Book contents
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Dedication
- Epigraph
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Foreword
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Resuscitation and Management of the Acutely Ill Patient
- Section 2 Diagnosis, Assessment, Investigation, Monitoring and Data Interpretation
- Domain 3 Disease Management: Recognition, Causes and Management
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management of ACS
- Acute Coronary Syndromes in Intensive Care
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Pacemaker Nomenclature
- Management of Permanent Systems in the ICU
- Management of Temporary Systems in the ICU
- Introduction
- Causes
- Precipitants of Acute Heart Failure
- Pathophysiology
- Decompensated Presentation
- Management
- Introduction
- Aortic Stenosis
- Aortic Insufficiency/Regurgitation
- Mitral Regurgitation
- Mitral Stenosis
- Tricuspid Valve Disease and Pulmonary Valve Disease
- Introduction
- Common Cardiac Conditions Which May Present
- Why May a GUCH Patient Present to Hospital and What Causes Their Increased Mortality Rate?
- ICU Care
- History and Clinical Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Prevention
- The ‘Endocarditis Team’
- Diagnosis
- Prognostic Assessment
- Complications of Infective Endocarditis
- Infective Endocarditis in the Intensive Care Unit
- Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis
- Anti-thrombotic Therapy in Infective Endocarditis
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Presentation of Hypertensive Crises
- Management
- Disease-Specific Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Causes
- Important Considerations
- Classification
- Investigations
- Treatment Goals
- Additional Arrhythmias
- Definition
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Supportive Management, Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Axial Flow Pumps
- Pericardial Syndromes
- Pericardium and Pericardial Fluid
- Signs of Cardiac Tamponade in the Spontaneously Ventilated Patient
- Introduction
- Oxygen Delivery
- Pressure versus Flow
- Specific Management of Shock
- Pathophysiology
- Incidence
- Classification
- Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Outcomes
- Of Historical Interest
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of AKI
- Common Causes of AKI in Intensive Care Units
- Risk Stratification in AKI
- Prevention
- Diagnostic Workup in AKI
- Management of Complications
- Principles of Management in AKI
- Drug Adjustment during AKI/RRT
- Palliative Care Nephrology
- Long-Term Effects of AKI and Post-AKI Care
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Definition
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Aetiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prognosis
- Management
- Introduction
- Haem Metabolism
- Classification of Jaundice
- Pre-hepatic Jaundice
- Hepatic Jaundice
- Post-hepatic (Cholestatic) Jaundice
- Post-operative Jaundice
- Jaundice in the Transplant Recipient
- Investigations
- Management and Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical
- Investigations
- Management
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical Findings
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
- Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy
- Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Pathogenesis
- Precipitants of Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Classification
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Investigation
- Management
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Initial Resuscitation of the Unconscious Patient
- Assessment of Level of Consciousness
- Causes of Impaired Consciousness
- Further Investigations
- Prognosis
- Ongoing Critical Care Management
- Introduction
- Acute Symptomatic Seizure
- Unprovoked Seizure
- Epilepsy
- Early Post-seizure Management
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Status Epilepticus
- Introduction
- Initial Assessment
- Thrombolysis
- Endovascular Interventions
- Neurosurgery
- Other General Measures
- Definition
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Long-Term Sequelae
- Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Initial Management
- Investigations
- Severity
- Management
- Introduction
- Definition and Presentation
- Risk Factors
- Recognition
- Management
- Introduction
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Guillain–Barré Syndrome
- ICU-Acquired Weakness
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Clinical Presentation
- Investigations and Management
- Non-variceal Bleeding
- Variceal Bleeding
- Acute Severe Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Prevention of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Aetiology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation, Investigation and Diagnosis
- Management
- Management of Complications
- Introduction
- Causes
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Symptoms and Signs
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Definitions
- Risk Factors
- Measurement of Intra-abdominal Pressure
- Clinical Impact
- Treatment
- Prognosis/Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Classification
- Presentation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Long-Term Anticoagulation
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Investigations
- Grading of Severity
- Admission to ICU and Management
- Introduction
- Grading of COPD
- Investigations
- General Management
- Long-Term Oxygen Therapy
- Acute Exacerbations of COPD
- COPD and Critical Care
- Non-invasive Ventilation
- Invasive Ventilation
- Introduction
- Classification
- Common Causative Organisms
- The Clinical Picture
- Diagnostic Approach to Pneumonia
- Treatment: General Approach to Anti-microbial Therapy
- Definition
- History
- Incidence
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Investigations (Laboratory/Radiological)
- Management
- Prognosis
- Definition and Pathophysiology
- Common Causes
- Assessment and Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Classification
- Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension
- Clinical Features
- Diagnostic Investigations
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Mediators and Their Actions
- Aetiology and Risk Factors for Severe or Fatal Episodes
- Clinical Features
- Management
- Investigation and Follow-Up
- Introduction
- The Innate Immune System
