Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:05:19.505Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Between Moral Slavery and Legal Freedom

Freed People and Aristocratic Behavior in Neronian Literature*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Sinclair W. Bell
Affiliation:
Northern Illinois University
Dorian Borbonus
Affiliation:
University of Dayton, Ohio
Rose MacLean
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Barbara
Get access

Summary

The Principate of Nero is a well-documented period for a study about the literary evidence on Roman enslaved and freed people. In Neronian literature – as exemplified by Seneca, Persius, and Petronius – manumission is recurrently mentioned as a metaphor for describing forms of aristocratic behavior in imperial times, so that freed people became an important issue in discussions about the moral meanings of freedom and slavery under the Principate and its inherent elite competition for social dominance. Neronian authors criticized certain aristocrats by depicting them as morally acting like enslaved or freed persons, thus becoming examples of an indecorous behavior. The chapter argues that the representations of freed people in this context were related to the legal changes in slavery since Augustus, which involved a kind of surveillance of the practice of manumission and the creation of a new category of freed people, the Junian Latins, that did not automatically entail Roman citizenship. Both aspects had an impact not only on the more immediate relations between enslavers and enslaved persons, and on the social life of enslaved and freed people, but also reconfigured the ideas of slavery shared by the Roman elite.

Type
Chapter
Information
Freed Persons in the Roman World
Status, Diversity, and Representation
, pp. 164 - 188
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

