Book contents
- International Histories of Psychological Assessment
- Educational and Psychological Testing in a Global Context
- International Histories of Psychological Assessment
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Tables
- Contributors
- Series Editor’s Foreword
- Chapter 1 Histories of Psychological Assessment
- Chapter 2 Psychological Assessment in Southern Africa
- Chapter 3 Psychological Testing and Inclusive Schooling
- Chapter 4 Psychological Assessment in West Africa
- Chapter 5 Psychological Assessment in the Levant
- Chapter 6 The History of Assessment in the Nordic Countries
- Chapter 7 Key Episodes in The History of Testing in Central Western Europe
- Chapter 8 The Beginnings of Psychological Assessment in Spain and Portugal
- Chapter 9 Histories of Psychological Assessments in the United Kingdom
- Chapter 10 The Early History of Psychological Testing in Eastern Europe and Russia
- Chapter 11 Hearing the Untold
- Chapter 12 History of Psychological Assessment in Southern Asia
- Chapter 13 The History of Psychological Testing in East Asia
- Chapter 14 Psychological Assessment and Testing in Malaysia and Singapore
- Chapter 15 A Brief History of Testing and Assessment in Oceania
- Chapter 16 Psychological Assessment in South America
- Chapter 17 Historical Development of Psychological Assessment in the Caribbean
- Chapter 18 The History of Psychological Assessment in North America
- Chapter 19 Looking Back, Moving Forward
- Index
- References
Chapter 7 - Key Episodes in The History of Testing in Central Western Europe
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2022
Edited by
Book contents
- International Histories of Psychological Assessment
- Educational and Psychological Testing in a Global Context
- International Histories of Psychological Assessment
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Tables
- Contributors
- Series Editor’s Foreword
- Chapter 1 Histories of Psychological Assessment
- Chapter 2 Psychological Assessment in Southern Africa
- Chapter 3 Psychological Testing and Inclusive Schooling
- Chapter 4 Psychological Assessment in West Africa
- Chapter 5 Psychological Assessment in the Levant
- Chapter 6 The History of Assessment in the Nordic Countries
- Chapter 7 Key Episodes in The History of Testing in Central Western Europe
- Chapter 8 The Beginnings of Psychological Assessment in Spain and Portugal
- Chapter 9 Histories of Psychological Assessments in the United Kingdom
- Chapter 10 The Early History of Psychological Testing in Eastern Europe and Russia
- Chapter 11 Hearing the Untold
- Chapter 12 History of Psychological Assessment in Southern Asia
- Chapter 13 The History of Psychological Testing in East Asia
- Chapter 14 Psychological Assessment and Testing in Malaysia and Singapore
- Chapter 15 A Brief History of Testing and Assessment in Oceania
- Chapter 16 Psychological Assessment in South America
- Chapter 17 Historical Development of Psychological Assessment in the Caribbean
- Chapter 18 The History of Psychological Assessment in North America
- Chapter 19 Looking Back, Moving Forward
- Index
- References
Summary
The western part of Europe has played a pivotal role in the early development of modern testing starting with the work of scholars like Alfred Binet, William Stern, and Hugo Münsterberg in the early 1900s. However, most of the experts were driven out of the country by the Nazis and the Wehrmacht psychologists who largely replaced them favored non-psychometric methods. In the more recent history after World War II, there were several successful psychometric testing programs. While the Netherlands have embraced psychometric testing since the 1950s and widely apply it in education, testing and especially psychometric methods have traditionally been less frequently used to make important decisions in Germany, France, and Belgium. A recent trend is the increasing use of testing and assessment for quality control in education especially in the Netherlands and Germany. Another more recent trend is a shift of higher education to a global level which creates a new need to assess foreign applicants for Western European institutions. This chapter focuses on the development of modern testing in the Dutch, German, and French-speaking parts of Europe (France, The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, most parts of Switzerland, Austria, and the South Tirol region of Italy).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- International Histories of Psychological Assessment , pp. 111 - 133Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Althoff, K. & Jäger, A. O. (1981). Zur Struktur des Wilde-Intelligenz-Tests (WIT) und zu seiner Stellung im Strukturmodell von Jäger 1967 [The structure of the Wild Intelligence Test (WIT) and its position in the structural model of Jäger1967]. Diagnostica, 27(3), 215–226.Google Scholar
Asendorpf, J. (1999). Psychologie der Persönlichkeit [Psychology of personality] (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Baumgarten, F. (1928). Die Berufseignungsrüfungen: Theorie und Praxis [The career aptitude: theory and practice]. Bern: A. Francke.Google Scholar
Beauducel, A., & Kersting, M. (2002). Fluid and crystallized intelligence and the Berlin Model of Intelligence Structure (BIS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.18.2.97Google Scholar