- The Adaptive Immune System
- Antibodies
- Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Aetiology
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- HIV and ICU
- Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
- Specific Conditions Related to HIV
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Investigations and Management
- Outcome
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Therapies
- Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Microbial Pathogens
- Specific Infections Seen in Critical Care
- Infection Prevention and Control
- Pressure Ulcers
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Cellulitis
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Necrotising Fasciitis
- Gas Gangrene/Myonecrosis
- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
- Compartment Syndrome
- Introduction
- General Principles of Antibiotic Use in Intensive Care
- How to Choose an Appropriate Antibiotic
- Body Site/Likely Pathogens
- Rationalising Treatment
- A Note on Blood Cultures
- Dose
- Timing and Duration
- Reasons for Failure of Antibiotic Therapy
- Monotherapy/Combination Antibiotic Therapy
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Cell Wall Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
- Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Membrane Function
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Future Directions
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Regional Infection
- Treatments
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Severe Malaria
- Management of Severe Malaria
- Other Tropical Infections
- Introduction
- The Virus
- Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology
- COVID-19 and the Intensive Care Unit
- The Search for a Vaccine
- Large-Scale Crisis Management of a Highly Contagious Disease
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Initial Management of an Overdose
- General Treatment Strategies
- Drugs: Over-the-Counter
- Drugs: Prescription
- Non-prescriptionAmphetamines and Cathinones
- Plants/Fungi
- Chemical
- Introduction
- Massive Obstetric Haemorrhage
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Signs and Symptoms
- Grading of Severity
- Differential Diagnosis
- General Treatment of Pre-eclampsia
- Hypertensive Pulmonary Oedema
- Mode and Timing of Delivery and Removal of the Placenta
- Role of Critical Care
- Fluids, Inotropic Support and Cardiac Output Monitoring in ICU
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Cardiac Disease
- Respiratory Disease
- Obesity
- Endocrine Disease
- Renal Disease
- Haematological Disease
- Cancer in Pregnancy
- Maternal Critical Care Guidelines
- Haemostasis Simplified
- Common Laboratory Screening Tests
- Acquired Disorders of Haemostasis
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Introduction
- Warfarin
- Direct Oral Anticoagulants
- Heparins
- Inferior Vena Cava Filters
- Anaemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Overview of Haematological Malignancy and ICU Admission
- Complications of Haematological Malignancy and Treatment
- Introduction to Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Graft-versus-Host Disease
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy
- Management of Critical Illness in Malignant Haematology
- Complications of CAR T-cell Therapy
- Selection and Outcomes of Patients with Haematological Malignancy in the ICU
- Mechanisms of Coagulation and Haemostasis
- Coagulopathy
- Management of Haemorrhage
- Traumatic Coagulopathy
- Thrombocytopenia
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenic Thrombosis
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Liver Disease
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Renal Disease
- Fibrinolytic Bleeding
- von Willebrand’s Disease
- Bleeding Associated with Anti-thrombotic Drugs
- Peripartum
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Hyponatraemia
- Hypernatraemia
- Introduction
- Hyperkalaemia
- Hypokalaemia
- Introduction
- Hypercalcaemia
- Hypocalcaemia
- Introduction
- Hypermagnesaemia
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Therapeutic Use of Magnesium in Specific Emergency Scenarios
- Phosphate
- Hyperphosphataemia
- Hypophosphataemia
- Introduction
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State
- Hypoglycaemic Coma
- Introduction
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Cerebral Salt Wasting
- Introduction
- Assessment of Polyuria
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Primary Polydipsia
- Introduction
- Basic Physiology
- Myxoedema Coma
- Thyroid Storm
- The Role of Cortisol
- The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
- Adrenocortical Insufficiency in Critical Illness
- Current Practice
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Examination
- Imaging
- Neuromonitoring Techniques
- Intracranial Hypertension
- Decompressive Craniectomy
- Critical Care Management
- Maxillofacial Injuries
- Mandible Fractures
- Bifacial Fractures
- Orbital Injuries
- Other Associated Injuries
- Management
- Laryngotracheal Injuries
- Introduction
- Assessment and Management of Life-Threatening Thoracic Injuries
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Management of Suspected Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Management of Confirmed Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Long-Term Management
- Introduction
- The Initial Examination
- Investigations
- Initial Management
- Ongoing Management in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Aetiology
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Management
- Specific Management
- Complications
- Prognosis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Management
- Outcomes
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Complications of Burns
- Ongoing and Critical Care Management
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
- Heatstroke
- Malignant Hyperthermia
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-cholinergic Syndrome
- Sympathomimetic Syndrome
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Anaphylaxis
- Aquatic Creatures
- Reptiles
- Insects
- Introduction
- Categories of Blast Injuries
- Gunshot Wounds
- Treatment Steps for Management of a Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Intensive Care Management of the Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Introduction
- ‘Lacks Capacity’
- The Assessment Process
- Who Should Assess Capacity?