André, J-M. 1982. “L’esclavage sous Néron: Statut juridique et condition réelle.” In Neronia 1977. Actes du 2e colloque de la Société Internationale d’Études Néroniennes, ed. Croisille, J.-M. and Fauchère, P.-M., 1322. Clermont-Ferrand.Google Scholar
Andreau, J. 1989. “Il liberto.” In L’uomo romano, ed. Giardina, A., 186213. Rome.Google Scholar
Andreau, J. 2009. “Freedmen in the Satyrica.” In Petronius: A Handbook, ed. Prag, J. and Repath, I., 114–24. Chichester and Malden, MA.Google Scholar
Barja de Quiroga, P. L. 2007. Historia de la manumisión en Roma: De los orígenes a los Severos. Madrid.Google Scholar
Barja de Quiroga, P. L. 2020. “Patronage and Slavery in the Roman World: The Circle of Power.” In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Slaveries, ed. Hodkinson, S., Kleijwegt, M., and Vlassopoulos, K.. Oxford. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199575251.013.31.Google Scholar
Barja de Quiroga, P. L. 2022. “On Freedom and Citizenship: Freedmen as Agents and Metaphors of Roman Political Culture.” In A Companion to the Political Culture of the Roman Republic, ed. Arena, V., Prag, J., and Stiles, A., 374–86. Hoboken, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119673675.ch27.Google Scholar
Bellen, H. 1982. “Antike Staatsräson: die Hinrichtung der 400 Sklaven des römischen Stadtpräfekten L. Pedanius Secundus im Jahre 61 n. Chr.” Gymnasium 89: 449–67.Google Scholar
Bernard, S. G. 2016. “Food Distributions and Immigration in Imperial Rome.” In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, ed. de Ligt, L. and Tacoma, L. E., 5071. Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004307377_005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodel, J. 1994. “Trimalchio’s Underworld.” In The Search for the Ancient Novel, ed. Tatum, J., 237–59. Baltimore.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 1999. “The Cena Trimalchionis.” In Latin Fiction. The Latin Novel in Context, ed. Hofmann, H., 3851. London.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. 2019. “Liber esto: Free Speech in the Banquet of Trimalchio.” In Slaves and Masters in the Ancient Novel, ed. Panayotakis, S. and Paschalis, M., 161–80. Groningen.Google Scholar
Borbonus, D. 2014. Columbarium Tombs and Collective Identity in Augustan Rome. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139381680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyce, B. 1991. The Language of the Freedmen in Petronius’ Cena Trimalchionis. Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, K. R. 2008. “Seneca and Slavery.” In Seneca, ed. Fitch, J. G., 335–47. Oxford.Google Scholar
Dominik, W. J., Garthwaite, J., and Roche, P.. 2009. “Writing Imperial Politics: The Context.” In Writing Politics in Imperial Rome, ed. Dominik, W. J., Garthwaite, J., and Roche, P., 121. Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004217133_002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drinkwater, J. F. 2019. Nero: Emperor and Court. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108472647.Google Scholar
Faversani, F., and Joly, F. D.. 2013. “Tácito, sua Vida de Agrícola e a competição aristocrática no Alto Império Romano.” Mnemonise Revista 4: 133–47.Google Scholar
Faversani, F. 2015. “Ékphrasis e as fronteiras da descrição em Tácito.” Letras Clássicas 19.1: 4353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2358-3150.v19i1p43-53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fertik, H. H. 2014. “Publicity, Privacy, and Power in Neronian Rome.” Unpublished Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, W. 2000. Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaides, F. 1995. “Intuitions linguistiques de Pétrone dans sa mise en scène des affranchis de la Cena.” Latomus 54.4: 856–63.Google Scholar
Galvão-Sobrinho, C. 2012. “Feasting the Dead Together: Household Burials and the Social Strategies of Slaves and Freed Persons in the Early Principate.” In Free at Last! The Impact of Freed Slaves on the Roman Empire, ed. Bell, S. and Ramsby, T., 130–76. London.Google Scholar
Gardner, J. 1991. “The Purpose of the Lex Fufia Caninia.” EchCl 35: 2139.Google Scholar
Gardner, J. 2011. “Slavery and Roman Law.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World, ed. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P., 414–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giacchero, M. 1980. “Economia e società nell’opera di Seneca: intuizioni e giudizi nel contesto storico dell’età giulio-claudia.” In Philias Charin. Miscellanea di studi classici in onore di Eugenio Manni, 3: 10851136. Rome.Google Scholar
Griffin, M. T. 1976. Seneca, a Philosopher in Politics. Oxford.Google Scholar
Habinek, T. 2000. “Seneca’s Renown: Gloria, Claritudo, and the Replication of the Roman Elite.” ClAnt 19: 264303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25011122.Google Scholar
Harries, J. 2013. “The Senatus Consultum Silanianum: Court Decisions and Judicial Severity in the Early Roman Empire.” In New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman World, ed. du Plessis, P. J., 5170. Edinburgh. DOI: http://10.3366/edinburgh/9780748668175.003.0004.Google Scholar
Hooley, D. M. 1997. The Knotted Thong: Structures of Mimesis in Persius. Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inwood, B. 2005. “Seneca on Freedom and Autonomy.” In Inwood, B., Reading Seneca: Stoic Philosophy at Rome, 302–21. Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joly, F. D. 2010. Libertate opus est: Escravidão, manumissão e cidadania à época de Nero (54–68 d.C.). Curitiba.Google Scholar
Koops, E. 2014. “Masters and Freedmen: Junian Latins and the Struggle for Citizenship.” In Integration in Rome and in the Roman World: Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, ed. de Kleijn, G. and Benoist, S., 105–26. Leiden. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004256675_009.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, I. 1982. “Slavery.” Annual Review of Anthropology 11: 207–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.11.100182.001231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, R. 2018. Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316534144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, C. M. 2019. “Decadência denunciada pelo riso: gênero, intertextualidade e crítica no Satyricon.” Em Tese (Belo Horizonte) 25: 4564. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1982-0739.25.1.45-64.Google Scholar
McCarthy, K. 1998. “Servitium amoris: amor servitii.” In Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture: Differential Equations, ed. Murnaghan, S. and Joshel, S., 179–98. London.Google Scholar
Morley, N. 2011. “Slavery under the Principate.” In The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World, ed. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P., 265–86. Cambridge. DOI: https://10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.015.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, H. 2011. The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, O. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Ramsby, T. 2012. “Reading the Freed Slave in the Cena Trimalchionis.” In Free at Last! The Impact of Freed Slaves on the Roman Empire, ed. Bell, S. and Ramsby, T., 6687. London.Google Scholar
Roller, M. 2001. Constructing Autocracy: Aristocrats and Emperors in Julio-Claudian Rome. Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, U. 2016. “Liberating the Cena.” CQ 66.2: 614–34. DOI: https://10.1017/S0009838816000811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudich, V. 1993. Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation. London.Google Scholar
Scherer, C. E. C. 2014. “Libertate opus est: O percurso da sabedoria em Pérsio.” Ph.D. diss., Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Schiavone, A. 1996. La storia spezzata: Roma antica e Occidente moderno. Rome and Bari.Google Scholar
Schmeling, G. 2011. A Commentary on the Satyrica of Petronius. Oxford and New York. DOI: https://10.1093/actrade/9780199567713.book.1.Google Scholar
Schottlaender, R. 1966. “Persius und Seneca über die Problematik der Freilassungen.” Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Rostock 15: 533–39.Google Scholar
Vassileiou, A. 1974. “Le riche Calvisius Sabinus (Sénèque, Ep., 27, 5–8).” L’antiquité classique 43: 241–56.Google Scholar
Watson, A. 1987. Roman Slave Law. Baltimore.Google Scholar
Winterling, A. 2009. Politics and Society in Imperial Rome. Malden, MA.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×