Benjamin, L. T. Jr. (2006). Hugo Münsterberg’s attack on the application of scientific psychology. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.414CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjamin, L. T. Jr. (2009). The birth of American intelligence testing. Monitor on Psychology, 40(1), 20.Google Scholar
Binet, A. (1894). Introduction à la psychologie expérimentale [Introduction to experimental psychology]. Paris: Alcan.Google Scholar
Binet, A. & Simon, T. (1907). Les enfants anormaux [Abnormal children]. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Blatter, J. T. (2014). The psychotechnics of everyday life: Hugo Münsterberg and the politics of applied psychology, 1887–1917. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 191. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1557761517Google Scholar
Bönner, K. H. (1986). Das Leben des Dr. Max Simoneit [The life of Dr. Max Simoneit]. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.265Google Scholar
Botbol, M. & Gourbil, A. (2018). The place of psychoanalysis in French psychiatry. British Journal of Psychology International, 15(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2017.3Google ScholarPubMed
Bühler, K. (1933). Ausdruckstheorie: Das System an der Geschichte aufgezeigt [Theory of expression: The system of history shown]. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Busato, V., van Essen, M., & Koops, W. (2013). Vier grondleggers van de psychologie [The founders of psychology]. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker.Google Scholar
Carson, J. (2007). The measure of merit: Talents, intelligence, and inequality in the French and American republics, 1750–1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cattell, J. M. (1886a). Psychometrische Untersuchungen [Psychometric examinations]. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.Google Scholar
Cattell, J. M. (1886b). Psychometrische Untersuchungen [Psychometric examinaions]. Philosophische Studien: Erste Abtheilung/Philosophical Studies: Erste Abtheilung, 3, 305–335.Google Scholar
Chenot, J.-F. (2009). Undergraduate medical education in Germany. German Medical Science: GMS e-Journal, 7, Doc02. https://doi.org/10.3205/000061Google Scholar
Daub, E. (2011). Franziska Baumgarten-Tramer: Für die Wissenschaftlichkeit praktischer Psychologie [Franziska Baumgarten-Tramer: For the scientificity of practical psychology]. In Volkmann-Raue, S. & Lück, H. E. (eds.), Bedeutende Psychologinnen des 20. Jahrhunderts (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.Google Scholar
de Lorent, H.-P. (2017). Peter R. Hofstätter. In Täterprofile: Die Verantwortlichen im Hamburger Bildungswesen unterm Hakenkreuz und in der Zeit nach 1945, Band 2 [Perpetrator profiles: Those responsible in the Hamburg education system under the swastika and in the period after 1945, vol. 2] (pp. 742–797). Hamburg: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Hamburg.Google Scholar
Diagnostik- und Testkuratorium der Föderation Deutscher Psychologenvereinigungen [Diagnostic and Test Curatorium of the Federation of German Psychologist Associations]. (2018). Föderation Deutscher Psychologenvereinigungen [Federation of German psychologists’ associations]. Psychologische Rundschau/Psychological Review, 69(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000401Google Scholar
Ellgring, H. (1981). Nonverbal communication: A review of research in Germany. German Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 59–84.Google Scholar
European Federation of Psychologists Associations. (2013). EuroPsy: European certificate in psychology. Brussels: Author.Google Scholar
Evers, A., Sijtsma, K., Lucassen, W., & Meijer, R. R. (2010). The Dutch review process for evaluating the quality of psychological tests: History, procedure, and results. International Journal of Testing, 10(4), 295–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2010.518325Google Scholar
Fahrenberg, J. (2012). Wilhelm Wundt – Pioneer in psychology and outsider? Retrieved from http://psydok.psycharchives.de/jspui/handle/20.500.11780/669Google Scholar
Fancher, R. E. (1985). The intelligence men: Makers of the IQ controversy. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Fitts, P. M. (1946). German applied psychology during World War II. American Psychologist, 1(5), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059674CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frijda, N. H. & de Groot, A. D. (1981). (eds.). Otto Selz: His contribution to psychology. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Geuter, U. (1985). Polemos panton pater – Militär und Psychologie im Deutschen Reich 1914–1945 [Polemos panton pater – military and psychology in the German Reich]. In Ash, M. G. & Geuter, U. (eds.), Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie im 20. Jahrhundert [History of German psychology in the 20th century] (pp. 146–171). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.Google Scholar
Geuter, U. (2008). The professionalization of psychology in Nazi Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gundlach, H. (1996). Faktor Mensch im Krieg Der Eintritt der Psychologie und Psychotechnik in den Krieg [The man factor in war: The entry of psychology and psychotechnology into war]. Berichte Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte/Reports on the History fo Science, 19(2–3), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/bewi.19960190211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gundlach, H. (2002). Psychologie und Psychotechnik bei der Eisenbahn [Psychology and psychotechnology at the Railways]. Retrieved from https://psydok.psycharchives.de/jspui/bitstream/20.500.11780/3466/1/gundlach_01.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gundlach, H. (2018). William James and the Heidelberg fiasco. History of Psychology, 21(1), 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/hop0000083CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, E. (1995). De opkomst van de bedrijfs- en schoolpsychologische beroepspraktijk in Nederland [The rise of business and school psychology in the Netherlands]. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren.Google Scholar
Hagemeister, C., Kersting, M., & Stemmler, G. (2012). Test reviewing in Germany. International Journal of Testing, 12(2), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2012.657922Google Scholar
Heijden, P. G. M. & Sijtsma, K. (1996). Fifty years of measurement and scaling in the Dutch social sciences. Statistica Neerlandica, 50(1), 111–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9574.1996.tb01483.xGoogle Scholar
Highhouse, S. (2002). Assessing the candidate as a whole: A historical and critical analysis of individual psychological assessment for personnel decision making. Personnel Psychology, 55(2), 363–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2002.tb00114.xGoogle Scholar
Hook, D. (2017). The subject of psychology: A Lacanian critique. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(5), e12316. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12316Google Scholar
Hornke, L. F., & Kersting, M. (2004). “Checkliste” zur DIN33430 [“Checklist” for DIN33430]. In Hornke, L. F. & Winterfeld, U. (eds.), Eigenungsbeurteilungen auf dem Prüfstand: DIN33430 zur Qualitätssicherung [Self-assessments on the test bench: DIN33430 for quality assurance] (pp. 273–324). Retrieved from http://eprints.uanl.mx/5481/1/1020149995.PDFGoogle Scholar
Kanning, U. P. (2010). Von Schädeldeutern und anderen Scharlatanen: Unseriöse Methoden der Psychodiagnostik [From skull deuters and other charlatans: Unserious methods of psychodiagnosis]. Lengerich: Pabst.Google Scholar
Kersting, M. (1995). Der Einsatz “westdeutscher” Tests zur Personalauswahl in den neuen Bundesländern und die Fairnessfrage: Auswirkungen der Testleistungsdisparität zwischen Ost und West auf die Auswahlentscheidung [The use of “West German“ tests for personnel selection in the new Länder and the question of fairness: impact of test performance disparity between East and West on the selection decision]. Report Psychologie/Psychology Report, 20(7), 32–41.Google Scholar
Kersting, M. (2008). Qualität in der Diagnostik und Personalauswahl – der DIN-Ansatz [Quality in diagnostics and personnel selection – the DIN approach]. Retrieved from www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/568932684.pdf%5Cnhttp://d-nb.info/988964112/04Google Scholar
Lang, J. W. B., Kersting, M., Hülsheger, U. R., & Lang, J. (2010). General mental ability, narrower cognitive abilities, and job performance: The perspective of the nested‐factors model of cognitive abilities. Personnel Psychology, 63(3), 595–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01182.xGoogle Scholar
Lang, J. W. B., & Tay, L. (2021). The science and practice of item response theory in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 311–338. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lautrey, J., & Ribaupierre, A. de. (2004). Psychology of human intelligence in France and French-speaking Switzerland. In Sternberg, R. J. (ed.), International handbook of intelligence (pp. 104–134). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lievens, F. (2007). Research on selection in an international context: Current status and future directions. In Harris, M. M. (ed.), Handbook of research in international human resource management (pp. 107–123). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lievens, F., Ones, D. S., & Dilchert, S. (2009). Personality scale validities increase throughout medical school. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1514–1535. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016137Google Scholar
Lipmann, O. (1921). Wirtschaftspsychologie und psychologische Berufsberatung [Economic psychology and psychological career guidance]. Schriften Zur Psychologie Der Berufseignung Und Des Wirtschaftslebens/Writings on the Psychology of Professional Aptitude and Economic Life, 1(1), 1–24.Google Scholar
Lück, H. E. (2011). Anfänge der Wirtschaftspsychologie bei Kurt Lewin [Beginnings of business psychology with Kurt Lewin]. Gestalt Theory, 33(2), 91–114.Google Scholar
Lück, H. E. (2015). Simoneit, Max. In Wolfradt, U., Billmann-Mahecha, E., & Stock, A. (eds.), Deutschsprachige Psychologinnen und Psychologen 1933–1945. Ein Personenlexikon, ergänzt um einen Text von Erich Stern [German-speaking psychologists 1933-1945. A personal lexicon, supplemented by a text by Erich Stern] (pp. 418–419). Wiesbaden: Springer.Google Scholar