- The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales)
- Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards
- The Mental Health Act 1983
- Introduction
- Patients Who Understand Their Behaviours
- Possible Precipitants of Aggression (When There Is No Clear Precipitant)
- Specific Groups at Risk of Unpredictable Aggression
- Aggression Reduction
- Pharmacology
- After the Event
- Introduction
- Antidepressants
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-psychotics
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Introduction
- Management of Patients Admitted to the ICU Following a Suicide Attempt
- Medical Management
- Psychiatric Management
- Risk Assessment and Management
- Staff Attitudes
- Support for ICU Staff
- Support for Family Members
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and ICU
- Difficult Patients in ICU
- Introduction
- Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
- Opiates
- Other Substances
- Novel Agents in ICU to Treat Withdrawals
- Introduction
- Consequences for the Unit
- Risk Factors
- Interventions
- Duty of Self-Care
- Sources of Help
- Section 3.1 Cardiac and Circulatory Failure
- Section 3.2 Acute Renal Failure
- Section 3.3 Acute Liver Failure
- Section 3.4 Neurological Impairment and Injury
- Section 3.5 Acute Gastrointestinal Failure
- Section 3.6 Acute Respiratory Failure
- 3.6.1 Pulmonary Embolism
- 3.6.2 Asthma
- 3.6.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- 3.6.4 Pneumonia
- 3.6.5 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- 3.6.6 Pulmonary Oedema
- 3.6.7 Pulmonary Hypertension
- Section 3.7 Infection and Immunity
- Section 3.8 Intoxication with Drugs or Environmental Toxins
- Section 3.9 Obstetrics and Maternal Peripartum Complications
- Section 3.10 Haematological and Oncological Disorders
- Section 3.11 Metabolic Disorders
- Section 3.12 Endocrine Disorders
- Section 3.13 Severe Trauma and Multiple Injuries
- Section 3.14 Environmental Injuries
- Section 3.15 Psychiatric Disorders Encountered in Intensive Care
- Section 4 Therapeutic Interventions and Organ Support
- Domain 5 Practical Procedures
- Section 6 Perioperative Care
- Section 7 Comfort and Recovery
- Section 8 End-of-Life Care
- Section 9 Paediatric Care
- Section 10 Transport
- Section 11 Professionalism, Patient Safety, Governance and Health Systems Management
- Index
- References
3.6.5 - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
from Section 3.6 - Acute Respiratory Failure
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 July 2023
Book contents
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Dedication
- Epigraph
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Foreword
- Abbreviations
- Section 1 Resuscitation and Management of the Acutely Ill Patient
- Section 2 Diagnosis, Assessment, Investigation, Monitoring and Data Interpretation
- Domain 3 Disease Management: Recognition, Causes and Management
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management of ACS
- Acute Coronary Syndromes in Intensive Care
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Pacemaker Nomenclature
- Management of Permanent Systems in the ICU
- Management of Temporary Systems in the ICU
- Introduction
- Causes
- Precipitants of Acute Heart Failure
- Pathophysiology
- Decompensated Presentation
- Management
- Introduction
- Aortic Stenosis
- Aortic Insufficiency/Regurgitation
- Mitral Regurgitation
- Mitral Stenosis
- Tricuspid Valve Disease and Pulmonary Valve Disease
- Introduction
- Common Cardiac Conditions Which May Present
- Why May a GUCH Patient Present to Hospital and What Causes Their Increased Mortality Rate?
