical Dynasty
- 5 Western Zhou History
- 6 Western Zhou Archaeology
- 7 The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770–481 B.C.
- 8 The Spring and Autumn Period
- 9 Warring States Political History
- 10 The Art and Architecture of the Warring States Period
- 11 The Classical Philosophical Writings
- 12 Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought
- 13 The Northern Frontier in Pre–Imperial China
- 14 The Heritage Left to the Empires
- Bibliography
- Index
- Map 1 Topography of China
- Map 3.1 Archaeological sites of the Early Bronze Age
- Map 6.1 Archaeological sites of the Western Zhou period
- References
Summary
The northern frontier of China has long been recognized as something more than a simple line separating natural zones, political entities, or ethnic groups. This frontier has been represented as the birthplace of independent cultures and the habitat of peoples whose lifestyle, economic activities, social customs, and religious beliefs became, from the Bronze Age onward, gradually but increasingly distant from the civilization of the Central Plain. This distinct cultural region, often called the “Northern Zone” of China, comprises the interlocking desert, steppe, and forest regions from Heilong jiang and Jilin in the east to Xinjiang in the west. The frontier between China and the north has also been envisaged as a bundle of routes and avenues of communications through which peoples, ideas, goods, and faiths flowed incessantly between West and East. In economic terms, it provided the Chinese with a source of foreign goods as well as a market for domestic production.
The process by which the northern frontier acquired these qualifications was a long one. While its complexities cannot be captured in a single image, the Great Wall – this symbolic and material line that came into existence as a unified system of fortifications with the establishment of the Qin empire in 221 B.C. – can be seen as the culmination of a long process of cultural differentiation that embraces several aspects.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of Ancient ChinaFrom the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, pp. 885 - 966Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1999
References
. “The Bronze Age in the Eastern Parts of Central Asia.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol I: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 b.c., ed. and . Paris: Unesco, 1992.Google Scholar
“Researches into the Prehistory of the Chinese.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
15 (1943).Google Scholar
“Skifo-sibirskoie iskusstvo tsverinogo stili (osnovniie etapy i napravleniia).” In Problemy skifskoi arkheologii, ed. and . Moscow: Nauka, 1971.Google Scholar
Sokrovishcha Sakov: Amu-Dar’inskii klad, altaiskie kurgany minusinskie bronzy, sibirskoe zoloto. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1973.
“The Beginning of Iron Age in Transoxiana.” In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 1: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B.C., ed. and . Paris: Unesco, 1992.Google Scholar
, ed., Chunqiu Zuo zhuan zhu [Beijing: Zhonghua, 1990]
“Krovnovsko-Khunnskie paralleli.” In Drevnee Zabaikal’e i ego kul’turnye sviazi, ed. . Novosibirsk: Akademiia Nauk USSR, 1985.Google Scholar
“Ancient Ordos Bronzes.” In Ancient Chinese and Ordos Bronzes, ed. and . Hong Kong: Museum of Art, 1990.Google Scholar
“Unprovenanced Artifacts Belonging to the Pastoral Tribes of Inner Mongolia and North China During the 8th–1st Century B.C.” In The International Academic Conference of Archaeological Cultures of the Northern Chinese Ancient Nations (Collected Papers), ed. . Huhhot, August 11–18, 1992.Google Scholar
. “The Anecdotal Plaques of the Eastern Steppe Regions.” In Arts of the Eurasian Steppelands, ed. . London: Percival David Foundation, 1978.Google Scholar
, The Archaeology of Ancient China, 4th ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985) 50.
Shang Civilization. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1980.
and . “The Late Prehistory of Xinjiang in Relation to Its Neighbors.” journal of World Prehistory
9, 2 (1995).Google Scholar
. Yinxu buci zongshu
Beijing: Kexue, 1956.
Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR. Trans. . Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Chan-Kuo Ts’e. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.
. “Archéologie du Xinjiang des origines aux Han; IIème partie.” Paléorient
15, 1 (1989).Google Scholar
, ed. Nan Zhongguo ji linjin diqu gu wenhua yanjiu. Hong Kong: Xianggang Zhongwen daxue, 1994.
Rannyi zheleznyi vek Priamur’ia. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1973.
. “Ancient Inner Asian Nomads: Their Economic Basis and Its Significance in Chinese History.” Journal of Asian Studies
53, 4 (1994).Google Scholar
, , and , eds. Chinese Archaeological Abstracts, 3. Eastern Zhou to Han. Monumenta Archaeologica
10. Los Angeles: University of California, Institute of Archaeology, 1985.
, et al. “Radiocarbon Dates of the Institute of Archaeology, 2.” Radiocarbon
12 (1970).Google Scholar
“Origin and Spread of Riding in the Near East and Central Asia.” American Anthropologist
63 (1961).Google Scholar
Kundoku Setsumon Kaiji chû. Ed. and trans. . Tokyo: Tôkai daigaku, 1986.