von Rosenstiel, L. (1985). Lipmann, Otto. In Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften [Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences] (eds.), Neue Deutsche Biographie [New german biography] 14 (p. 645). Munich: Author. Retrieved from https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/downloadPDF?url=sfz51743.pdfGoogle Scholar
Manteufel, A. (2006). “Von den Möglichkeiten einer psychologischen Menschenauslese” – Psychodiagnostik im Kriegsdienst der deutschen Wehrmacht [From the possibilities of psychological selection of people" -- psychodiagnosis in the military service of the German Wehrmacht]. In Lamberti, G. (ed.), Intelligenz auf dem Prüfstand: 100 Jahre Psychometrie [Intelligence put to the test: 100 years of psychometry] (pp. 59–79). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Moede, W. (1919). Die Experimentalpsychologie im Dienste des Wirtschaftslebens [Experimental psychology at the service of economic life]. Berlin: Julius Springer.Google Scholar
Moede, W. (1920). Experimentelle Massenpsychologie [Experimental mass psychology]. Leipzig: S. Hirzel.Google Scholar
Motzkau, J. & Schraube, E. (2015). Kritische Psychologie: Psychology from the standpoint of the subject. In Parker, I. (ed.). Handbook of Critical Psychology (pp. 280–289). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mulder, E. & Heyting, F. (1998). The Dutch curve: The introduction and reception of intelligence testing in the Netherlands, 1908–1940. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 34(4), 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199823)34:4<349::aid-jhbs1>3.0.co;2-mGoogle Scholar
Münsterberg, H. (1912). Psychologie und Wirtschaftsleben: Ein Beitrag zur angewandten Experimental-Psychologie [Psychology and economic life: A contribution to applied experimental psychology]. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Münsterberg, H. (1913). Psychology and industrial efficiency. Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolas, S. (2006). The importance of instrument makers for the development of experimental psychology: The case of Alfred Binet at the Sorbonne Laboratory. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 42(July), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21790Google Scholar
Nicolas, S., Andrieu, B., Sanitioso, R. B., Vincent, R., & Murray, D. J. (2015). Alfred Binet and Crépieux-Jamin: Can intelligence be measured scientifically by graphology? Annee Psychologique/Anne Psychological, 115(1), 3–52. https://doi.org/10.4074/S0003503315001013Google Scholar
Nicolas, S., & Young, J. L. (2014). A French description of the psychology laboratory of G. S. Hall at Clark university in 1893. American Journal of Psychology, 127(4), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.4.0527Google Scholar
Pawlik, K. (1994). Psychology in Europe: Origins and development of psychology in German‐speaking countries. International Journal of Psychology, 29(6), 677–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599408246558Google Scholar
Probst, P. (2014). “Um den Bedürfnissen des praktischen Lebens entgegenzukommen” – ein Einblick in Biografie und Werk William Sterns [“To meet the needs of practical life” – an insight into the biography and work of William Stern]. In Spieß, M. (ed.), 100 Jahre akademische Psychologie in Hamburg. Eine Festschrift [100 years of academic psychology in Hamburg. A commemorative publication] (pp. 87–115). Hamburg: Hamburg University Press.Google Scholar
Rexelius, G. (ed.). (1988). Psychologie als Gesellschaftswissenschaft: Geschichte, Theorie und Praxis kritischer Psychologie [Psychology as social science: history, theory and practice of critical psychology]. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.Google Scholar
Richebächer, S. (September 2010). Franziska Baumgarten (1883–1970): Psychotechnikerin, Pionierin, Professorin, Pazifistin [Psychotechnician, pioneer, professor, pacifist]. Punktum, 5–7. Retrieved from http://psydok.psycharchives.de/jspui/handle/20.500.11780/21?offset=0.Google Scholar
Richelle, M., Janssen, P., & Bredart, S. (1992). Psychology in Belgium. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 505–529. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.002445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roland-Lévy, C. (2020). The first hundred years of IAAP towards the future. IAAP Bulletin, 2(1), 9–10. Retrieved from https://iaapsy.org/site/assets/files/1082/apaw_2020_jan_vol2_1_-_final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Schneider, W. H. (1992). After Binet: French intelligence testing, 1900–1950. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 28(2), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(199204)28:2<111::AID-JHBS2300280202>3.0.CO;2-WGoogle Scholar
Schuler, H. & Hell, B. (2008). Studierendenauswahl und Studienentscheidung [Student selection and study decision]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Schumann, F. (2004). Bericht über den 1. Kongress für experimentelle Psychologie in Gießen vom 18. bis 21. April 1904: Wiederabdruck der Erstausgabe Leipzig 1904 im Auftrag der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie [Report on the 1st Congress for Experimental Psychology in Gießen from 18 to 21 April 1904: Reprint of the first edition Leipzig 1904 on behalf of the German Society for Psychology]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Schwager, I. T. L., Hülsheger, U. R., Bridgeman, B., & Lang, J. W. B. (2015). Graduate student selection: Graduate record examination, socioeconomic status, and undergraduate grade point average as predictors of study success in a western European university. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 23(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12096CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegler, R. S. (1992). The other Alfred Binet. Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.179Google Scholar
