Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:49:51.039Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Dialect Contact and the Emergence of New Varieties of English

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 September 2021

Danae Perez
Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Johannes Kabatek
Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
University of Zurich
Get access

Summary

Varieties of English arose during the colonial period (roughly 1600-1900) at a number of different overseas locations. The specific situations of dialect contact and mixture and the sociolinguistic scenarios which obtained at these locations were instrumental in the variety profiles which resulted. Contact between dialects happened because of the different sources of emigrants to key locations such as Canada or New Zealand and from the status of these groups in the British colonies where they settled. In recent decades there have been several studies of how the varieties, which can now be observed in the modern Anglophone countries throughout the world, achieved the profiles they show. These studies throw light on the nature of language contact and the outcomes it engenders.

Type
Chapter
Information
English and Spanish
World Languages in Interaction
, pp. 53 - 75
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Algeo, John, ed. 2001. English in North America. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Maynor, Natalie and Cukor-Avila, Patricia, eds. 1991. The Emergence of Black English: Texts and Commentary. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie. 1994. Watching English Change: An Introduction to the Study of Linguistic Change in Standard Englishes in the Twentieth Century. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie and Bauer, Winifred 2002. “Can we watch regional dialects developing in colonial English? The case of New Zealand”, English World-Wide 23.2: 169193.Google Scholar
Branford, William. 1994. “English in South Africa.” In Burchfield 1994: 430–496.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 1997. “Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: ‘Canadian Raising’ in the English Fens.” Language in Society 26(1): 1546.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2008. “When is a change not a change? A case study on the dialect origins of New Zealand English.” Language Variation and Change 20: 187223.Google Scholar
Britain, David and Trudgill, Peter 2005. “New dialect formation and contact-induced reallocation: Three case studies from the Fens.” International Journal of English Studies 5(1): 183209.Google Scholar
Brown, Vivian R. 1991. “Evolution of the merger of /i/ and /e/ before nasals in Tennessee.” American Speech 66(3): 303315.Google Scholar
Burchfield, Robert W., ed. 1994. English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burridge, Kate. 2010. “‘A peculiar language’. Linguistic evidence for early Australian English.” In Hickey, Raymond, ed., Varieties of English in Writing: The Written Word As Linguistic Evidence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 295348.Google Scholar
Butters, Ronald R. 2001. “Grammatical structure.” In Algeo 2001: 325–339.Google Scholar
Carver, Craig M. 1987. American Regional Dialects: A Word Geography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Catford, J. C. 1977. Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1973. “Canadian raising.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics 18: 113135.Google Scholar
Childs, Becky and Walt, Wolfram 2008. “Bahamian English: Phonology.” In Schneider 2008: 239–255.Google Scholar
Christian, Donna, Wolfram, Walt and Dube, Nanjo. 1988. Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities: Appalachian English and Ozark English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 2004. “The legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland.” In Hickey (ed.) 2004: 242–261.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra, Elms, Ford and Youssef., Amani 1995. “The third dialect of English: Some Canadian evidence.” Language Variation and Change 7: 209228.Google Scholar
de Klerk, Vivian, ed. 1996. Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Dobson, Eric J. 1968 [1957]. English Pronunciation 1500–1700. Vol. 1: Survey of the Sources. Vol. 2: Phonology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dossena, Marina 2010. “‘Be pleased to report expressly’: The development of a public style in late modern English business and official correspondence.” In Hickey, Raymond, ed., Eighteenth-Century English. Ideology and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 293308.Google Scholar
Eitner, Walter H. 1991. “Affirmative ‘any more’ in present-day American English.” In Trudgill, Peter and Chambers, J. K., eds., Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation. London: Longman, 267272.Google Scholar
Fry, Dennis. 1979. The Physics of Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth and Deverson, Tony. 1998. New Zealand English and English in New Zealand. Auckland: New House Publishers.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, MacLagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Maclagan, Margaret and Hay, Jennifer. 2009. “The ONZE Corpus.” In C. Beal, Joan, Corrigan, Karen P. and Moisl, Hermann, eds., Models and Methods in the Handling of Unconventional Digital Corpora. Volume 2: Diachronic Corpora. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 82104.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J. 2012. “English in the United States.” In Hickey (ed.) 2012: 109–103.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 1985. “The interrelationship of epenthesis and syncope, evidence from Irish and Dutch.” Lingua 65: 229249.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2003a. “How do dialects get the features they have? On the process of new dialect formation.” In Hickey, Raymond, ed., Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 213239.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2003b. “Rectifying a standard deficiency: Pronominal distinctions in varieties of English.” In Taavitsainen, Irma and Jucker, Andreas H., eds., Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. Pragmatics and Beyond, New Series, Vol. 107. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 345374.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004a. “Dialects of English and their transportation.” In Hickey (ed.) 2004: 33–58.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004b. “The phonology of Irish English.” In Kortmann, Bernd et al., eds., Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 6897.