. Duan shi shuo wen jie zi zhu. Shanghai: Sao Yeshan fang, 1928.
. “Hun and Xiong-nu Type Caldron Finds throughout Eurasia.” Eurasian Studies Yearbook
67 (1995).Google Scholar
and . Mawangdui Han mu wenwu. Changsha: Hunan, 1992.
. “Cong Nei Meng Yinshan yanhua kan gudai beifang youmu minzu de lishi gongxian”. In Sichou zhi lu yanhua yishu, ed. . Urumqi: Xinjiang Renmin, 1993.Google Scholar
. “Zhunge’er qi Sujigou chutu de tongqi”. In O’erduosi qingtong qi, ed. and . Beijing: Wenwu, 1986.Google Scholar
. “Lüelun Kayue wenhua”. In Kaoguxue wenhua lunji, ed. . Beijing: Wenwu, 1993, vol. 3.Google Scholar
“Riding Astride and the Saddle in Ancient China.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
44, 2 (1984).Google Scholar
Der Großkurgan von Aržan in Tuva, Südsibirien. Munich: Beck, 1984.
The Ancient Civilization of Southern Siberia. New York: Cowles, 1969.
. Liang Zhou jinwenci daxi tulu kaoshi. Tokyo: Bunkyûdô, 1935; 2nd rev. ed., Beijing: Kexue, 1958.
, “Aohanqi Tiejiangguo Zhanguo mudi diaocha jianbao,” Nei Menggu wenwu kaogu
1991.1–2.Google Scholar
. Seit wann kannten die Chinesen die Tocharer oder Indogermanen überhaupt?
Leipzig: Verlag der Asia Major, 1926.
. “Ningxia Pengtao Yujiazhuang mudi rengu zhongxi tedian zhi yanjiu”. Kaogu xuebao
1995.1.Google Scholar
. Language and Logic in Ancient China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983.
Remnants of Ch’in Law: An Annotated Translation of the Ch’in Legal and Administrative Rules of the 3rd Century B.C. Discovered in Yün-meng Prefecture, Hu-pei Province, in 1975. Leiden: Brill, 1985.
. “Beyond the Frontier: A Reconsideration of Cultural Interchange Between China and the Early Nomads.” Early China
13 (1988).Google Scholar
. “The Karasuk Culture and Its South-Eastern Affinities.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
22 (1950), 16 pl.Google Scholar
. “The Origins of Chinese Civilization: Soviet Views.” In The Origins of Chinese Civilization, ed. . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
. Art of the Steppes. New York: Crown, 1967.
, ed. Xinjiang lishi cidian. Urumqi: Xinjiang Renmin, 1993.
. “Lun Zhongguo dongbei diqu han quren qingtong duanjian de wenhua yicun”. Kaogu xuebao
1982.4: ; 1983.1.Google Scholar
, “Some Weapons and Tools of the Yin Dynasty,” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 17 (1945).Google Scholar
, Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese (Paris: Librarie orientaliste Paul Geudiner, 1923), p..
. Das Gräberfeld der hunno-sarmatischen Zeit von Kokel’, Tuva, Süd-Sibirien.
Munich: Beck, 1984.
. Grahfunde der Skythenzeit aus Tuva, Süd-Sibirien.
Munich: Beck, 1986.
. Nomads of the Outside World.
Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Drevniaia istoriia Iuzhnoi Sibiri.
Moscow: Nauka, 1951.
“‘Karasuk-dolche,’ Hirschsteine und die Nomaden der chinesischen Annalen im Alterum.” In Maoqinggou: Ein eisenzeitliches Gräberfeld in der Ordos-Region (Innere Mongolei), ed. and . Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1992.Google Scholar
“Les steppes de l’Asie centrale à l’Epoque du bronze: La culture d’Andronovo.” Dossiers d’archéologie
185 (1993).Google Scholar
. Inner Asian Frontiers of China.
1940; rpt. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.
. The Chinese Classics. Vol. 4: The She King.
London: Trübner, 1871; rpt. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1960.
. trans. Li Chi, Book of Rites.
2 vols. 1885; rpt. New York: University Books, 1967.
et al. “Song Nen pingyuan qingtong yu chuxing zaoqi tieqi shidai wenhua leixing de yanjiu”. Beifang wenwu
1994.1.Google Scholar
. “The Domestication of Plants in China: Ecogeographical Considerations.” In The Origins of Chinese Civilization, ed. . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
. “Guanyu Yanjiu Zhongguo gudai beifang minzu wenhua shi de wo jian”. Nei Menggu daxue xuebao
1988.1.Google Scholar
. “A Reexamination of the Relationship Between Bronzes of the Shang Culture and of the Northern Zone.” In Studies of Shang Archaeology: Selected Papers from the International Conference on Shang Civilization, ed. . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
. “Here Today and Gone Tomorrow: The Emergence and Demise of Bronze Producing Cultures Outside the Central Plain.” Paper presented at the Conference on Chinese History and Archaeology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, January 4–8, 1994.
, and . Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East.
Leiden: Brill, 1979.
. “Weapons and Tools from Anyang, and Siberian Analogies.” American Journal of Archaeology
53 (1949).Google Scholar
, ed. Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide.
Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1993.
, ed. Shang Zhou qingtongqi mingwen xuan
Beijing: Wenwu, 1988.
“Problems of Social Change Among the Asiatic Nomads.” In The Nomadic Alternative, ed. by . The Hague: Mouton, 1978.Google Scholar
. The Ancient Art of Northern Asia. Trans, and ed. and . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
“The Beginning of the Hunnic Epoch in South Siberia.” Arctic Anthropology
25.2 (1988).Google Scholar
“Central Asia in the Early Iron Age: Dynamics of Cultural, Social and Economic Development.” Information Bulletin. Unesco International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia
9 (1985).Google Scholar
. Le Mu Tianzi zhuan: Traduction annotée: Étude critique.
Paris: Collège de France, Institut des hautes études chinoises, 1978.
“Niche Grave Burials of the Xiong-nu Period in Central Asia.” Information Bulletin. International Association for the Cultures of Central Asia
17 (1990).Google Scholar
“On the Origin of the Hiung-nu.” Information Bulletin. International Association for the Cultures of Central Asia, 9 (1985).Google Scholar
, ed., with Tsai-fa Cheng, Zongli Lu, and Robert Reynolds, trans. The Grand Scribe’s Records. Vol. 1: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China by Ssu-ma Ch’ien.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
The Grand Scribe’s Records. Vol. 7: The Memoirs of Pre-Han China by Ssu-ma Ch’ien.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
, et al. Ulangom: Ein skythenzeitlisches Gräberfeld in der Mongolei.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1982.
“Mongolie de l’époque du ‘style animale’.” In Ethnologic und Geschichte. Festschrift für Karl Jettmar, ed. . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1983.Google Scholar
“Reflection and Reception: The Origins of the Mirror in Bronze Age China.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
62 (1990).Google Scholar
“Inner Asia at the Dawn of History.” In The Cambridge History of Inner Asia, ed. . Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
“Chinese Chariotry: An Outsider’s View.” In Arts of the Eurasian Steppelands, ed. . Colloquies on Art and Archaeology in Asia, no. 7. London: Percival David Foundation, 1978.Google Scholar
. The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea.
Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983.
. Chinese Statelets and the Northern Barbarians in the Period 1400–300 B.C.
Dordrecht: Reidel, 1971.
“The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times.” In The Origins of Chinese Civilization, ed. . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
. “Jade and Gold: Some Sources of Ancient Chinese Jade Design.” Orientations
26.6 (June 1995).Google Scholar
. “A Preliminary Study of the Art of the Upper Xiajiadian Culture.” In The International Academic Conference of Archaeological Cultures of the Northern Chinese Ancient Nations (Collected Papers), ed. . Huhhot, August, 1992.Google Scholar
. “Zhukaigou wenhua de faxian ji qi yiyi”. In Zhongguo kaoguxue luncong. Beijing: Kexue, 1995.Google Scholar
, annotated by Zhanguo ce, (Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1978), vol. 1
. “Liaoning Shang Zhou shiqi de qingtong wenhua”. In Kaoguxue wenhua lunwenji, ed. . Beijing: Wenwu, 1993, vol. 3.Google Scholar
. “Yin dai chezi de faxian yu fuyuan”. 1984.6.
, , and . “Heilongjiang gudai wenhua chulun”. In Zhongguo kaogu xuehui diyici nianhui lunwenji 1979
1979. Beijing: Wenwu, 1980.Google Scholar
. “The Hsiung-nu.” In The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, ed. . Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
et al. “Xindian wenhua yanjiu”. In Kaoguxue wenhua lunji, ed. . Beijing: Wenwu, 1993, vol. 3.Google Scholar
, see Kaogu xuebao
1975.1: 56.
. “Guyuan xian Pengbao Chunqiu Zhanguo muzang”. Zhongguo kaoguxue nianjian 1988 (1989).Google Scholar
Zhongguo Sichou zhi lu cidian. Ed. . Urumqi: Xinjiang Renmin, 1994.
- 29
- Cited by