- ICU Care
- History and Clinical Examination
- Investigations
- Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Prevention
- The ‘Endocarditis Team’
- Diagnosis
- Prognostic Assessment
- Complications of Infective Endocarditis
- Infective Endocarditis in the Intensive Care Unit
- Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis
- Anti-thrombotic Therapy in Infective Endocarditis
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Presentation of Hypertensive Crises
- Management
- Disease-Specific Management
- Summary
- Introduction
- Causes
- Important Considerations
- Classification
- Investigations
- Treatment Goals
- Additional Arrhythmias
- Definition
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Supportive Management, Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Axial Flow Pumps
- Pericardial Syndromes
- Pericardium and Pericardial Fluid
- Signs of Cardiac Tamponade in the Spontaneously Ventilated Patient
- Introduction
- Oxygen Delivery
- Pressure versus Flow
- Specific Management of Shock
- Pathophysiology
- Incidence
- Classification
- Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Outcomes
- Of Historical Interest
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of AKI
- Common Causes of AKI in Intensive Care Units
- Risk Stratification in AKI
- Prevention
- Diagnostic Workup in AKI
- Management of Complications
- Principles of Management in AKI
- Drug Adjustment during AKI/RRT
- Palliative Care Nephrology
- Long-Term Effects of AKI and Post-AKI Care
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Definition
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Aetiology
- Pathophysiology
- Prognosis
- Management
- Introduction
- Haem Metabolism
- Classification of Jaundice
- Pre-hepatic Jaundice
- Hepatic Jaundice
- Post-hepatic (Cholestatic) Jaundice
- Post-operative Jaundice
- Jaundice in the Transplant Recipient
- Investigations
- Management and Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical
- Investigations
- Management
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical Findings
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
- Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy
- Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Pathogenesis
- Precipitants of Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Classification
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Investigation
- Management
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Initial Resuscitation of the Unconscious Patient
- Assessment of Level of Consciousness
- Causes of Impaired Consciousness
- Further Investigations
- Prognosis
- Ongoing Critical Care Management
- Introduction
- Acute Symptomatic Seizure
- Unprovoked Seizure
- Epilepsy
- Early Post-seizure Management
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Status Epilepticus
- Introduction
- Initial Assessment
- Thrombolysis
- Endovascular Interventions
- Neurosurgery
- Other General Measures
- Definition
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Long-Term Sequelae
- Prognosis
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Initial Management
- Investigations
- Severity
- Management
- Introduction
- Definition and Presentation
- Risk Factors
- Recognition
- Management
- Introduction
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Guillain–Barré Syndrome
- ICU-Acquired Weakness
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Clinical Presentation
- Investigations and Management
- Non-variceal Bleeding
- Variceal Bleeding
- Acute Severe Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Prevention of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Aetiology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation, Investigation and Diagnosis
- Management
- Management of Complications
- Introduction
- Causes
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Symptoms and Signs
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Definitions
- Risk Factors
- Measurement of Intra-abdominal Pressure
- Clinical Impact
- Treatment
- Prognosis/Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Aetiology
- Classification
- Presentation and Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Long-Term Anticoagulation
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Signs and Symptoms
- Investigations
- Grading of Severity
- Admission to ICU and Management
- Introduction
- Grading of COPD
- Investigations
- General Management
- Long-Term Oxygen Therapy
- Acute Exacerbations of COPD
- COPD and Critical Care
- Non-invasive Ventilation
- Invasive Ventilation
- Introduction
- Classification
- Common Causative Organisms
- The Clinical Picture
- Diagnostic Approach to Pneumonia
- Treatment: General Approach to Anti-microbial Therapy
- Definition
- History
- Incidence
- Causes
- Risk Factors
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Investigations (Laboratory/Radiological)
- Management
- Prognosis
- Definition and Pathophysiology
- Common Causes
- Assessment and Investigations
- Management
- Introduction
- Classification
- Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension
- Clinical Features
- Diagnostic Investigations
- Treatment
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Mediators and Their Actions
- Aetiology and Risk Factors for Severe or Fatal Episodes
- Clinical Features
- Management
- Investigation and Follow-Up
- Introduction
- The Innate Immune System
- The Adaptive Immune System
- Antibodies
- Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Aetiology
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- HIV and ICU
- Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
- Specific Conditions Related to HIV
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features and Diagnosis
- Investigations and Management
- Outcome
- Definition
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Therapies
- Outcomes
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Microbial Pathogens
- Specific Infections Seen in Critical Care
