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Chapter 18 - Principles of antibiotics use

from Section II: - Systemic disorders and management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2010

By
Edwin Mitchell
Edited by
Fang Gao Smith
Edited in association with
Joyce Yeung
Fang Gao Smith
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
Joyce Yeung
Affiliation:
West Midlands Deanery
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Summary

Antibiotics should only be administered after microbiological specimens are taken, except in emergencies. Most antibiotics are removed from the body via the kidneys. Renal failure may cause the accumulation of a drug, or its metabolites. This is a particular problem with glycopeptides and aminoglycosides where toxic levels are associated with severe and permanent side effects such as ototoxicity and renal impairment. Organisms resistant to multiple antibiotics such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged in healthcare environments and have proved difficult to control in many countries. Prophylaxis is recommended where a bacteraemia is expected, and the resultant infection may result in significant morbidity or mortality. The commonly used antibiotics on intensive care unit are: beta-lactams, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, quinolones, macrolides, rifampicin, oxazolidinone and nitroimidazoles. The three major classes of anti-fungal drug are: azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins.

Keywords

inotropesmean arterial blood pressuremyocardial contractionvasoactive drugstissue perfusionsystemic vascular resistanceoxygen deliveryseptic shockvasoactive therapyvasopressor
Type
Chapter
Information
Core Topics in Critical Care Medicine , pp. 124 - 129
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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