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2010a. “Language contact: Reassessment and reconsideration.” In Hickey, Raymond, ed., The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 128.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2010b. “Attitudes and concerns in eighteenth-century English.” In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Eighteenth-Century English: Ideology and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 120.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2012a. “Assessing the role of contact in the history of English.” In Nevalainen, Terttu and Closs Traugott, Elizabeth, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 485496.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2012b. “Areal features of the anglophone world.” In Hickey, Raymond, ed., Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 119.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2014. “Mergers, losses and the spread of English.” In Taavitsainen, Irma, Kytö, Merja, Claridge, Claudia and Smith, Jeremy J., eds., Developments in English: Expanding Electronic Evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 237250.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2017. “Retention and innovation in settler Englishes.” In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds., The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 657675.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2021. “Transnational standards of languages.” In Ayres-Bennett, Wendy and Bellamy, John, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2012. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Howe, Darin M. 1997. “Negation and the history of African American English.” Language Variation and Change 9, 267294.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, Ossi. 1994. “The dialects of England since 1776.” In Burchfield 1994: 197–274.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 2010. “Contact and new varieties.” In Hickey, Raymond, ed., The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 230251.Google Scholar
Kiesling, Scott F. 2004. “English input to Australia.” In Hickey (ed.) 2004: 418–439.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Benedikt, Szmrecsanyi. 2009. “World Englishes between simplification and complexification.” In Siebers, Lucia and Hoffmann, Thomas, eds., World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 265285.Google Scholar
Lanham, Len. 1996. “A history of English in South Africa.” In de Klerk 1996: 19–33.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2009. “Corpus linguistics meets sociolinguistics: Studying educated spoken usage in Jamaica on the basis of the International Corpus of English.” In Siebers, Lucia and Hoffmann, Thomas, eds., World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 3960.Google Scholar
McGrath, Patrick. 1978. “Bristol and America.” In Andrews, Kenneth R., Canny, Nicholas. P. and Hair, P. E. H., eds., The Westward Enterprise: English Activities in Ireland, the Atlantic, and America 1480–1650. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 81102.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2000. The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Kerby A. 1985. Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A. G. and Delbridge., A. 1965. The Pronunciation of English in Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 2004. “Solving Kurath’s puzzle: Establishing the antecedents of the American Midland dialect region.” In Hickey (ed.) 2004: 310–325.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 1996. “The founder principle and creole genesis.” Diachronica 13: 83134.Google Scholar
Nagle, Stephen J. 1994. “The English double modal conspiracy.” Diachronica 11(2): 199212.Google Scholar
Perez, Danae, Sessarego, Sandro and Sippola, Eeva. 2017. “Afro-Hispanic varieties compared: New light from phylogeny.” In Bakker, Peter, Borchsenius, Fynn, Levisen, Carsten and Sippola, Eeva, eds., Creole Languages: Phylogenetic Approaches. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 269291.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne, ed. 1982. Sociolinguistic Variation in Speech Communities. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. “The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth.” Language 79(2): 233281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W., ed. 2008. Varieties of English. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2004. “English transported to the South Atlantic Ocean: Tristan da Cunha.” In Hickey (ed.) 2004: 387–401.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2012. “Phonological inventories.” In Hickey (ed.) 2012: 277–297.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2019. “/h/ insertion as a ‘camouflaged archaism’? Dialect contact, colonial lag and the feature pool in South Atlantic English.” Diachronica 36(1): 3664.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne (eds.). 2013. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sudbury, Andrea. 2004. “English on the Falklands.” In Hickey (ed.) 2004: 402–417.Google Scholar
Tillery, Jan and Bailey, Guy. 2008. “The urban South: Phonology.” In Schneider (ed.) 2008: 115–128.Google Scholar
Tottie, Gunnel and Rey, Michel. 1997. “Relativization strategies in Earlier African American English.” Language Variation and Change 9: 219247.Google Scholar
Troike, R. C. 1986. “McDavid’s Law.” Journal of English Linguistics 19(2): 177205.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2009. “Vernacular universals and the sociolinguistic typology of English dialects.” In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds., Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 302329.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian and Maclagan, Margaret. 2000. “Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English.” Journal of Linguistics 36: 299318.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Schreier, Daniel, Long, Daniel and Williams, Jeffrey P.. 2002. “On the reversibility of mergers: /w/, /v/ and evidence from lesser-known Englishes.” Folia Linguistica Historica 26: 2345.Google Scholar
Upton, Clive and Widdowson, John D. A.. 2006. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1997. Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. American English: Dialects and Variation. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wyld, Henry Cecil. 1956. A History of Modern Colloquial English. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×