- Infection Prevention and Control
- Pressure Ulcers
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Cellulitis
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Necrotising Fasciitis
- Gas Gangrene/Myonecrosis
- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
- Compartment Syndrome
- Introduction
- General Principles of Antibiotic Use in Intensive Care
- How to Choose an Appropriate Antibiotic
- Body Site/Likely Pathogens
- Rationalising Treatment
- A Note on Blood Cultures
- Dose
- Timing and Duration
- Reasons for Failure of Antibiotic Therapy
- Monotherapy/Combination Antibiotic Therapy
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Cell Wall Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
- Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Folic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
- Inhibitors of Membrane Function
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Future Directions
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Regional Infection
- Treatments
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology
- Severe Malaria
- Management of Severe Malaria
- Other Tropical Infections
- Introduction
- The Virus
- Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology
- COVID-19 and the Intensive Care Unit
- The Search for a Vaccine
- Large-Scale Crisis Management of a Highly Contagious Disease
- Conclusion
- Introduction
- Initial Management of an Overdose
- General Treatment Strategies
- Drugs: Over-the-Counter
- Drugs: Prescription
- Non-prescriptionAmphetamines and Cathinones
- Plants/Fungi
- Chemical
- Introduction
- Massive Obstetric Haemorrhage
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Pathophysiology
- Prevention
- Signs and Symptoms
- Grading of Severity
- Differential Diagnosis
- General Treatment of Pre-eclampsia
- Hypertensive Pulmonary Oedema
- Mode and Timing of Delivery and Removal of the Placenta
- Role of Critical Care
- Fluids, Inotropic Support and Cardiac Output Monitoring in ICU
- Prognosis
- Introduction
- Cardiac Disease
- Respiratory Disease
- Obesity
- Endocrine Disease
- Renal Disease
- Haematological Disease
- Cancer in Pregnancy
- Maternal Critical Care Guidelines
- Haemostasis Simplified
- Common Laboratory Screening Tests
- Acquired Disorders of Haemostasis
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Introduction
- Warfarin
- Direct Oral Anticoagulants
- Heparins
- Inferior Vena Cava Filters
- Anaemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Overview of Haematological Malignancy and ICU Admission
- Complications of Haematological Malignancy and Treatment
- Introduction to Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Graft-versus-Host Disease
- Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy
- Management of Critical Illness in Malignant Haematology
- Complications of CAR T-cell Therapy
- Selection and Outcomes of Patients with Haematological Malignancy in the ICU
- Mechanisms of Coagulation and Haemostasis
- Coagulopathy
- Management of Haemorrhage
- Traumatic Coagulopathy
- Thrombocytopenia
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenic Thrombosis
- Thrombotic Microangiopathies
- Liver Disease
- Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Renal Disease
- Fibrinolytic Bleeding
- von Willebrand’s Disease
- Bleeding Associated with Anti-thrombotic Drugs
- Peripartum
- Introduction
- Introduction
- Hyponatraemia
- Hypernatraemia
- Introduction
- Hyperkalaemia
- Hypokalaemia
- Introduction
- Hypercalcaemia
- Hypocalcaemia
- Introduction
- Hypermagnesaemia
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Therapeutic Use of Magnesium in Specific Emergency Scenarios
- Phosphate
- Hyperphosphataemia
- Hypophosphataemia
- Introduction
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State
- Hypoglycaemic Coma
- Introduction
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Cerebral Salt Wasting
- Introduction
- Assessment of Polyuria
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Primary Polydipsia
- Introduction
- Basic Physiology
- Myxoedema Coma
- Thyroid Storm
- The Role of Cortisol
- The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
- Adrenocortical Insufficiency in Critical Illness
- Current Practice
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Examination
- Imaging
- Neuromonitoring Techniques
- Intracranial Hypertension
- Decompressive Craniectomy
- Critical Care Management
- Maxillofacial Injuries
- Mandible Fractures
- Bifacial Fractures
- Orbital Injuries
- Other Associated Injuries
- Management
- Laryngotracheal Injuries
- Introduction
- Assessment and Management of Life-Threatening Thoracic Injuries
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Management of Suspected Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Management of Confirmed Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries
- Long-Term Management
- Introduction
- The Initial Examination
- Investigations
- Initial Management
- Ongoing Management in Critical Care
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Aetiology
- Epidemiology
- Microbiology
- Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Management
- Specific Management
- Complications
- Prognosis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Management
- Outcomes
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Complications of Burns
- Ongoing and Critical Care Management
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
- Heatstroke
- Malignant Hyperthermia
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-cholinergic Syndrome
- Sympathomimetic Syndrome
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Anaphylaxis
- Aquatic Creatures
- Reptiles
- Insects
- Introduction
- Categories of Blast Injuries
- Gunshot Wounds
- Treatment Steps for Management of a Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Intensive Care Management of the Patient with Ballistic Injuries
- Introduction
- ‘Lacks Capacity’
- The Assessment Process
- Who Should Assess Capacity?