Spearman, . (1904). “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 201–292.Google Scholar
Spillmann, J., & Spillmann, L. (1993). The rise and fall of Hugo Münsterberg. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 29(4), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(199310)29:4<322::AID-JHBS2300290403>3.0.CO;2-13.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprung, L., & Sprung, H. (2001). History of modern psychology in Germany in 19th- and 20th-century thought and society. International Journal of Psychology, 36(6), 364–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590143000199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, W. (1900). Über Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen: Ideen zu einer “differentiellen Psychologie” [On Psychology of Individual Differences: Ideas for a “’Differential Psychology”]. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Stern, W. (1911). Die differentielle Psychologie in ihren methodischen Grundlagen [Differential psychology in its methodological foundations]. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Stern, W. (1914). Die psychologischen Methoden der Intelligenzprüfung: und deren Anwendung an Schulkindern [The psychological methods of intelligence testing: and how to apply them to school children]. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Stern, W. (1917). Hugo Munsterberg: In memoriam. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1(2), 186–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074508Google Scholar
Stout, S. E. (2018). Training soldiers for the Roman Legion. The Classical Journal, 16(7), 423–431.Google Scholar
Teo, T. (1998). Klaus Holzkamp and the rise and decline of German critical psychology. History of Psychology, 1(3), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/1093-4510.1.3.235Google Scholar
Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence: An explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Stanford revision and extension of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale. Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
The OSS Assessment staff. (1948). Assessment of men: Selection of personnel for the Office of Strategic Services. New York: Rinehart & Company.Google Scholar
Trost, G., Blum, F., Fay, E., Klieme, E., Maichle, U., Meyer, M., & Nauels, H.-U. (1998). Evaluation des Tests für medizinische Studiengänge (TMS): Synopse der Ergebnisse [Evaluation of the medical degree test (TMS): synopsis of results]. Bonn: Institut für Test- und Begabungsforschung [Institute for Test and Talent Research].Google Scholar
van Strien, P. J. & Dane, J. (2001). Driekwart eeuw psychotechniek in Nederland: de magie van het testen [Three quarters of a century of psychotechnics in the Netherlands: the magic of testing]. Arnhem: Nederlandse Stichting voor Psychotechniek [Dutch Foundation for Psychotechnics].Google Scholar
Vinchur, A. J. & Koppes, L. L. (2007). Early contributions to the science and practice of industrial psychology. In Koppes, L. L., Thayer, P. W., Vinchur, A. J., & Salas, E. (eds.), Historical perspectives in industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 37–58). New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Vinchur, A. J. & Koppes, L. L. (2010). A historical survey of research and practice in industrial and organizational psychology. In Zedeck, S. (ed.), APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol 1: Building and developing the organization (pp. 3–36). https://doi.org/10.1037/12169-001Google Scholar
Viteles, M. S. (1923). Psychology in business-in England, France, and Germany. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 110, 207–220. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/1015087.Google Scholar
Wickett, J. C. (1998). Hans J. Eysenck’ s influence on intelligence research. Psihologija, 31(3), 249–256.Google Scholar
Wiggins, J. S. (1973). Personality and prediction: Principles of personality assessment. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Wissler, C. (1901). The correlation of mental and physical tests. The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements, 3(6), i–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0092995.Google Scholar
Wundt, W. (1883). Über die Messung psychischer Vorgänge. Philosophische Studien, 1, 251–260. Retrieved from http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/.Google Scholar
Zimmerhofer, A. & Trost, G. (2008). Auswahl- und Feststellungsverfahren in Deutschland – Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft [Selection and identification procedures in Germany - past, present and future]. In Schuler, H. & Hell, B. (eds.), Studierendenaushal und Studienentscheidung [Student education and study decision] (pp. 32–42). Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar