Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-5r2nc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-08T05:18:29.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 29 - Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2025

By
Cesar A. Soutullo
Edited by
Marsal Sanches  and
Jair C. Soares
Marsal Sanches
Affiliation:
McGovern Medical School, Texas
Jair C. Soares
Affiliation:
McGovern Medical School, Texas
Get access

Summary

ADHD is a highly prevalent, genetic, brain-based disorder associated with important impairments in academics, socio-emotional, family, and physical aspects of a person´s life. It has been described many years ago, generally starts in childhood, and in 50% of cases persists into adulthood. It has a well-documented safe and effective treatment that includes a multimodal combination on psychoeducation, parent training in behavioral management, academic support, and medication (stimulants or nonstimulants). Early and sustained treatment reduces symptoms, impairment, and negative consequences of complicated ADHD, such as poor academic outcomes, depression and other psychiatric complications, and accidents/injuries.

Keywords

ADHDstimulantsnon-stimulantspsychoeducationbehavioral therapymethylphenidatedex-amphetamineclonidineguanfacineatomoxetineviloxacineparent training.
Type
Chapter
Information
Fundamentals of Clinical Psychiatry
A Practical Handbook
 , pp. 298 - 310
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Polanczyk, GV, Willcutt, EG, Salum, GA, Kieling, C, Rohde, LA. ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):434–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faraone, SV, Banaschewski, T, Coghill, D, et al. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based Conclusions about the Disorder, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11), World Health Organization (WHO) 2019/2021.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Goikoetxea, M, Cortese, S, Aznárez-Sanado, M, et al. Risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact of ADHD medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boland, H, DiSalvo, M, Fried, R, et al. A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;123:21–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelham, WE, Page, TF, Altszuler, AR, Gnagy, EM, Molina, BSG, Pelham, WE. The long-term financial outcome of children diagnosed with ADHD. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2020;88(2):160–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baweja, R, Soutullo, CA, Waxmonsky, JC. Review of barriers and interventions to promote engagement for pediatric ADHD. World J Psychiatry. 2021; 11(12):1206–1227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biederman, J, Fried, R, DiSalvo, M, et al. Evidence of low adherence to stimulant medication among children and youths with ADHD: an electronic health records study. Psychiatric Services. 2019;70(10):874–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pliszka, SR, Pereira-Sanchez, V, Robles-Ramamurthy, B. A review of clinical practice guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am. 2022; 31:569–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DuPaul, GJ, Power, TJ, Anastopoulos, AD, Reid, R. ADHD Rating Scale – 5 for Children and Adolescents: Checklists, Norms, and Clinical Interpretation. 2nd ed. Guilford Press; 2016.Google Scholar
McGoey, KE, DuPaul, GJ, Haley, E, Shelton, TL. Parent and teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschool: the ADHD rating scale-IV preschool version. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2007;29(4):269–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marín-Méndez, JJ, Borra-Ruiz, MC, Álvarez-Gómez, MJ, McGoey, KE, Soutullo, C. Normative ADHD-RS-preschool data in a community sample in Spain. Atten Disord. 2019;23(6):615–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, L, Kessler, RC, Spencer, T, WHO. Adult ADHD Rating Scale. https://add.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/adhd-questionnaire-ASRS111.pdf.Google Scholar
De Freitas de Sousa, A, Meneghetti, Coimbra I, Marrone Castanho, J, Polanczyk, GV, Rhode, LA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In Rey, JM, Martin, A, eds., JM Rey’s IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health. International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions: 2020.Google Scholar
Cortese, S. Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. N Eng J Med. 2020;383(11):1050–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bousman, CA, Cherner, M, Atkinson, JH, Heaton, RK, Grant, I, Everall, IP, the HNRC Group. COMT Val158Met polymorphism, executive dysfunction, and sexual risk behavior in the context of HIV infection and methamphetamine dependance. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/678648. www.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2010/678648/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagerols, M, Richarte, V, Sánchez-Mora, C, Garcia-Martínez, I, Corrales, M, Corominas, M, Cormand, B, Casas, M, Ribasés, M, Ramos-Quiroga, JA. Pharmacogenetics of methylphenidate response and tolerability in ADHD. Pharmacogenomics J. 2017;17(1):98–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortese, S, Kelly, C, Chabernaud, C, Proal, E, Di Martino, A, Milham, MP, Castellanos, FX. Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(10):1038–1055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattfeld, AT, Gabrieli, JD, Biederman, J, Spencer, T, Brown, A, Kotte, A, Kagan, E, Whitfield-Gabrieli, S. Brain differences between persistent and remitted attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 9):2423–2428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolraich, L, Hagan, JF, Allan, C, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20192528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coghill, D, Banaschewski, T, Cortese, S, Asherson, P, Brandeis, D, Buitelaar, J, et al. The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: bringing evidence to the clinic: perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. [cited January 11, 2022]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787–021-01871-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortese, S, Adamo, N, Del Giovane, C, Mohr-Jensen, C, Hayes, AJ, Carucci, S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(9):727–738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management (NICE guideline [NG87]). Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry. 2018 [cited March 30, 2022]. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87.Google Scholar
Buitelaar, J, Bölte, S5, Brandeis, D, Caye, A, Christmann, N, Cortese, S, Coghill, D, Faraone, SV, Franke, B, Gleitz, M, Greven, CU, Kooij, S, Teixeira, Leffa D, Rommelse, N, Newcorn, JH, Polanczyk, GV, Rohde, LA, Simonoff, E, Stein, M, Vitiello, B, Yazgan, Y, Roesler, M, Doepfner, M, Banaschewski, T. Toward precision medicine in ADHD. Front Behav Neurosci. 2022;16:900981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adeshman, A. 2023. www.adhdmedicationguide.com.Google Scholar
Arnold, LE. Methylphenidate vs. amphetamine: comparative review. J Att Disord. 2000;3(4), 200–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newcorn, JH, Sutton, VK, Weiss, MD, Sumner, CR. Clinical responses to atomoxetine in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the Integrated Data Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(5):511–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, KP, Bédard, AV, Fan, J, Hildebrandt, TB, Stein, MA, Ivanov, I, Halperin, JM, Newcorn, JH. Striatal activation predicts differential therapeutic responses to methylphenidate and atomoxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(7):602–609.e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nasser, A, Hull, JT, Chaturvedi, SA, Liranso, T, Odebo, O, Koshelef, AR, Nicholas, Fry N, Cutler, AJ, Rubin, J, Stefan Schwabe, S, Childress, A. A phase III, randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of viloxazine extended‑release capsules in adults with attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2022;36:897–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, A, Scahill, L, Kratochvil, CJ, eds. Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press; 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonuga-Barke, E, Brandeis, D, Cortese, S, Daley, D, Ferrin, M, Holtmann, M, Stevenson, J, Danckaerts, M, van der Oord, S, Döpfner, M, Dittmann, RW, Simonoff, E, Zuddas, A, Banaschewski, T, Buitelaar, J, Coghill, D, Hollis, C, Konofal, E, Lecendreux, M, Wong, ICK, Sergeant, J, the European ADHD Guidelines Group. Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):275–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cortese, S, Ferrin, M, Brandeis, D, et al. Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(3):164–174. Erratum in: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015 May;54(5):433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westwood, SJ, Parlatini, V, Rubia, K, Cortese, S, Sonuga-Barke, EJS, Banaschewski, T, Baeyens, D, Bölte, S, Brandeis, D, Buitelaar, J, Carucci, S, Coghill, D, Daley, D, Döpfner, M, Ferrin, M, Galera, C, Hollis, C, Holtmann, M, Purper-Ouakil, D, Nagy, P, Santosh, P, Simonoff, E, Soutullo, CA, Stringaris, A, Thapar, A, van der Oord, S, van den Hoofdakker, BJ, Zuddas, A, European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). Computerized cognitive training in ADHD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with blinded and objective outcomes. Mol Psychiatry. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02000-7. Online ahead of print.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×