- The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales)
- Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards
- The Mental Health Act 1983
- Introduction
- Patients Who Understand Their Behaviours
- Possible Precipitants of Aggression (When There Is No Clear Precipitant)
- Specific Groups at Risk of Unpredictable Aggression
- Aggression Reduction
- Pharmacology
- After the Event
- Introduction
- Antidepressants
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Anti-psychotics
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Introduction
- Management of Patients Admitted to the ICU Following a Suicide Attempt
- Medical Management
- Psychiatric Management
- Risk Assessment and Management
- Staff Attitudes
- Support for ICU Staff
- Support for Family Members
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and ICU
- Difficult Patients in ICU
- Introduction
- Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
- Opiates
- Other Substances
- Novel Agents in ICU to Treat Withdrawals
- Introduction
- Consequences for the Unit
- Risk Factors
- Interventions
- Duty of Self-Care
- Sources of Help
- Section 3.1 Cardiac and Circulatory Failure
- Section 3.2 Acute Renal Failure
- Section 3.3 Acute Liver Failure
- Section 3.4 Neurological Impairment and Injury
- Section 3.5 Acute Gastrointestinal Failure
- Section 3.6 Acute Respiratory Failure
- 3.6.1 Pulmonary Embolism
- 3.6.2 Asthma
- 3.6.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- 3.6.4 Pneumonia
- 3.6.5 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- 3.6.6 Pulmonary Oedema
- 3.6.7 Pulmonary Hypertension
- Section 3.7 Infection and Immunity
- Section 3.8 Intoxication with Drugs or Environmental Toxins
- Section 3.9 Obstetrics and Maternal Peripartum Complications
- Section 3.10 Haematological and Oncological Disorders
- Section 3.11 Metabolic Disorders
- Section 3.12 Endocrine Disorders
- Section 3.13 Severe Trauma and Multiple Injuries
- Section 3.14 Environmental Injuries
- Section 3.15 Psychiatric Disorders Encountered in Intensive Care
- Section 4 Therapeutic Interventions and Organ Support
- Domain 5 Practical Procedures
- Section 6 Perioperative Care
- Section 7 Comfort and Recovery
- Section 8 End-of-Life Care
- Section 9 Paediatric Care
- Section 10 Transport
- Section 11 Professionalism, Patient Safety, Governance and Health Systems Management
- Index
- References
Summary
Key Learning Points
1. Due to the diverse heterogeneity in its aetiology, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been described as a symptom, rather than a distinct pathology in its own right.
2. Conventionally, ARDS can be categorised as either pulmonary or non-pulmonary in origin.
3. The Berlin definition has redefined the diagnostic criteria.
4. The ARDS Network trial has helped to understand the condition and identified a modifiable approach to change the outcome.
5. Key to its management is adherence to volume- and pressure-limited lung-protective ventilation to minimise ventilator-associated lung injury.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Intensive Care MedicineThe Essential Guide, pp. 234 - 237Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
References and Further Reading
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network; Brower, RG, Matthay, MA, Morris, A, et al. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Baig, S, Ahmad, S, Devogel, N, et al. Risk factors for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with pneumonia, a nationwide retrospective study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database from year 2002–2012. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;193:A1826.Google Scholar
Bellani, G, Laffey, JG, Pham, T, et al. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. JAMA 2016;315:788–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guérin, C, Reignier, J, Richard, J-C, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). N Engl J Med 2013;368:2159–68.Google Scholar
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network; Wiedemann, HP, Wheeler, AP, Bernard, GR, et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2564–75.Google ScholarPubMed
Papazian, L, Forel, JM, Gacouin, A, et al. Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1107–16.Google Scholar
Ranieri, VM, Rubenfeld, GD, Thompson, BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition. JAMA 2012;307:2526–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Retamal, J, Libuy, J, Jiménez, M, et al. Preliminary study of ventilation with 4 ml/kg tidal volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome: feasibility and effects on cyclic recruitment – derecruitment and hyperinflation. Crit Care 2013;17:R16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed