Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:36:45.238Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Theoretical Orientations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2019

Edited by
Thomas Ricento
Thomas Ricento
Affiliation:
University of Calgary
Get access

Summary

Using a historical institutionalist approach, I demonstrate how institutionalized norms stemming from the liberal tradition in America have informed its language regime by tracing the path dependency of language policy and the critical junctures when changing norms lead to policy shifts. In the early republic, liberal norms enshrined in the Constitution informed a minimalist language regime. At the turn of the 19th century, norms shifted to reflect rapid industrialization and mass immigration, informing attempts at restrictive language policies. At the critical juncture of the civil rights movement, the monolingual language regime was challenged by new norms of what constituted a liberal democratic society. Neoliberal norms of the Reagan presidency facilitated the success of the English-only movement in changing language policies at the state-level. Neoliberal cosmopolitanism of the new millennium re-introduced minimal multilingual policy initiatives. I conclude by suggesting that Trump’s election represents a shift to nationalist, albeit possibly illiberal, norms.

Keywords

United Stateslanguage policyhistorical institutionalismstate traditionlanguage regimeliberalismnormspath dependencycritical juncturesmulticulturalisminterculturalismlinguistic agencyLockeHerdersocial epistemologymultilingual societiesMarxismKarl Polanyicommodificationfictitious commodityalienationexploitationlanguage worklanguage policybilingualismmultilingualismOfficial Bilingualismlanguage policymulticulturalismliberalismpolitical theoryCharles TaylorGraham FraserBeverly McLachlin
Type
Chapter
Information
Language Politics and Policies
Perspectives from Canada and the United States
 , pp. 25 - 94
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aleinikoff, T. A. & Martin, D. A. (eds.) (1985). Immigration: Process and Policy. St. Paul, MN: West.Google Scholar
Baron, D. E. (1982). Grammar and Good Taste: Reforming the American Language. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brown v. Board of Education. 347 U.S. 483 (1954).Google Scholar
Cardinal, L. (2015). State tradition and language regime in Canada. In Cardinal, L. & Sonntag, S. K. (eds.), State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 29–43.Google Scholar
Cardinal, L. (2017a). Language regimes and state traditions in context. Paper presented at Language, Nationalism, Nations: Multilingualism Beyond Europe Workshop, September 29–30, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Cardinal, L. (2017b). Multilingualism and the local politics of language regime. Keynote address, The Politics of Multilingualism: Possibilities and Challenges Conference, May 22–25, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Castenada v. Pickard, 648 F. 2d 989 (5th Cir. 1981).Google Scholar
Castro Feinberg, R. (1990). Bilingual education in the United States: A summary of Lau compliance requirements. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 3(2), 141–52.Google Scholar
Clyne, M. (1986). Comment from “down under.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 60, 139–43.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. (1992). Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of “English Only.” Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Evans, P., Rueschemeyer, D. & Skocpol, T. (eds.) (1985). Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“From the Editor.” (2017). The Hedgehog Review, 19(3). Retrieved from http://iasc-culture.org/THR/index.php [Last accessed February 28, 2018].Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Garcia v. Gloor, 625 F.2d 1016 (5th Cir. 1980).Google Scholar
Glazer, N. & Moynihan, D. P. (1975). Introduction. In Glazer, N. & Moynihan, D. P. (eds.), Ethnicity: Theory and Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar
Gregory, D. L. (1989). Union leadership and workers’ voices: Meeting the needs of linguistically heterogeneous union members. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 58(1), 115–73.Google Scholar
Hartz, L. (1955). The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.Google Scholar
Heath, S. B. (1976). A national language academy? Debate in the new nation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 11, 9–44.Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2014). De-politicizing language: Obstacles to political theory’s engagement with language policy. Language Policy, 13(4), 335–50.Google Scholar
Jenson, J. & Phillips, S. D. (2001). Redesigning the Canadian citizenship regime: Remaking institutions of representation. In Crouch, C., Eder, K. & Tambini, D. (eds.), Citizenship, Markets, and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 69–89.Google Scholar
Kloss, H. (1977). The American Bilingual Tradition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Kramer, M. P. (1992). Imagining Language in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lau v. Nichols. 414 U.S. 563 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livingston, D. R., Reams, G. Y., Wheeler, C. L. & Goldstein, J. S. (no date). Brief of the Equal Opportunity Commission as Amicus Curiae, submitted to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Garcia v. Spun Steak. Obtained at EEOC, January 1993, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Lowi, T. (1968). The End of Liberalism: Ideology, Policy, and the Crisis of Public Authority. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Lustig, R. J. (1982). Corporate Liberalism: The Origins of Modern American Political Theory, 1890–1920. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, J. J. (1990). The past and future directions of federal bilingual-education policy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 508(1), 66–80.Google Scholar
Meyer v. Nebraska. 262 U.S. 390 (1923).Google Scholar
Nunberg, G. (1992). Afterword: The official language movement: Reimagining America. In Crawford, J (ed.), Language Loyalties: A Source Book on the Official English Controversy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 479–94.Google Scholar
Oliva, R. R. (1990). English-only rules in the workplace: The ninth circuit attempts to redefine the parameters. Journal of the Human Rights, VII, 99–139.Google Scholar
Patten, A. (2003). Liberal neutrality and language policy. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 31(4), 356–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, B. G., Pierre, J. & King, D. S. (2005). The politics of path dependency: Political conflict in historical institutionalism. Journal of Politics, 67(4), 1275–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrovic, J. E. & Kuntz, A. M. (2013). Strategies of reframing language policy in the liberal state. Journal of Language and Politics, 12(1): 126–46.Google Scholar
Pierson, P. (1994). Dismantling the Welfare State?: Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. (1977). Poor People’s Movements. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Plyer v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).Google Scholar
Ricento, T. (1998a). National language policy in the United States. In Ricento, T. & Burnaby, B. (eds.), Language and Politics in the United States and Canada: Myths and Realities. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 85–112.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. (1998b). The courts, the legislature and society: The shaping of federal language policy in the United States. In Kibbee, D. A. (ed.), Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 123–41.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. (ed.) (2015). Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. & Hornberger, N. H. (1996). Unpeeling the onion: Language planning and policy and the ELT professional. TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 401–27.Google Scholar
Schneider, A. & Ingram, H. (1993). Social construction of target populations: Implications for politics and policy. The American Political Science Review, 87(2), 334–47.Google Scholar
Secada, W. G. (1990). Research, politics, and bilingual education. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 508(1), 81–106.Google Scholar
Simpson, D. (1986). The Politics of American English, 1776–1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2003). The Local Politics of Global English: Case Studies in Linguistic Globalization. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2010). La diversité linguistique et la mondialisation: Les limites des théories libérales. Politique et Sociétés, 29(1), 15–43.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K. (2015). State tradition and language regime in the United States: Time for change? In Cardinal, L. & Sonntag, S. K. (eds.), State Traditions and Linguistic Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 44–61.Google Scholar
Sonntag, S. K., & Cardinal, L. (2015). Introduction: State traditions and language regimes: Conceptualizing language policy choices. In Cardinal, L. & Sonntag, S. K. (eds.), State Traditions and Linguistic Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 3–26.Google Scholar
Stein, C. B. Jr. (1986). Sink or Swim: The Politics of Bilingual Education. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Tatalovich, R. (1995). Nativism Reborn? The Official English Language Movement and the American States. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, H., & Hiller, R. (1977). Bilingual Education: Current Perspectives: The Legal Perspective. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Tollefson, J. W. (1991). Planning Language, Planning Inequality: Language Policy in the Community. New York: Longman.Google Scholar

References

Avnon, D. (2009). Plurality of self and pluralism: a view from Jerusalem. In Avnon, D. & Benziman, Y. (eds.), Plurality and Citizenship in Israel: Moving beyond the Jewish/Palestinian Civil Divide. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 15–30.Google Scholar
Cardinal, L. (2015). State tradition and language regime in Canada. In Cardinal, L. & Sonntag, S. (eds.), State Traditions and Language Regimes. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, pp. 29–43.Google Scholar
Carens, J. (2000). Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Carens, J. (2013). The Ethics of Immigration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeden, M. (2017). After the Brexit referendum: Revisiting populism as an ideology. Journal of Political Ideologies, 22(1), 1–11.Google Scholar
Haque, E. (2012). Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and Belonging in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2015). Global English and the limits of liberalism: Confronting global capitalism and challenges to the nation-state. In Ricento, T. (ed.), Language Policy and Political Economy: English in a Global Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 48–71.Google Scholar
Kronfeld, C. (2015). The Full Severity of Compassion: The Poetry of Yehuda Amichai. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (2001). Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Citizenship. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kymlicka, W. & Patten, A. (2003). Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oakes, L. & Peled, Y. (2018). Normative Language Policy: Ethics, Politics, Principles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Patten, A. (2014). Equal Recognition: The Moral Foundations of Minority Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Peled, Y. (2018). Language barriers and epistemic injustice in healthcare settings. Bioethics, 32(6), 360–367.Google Scholar
Peled, Y. & Bonotti, M. (2019). Sound reasoning: Why accent bias matters for democratic theory. Journal of Politics, 81(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricento, T. (2013). The consequences of official bilingualism on the status and perception of non-official languages in Canada. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 34(5), 475–89.Google Scholar
Sandel, M. (1982). Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sandel, M. (1984). The procedural republic and the unencumbered self. Political Theory, 12(1), 81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, R. (2006). “Political theory and language policy”. In Ricento, T. (ed.), An introduction to language policy: Theory and method. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 95–110.Google Scholar
Seymour, M. (2010). The Plural States of Recognition. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2016). 150 years of immigration in Canada. Retrieved from www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2016006-eng.htm [Last accessed February 2, 2018].Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2017a). Linguistic diversity and multilingualism in Canadian homes. Retrieved from www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98–200-x/2016010/98–200-x2016010-eng.cfm [Last accessed February 2, 2018].Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. (2017b). Immigration and diversity: Population projections for Canada and its regions, 2011 to 2036. Retrieved from www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-551-x/91-551-x2017001-eng.htm [Last accessed February 2, 2018].Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (1985). Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (1989). Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (2012). Interculturalism or multiculturalism? Philosophy & Social Criticism, 38(4–5), 413–23.Google Scholar
Wee, L. (2011). Language without Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weinstock, D. (2013). Interculturalism and multiculturalism in Canada and Québec: Situating the debate. In Balint, P. & Guérard de Latour, S. (eds.), Liberal Multiculturalism and the Fair Terms of Integration. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 91–108.Google Scholar

References

Alarcón, A. & Heyman, J. (2013). Bilingual call centers at the US-Mexico border: Location and linguistic markers of exploitability. Language in Society, 42(1), 1–21.Google Scholar
Althusser, L. (1971). Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Brewster, B.. New York: Monthly Review Press, pp. 127–86.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Block, D. (2019). What on earth is “language commodification?” In Schmenk, B., Breidbach, S., & Küster, L. (eds.), Sloganizations in Language Education Discourse. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, pp. 121–41.Google Scholar
Boutet, J. (2012). Language workers: Emblematic figures of late capitalism. In Duchene, A. & Heller, M. (eds.), Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and Profit. New York: Routledge, pp. 201–29.Google Scholar
Heller, M. (2002). Globalization and the commodification of bilingualism in Canada. In Block, D. & Cameron, D. (eds.), Globalization and Language Teaching. New York: Routledge, pp. 47–63.Google Scholar
Heller, M. (2003). Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 473–92.Google Scholar
Heller, M. (2010a). The commodification of language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39, 101–14.Google Scholar
Heller, M. (2010b). Language as resource in the globalized new economy. In Coupland, N. (ed.), The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 349–65.Google Scholar
Heller, M., Pujolar, J. & Duchêne, A. (2014). Linguistic commodification in tourism. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 18(4), 539–66.Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2015). Language, state, and global capitalism: Global English and historical materialism. In Mai Chen, T. and Churchill, D. (eds.), The Material of World History. New York: Routledge, pp. 35–50.Google Scholar
Jessop, B. (2007). Knowledge as a fictitious commodity: Insights and limits of a Polanyian perspective. In Buğra, A. & Ağartan, K., K. (eds.), Reading Karl Polanyi for the Twenty-First Century: Market Economy as a Political Project. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 115–34.Google Scholar
Kisby, B. (2014). Citizenship education in England in an era of perceived globalisation: Recent developments and future prospects. In Petrovic, J. E. & Kuntz, A. M. (eds.), Citizenship Education around the World: Local Contexts and Global Possibilities. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Lecercle, J. (2006). A Marxist Philosophy of Language. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1956). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (vol. 2), trans. Lasker, I.. Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1964). Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, trans. Milligan, M.. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1977). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (vol. 1), trans. Fowkes, B.. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
McGill, K. (2013). Political economy and language: A review of some recent literature. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 23(2), 196–213.Google Scholar
Park, J. S. & Wee, L. (2012). Markets of English: Linguistic Capital and Language Policy in a Globalizing World. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Paton, J. (2010). Labour as a (fictitious) commodity: Polanyi and the capitalist ‘market economy’. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 21(1), 77–88.Google Scholar
Petrovic, J. E. (2005). The conservative restoration and neoliberal defenses of bilingual education. Language Policy, 4(4), 395–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrovic, J. E. (2015). A Post-Liberal Approach to Language Policy in Education. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Petrovic, J. E. & Kuntz, A. M. (2013). Strategies of reframing language policy in the liberal state: A recursive model. Journal of Language and Politics, 12(1), 126–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pillings, G. (1980). Marx’s Capital: Philosophy and Political Economy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. (1957). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.Google Scholar
Rahmann, T. (2009). Language ideology, identity and the commodification of language in the call centers of Pakistan. Language in Society, 38(2), 233–58.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. (2005). Problems with the language-as-resource discourse in the promotion of heritage languages in the U.S.A. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9(3), 348–68.Google Scholar
Rossi-Landi, F. (1983). Language as Work & Trade. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.Google Scholar
Tan, P. K. W. (2008). The English language as a commodity in Malaysia: The view through the medium-of-instruction debate. In Tan, P. K. W. & Rubdy, R. (eds.), Language as Commodity. New York: Continuum, pp. 106–21.Google Scholar

References

Anctil, P. (2010). The end of the language crisis in Quebec. In Morris, M. A. (ed.), Canadian Language Politics in Comparative Perspective. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 344–68.Google Scholar
Appiah, K. A. (1994). Identity, authenticity, survival. In Gutmann, A. (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 149–64.Google Scholar
Archibugi, D. (2008). The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Towards Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bannerji, H. (2000). Charles Taylor and the politics of recognition. In Bannerji, H. (ed.), The Dark Side of the Nation. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press, pp. 125–50.Google Scholar
Bonfiglio, T. (2010). Mother Tongues and Nations. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, M. (2012). Sharing Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fraser, G. (2006). Sorry, I Don’t Speak French: Confronting the Canadian Crisis That Won’t Go Away. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.Google Scholar
Fraser, G. (2011). Notes for an address to the Humanities and Social Sciences Federation. Address delivered in Fredericton, New Brunswick, June 3. Retrieved from www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/en/news/speeches/2011/2011-06-03Google Scholar
Fraser, G. (2015). “Foreword.” In Hayday, M. (ed.), So They Want Us to Learn French: Promoting and Opposing Bilingualism in English-Speaking Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press, pp. xi–xiii.Google Scholar
Garcia, O. & Wei, L. (2013). Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Haque, E. (2012). Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and Belonging in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Haque, E. & Patrick, D. (2015). Indigenous languages and the racial hierarchisation of language policy in Canada. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 36(1), 27–41.Google Scholar
Hayday, M. (2005). Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Hayday, M. (2015). So They Want Us to learn French: Promoting and Opposing Bilingualism in English-Speaking Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2006). “Global English”: Linguistic imperialism of Global Lingua Franca? Studies in Language and Capitalism, 1, 121–41. Retrieved from http://winnspace.uwinnipeg.ca/handle/10680/1254Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2010). Cosmopolitanism and global English: Language politics in globalisation debates. Political Studies, 58(3), pp. 516–35.Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2015a). Global English and the limits of liberalism. In Ricento, T. (ed.), Language Policy and Political Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 48–71.Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2015b). Language and collective identity: Theorizing complexity. In Späti, C. (ed.), Language and Identity Politics. New York: Berghahn, pp. 17–37.Google Scholar
Ives, P. (2018). Language and the state in Western political theory: Implications for LPP. In Tollefson, J. & Pérez-Milans, M. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 183–201.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. (2005). Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (2001). Politics in the Vernacular. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
May, S. (2015). Contesting public monolingualism and diglossia. In Ricento, T., Peled, Y. & Ives, P. (eds.), Language Policy and Political Theory. Cham: Springer, pp. 77–100.Google Scholar
McLachlin, B. (2005). The civilization of difference. In MacLean, G. A. & O’Neill, B. (eds.), Ideas, Interests, and Issues. Toronto: Pearson, pp. 293–305.Google Scholar
McLachlin, B. (2008). The impact of the Supreme Court of Canada on bilingualism and biculturalism. Address at the Constitutional Law Week Speaker Series, McGill University, Montreal, February 6. Retrieved from www.scc-csc.ca/court-cour/judges-juges/spe-dis/bm-2008-02-06-eng.aspxGoogle Scholar
McLachlin, B. (2016). The rule of law in a multicultural society. Address to the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Calgary, May 30. Retrieved from http://congress2016.ca/program/events/McLachlinGoogle Scholar
Mouffe, C. (2000). The Democratic Paradox. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Northrup, D. (2013). How English Became the Global Language. London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Pennycook, A. (2010). Language as Local Practice. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Piller, I. (2016). Herder: An explainer for linguists. Language on the Move. Retrieved from www.languageonthemove.com/herder-an-explainer-for-linguists/Google Scholar
Pogge, T. (2003). Accommodation rights for Hispanics in the US. In Kymlicka, W. & Patten, A. (eds.), Language Rights and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 105–22.Google Scholar
Ricento, T. & Burnaby, B. (eds.). (1998). Language and Politics in the United States and Canada: Myths and Realities. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. (2015). Democratic theory and the challenge of linguistic diversity. In Ricento, T., Peled, Y. & Ives, P. (eds.), Language Policy and Political Theory. Cham: Springer, pp. 101–18.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, B. (2011). Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada (2012). Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians. Retrieved from www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011001-eng.cfmGoogle Scholar
Statistics Canada (2016). Data Tables: Mother Tongue (269), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age (15A) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada and Forward Sortation Areas, 2016 Census - 100% Data. Retrieved from www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110417&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2016&THEME=118&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEFGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. (1994). The politics of recognition. In Gutmann, A. (ed.), Multiculturalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 25–74.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (1995). Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (2016) The Language Animal: The Full Shape of the Human Linguistic Capacity. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Van Parijs, P. (2011). Linguistic Justice for Europe and the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×