Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:18:47.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Applications of Fibre Amplifiers and Lasers in Spectroscopy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2021

George Stewart
George Stewart
Affiliation:
University of Strathclyde
Get access

Summary

Applications of near-IR fibre amplifiers and fibre lasers in gas spectroscopy are reviewed. Examples are given where fibre amplifiers may be employed to boost the optical power, for example, in photoacoustic spectroscopy or when splitting a single laser output over multiple fibre optic paths in tomographic imaging. The use of mode-locked fibre lasers for the generation of high-performance frequency combs is discussed and examples given of the state-of-the-art in compact, field-deployable erbium fibre laser combs. The method of dual comb spectroscopy is explained and illustrated with applications in the monitoring of atmospheric trace gases, pollution and exhaust emissions. Several techniques are considered for enhancing sensitivity by means of a high-finesse fibre laser cavity, such as by fibre ring-down spectroscopy or through use of the amplified spontaneous emission present within the laser cavity. Intra-cavity laser absorption spectroscopy, where the fibre laser’s spectral distribution is monitored during the transient period, is discussed in detail with examples given of its potential application for the simultaneous measurement of several gas species in various environments.

Keywords

Fibre amplifiermode-lockinglaser combdual combRF combring-downspontaneous emissionintra-cavity spectroscopyatmospheric monitoringexhaust emissions
Type
Chapter
Information
Laser and Fiber Optic Gas Absorption Spectroscopy , pp. 198 - 231
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agger, S. D. and Povlsen, J. H., Emission and absorption cross section of thulium doped silica fibers, Opt. Express, 14, (1), 50–57, 2006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, Z., Heidt, A. M., Daniel, J. M. O., et al., Thulium-doped fiber amplifier for optical communications at 2µm, Opt. Express, 21, (8), 9289–9297, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, Y., Nilsson, J., Jain, S., et al., LD-seeded thulium-doped fibre amplifier for CO2 measurements at 2µm, 6th EPS QEOD Europhoton Conference (Europhoton 2014), Neuchatel, Switzerland, Poster TuP-T1-P-12, 24–29 August 2014.Google Scholar
Ma, Y., He, Y, Zhang, L., et al., Ultra-high sensitive acetylene detection using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy with a fiber amplified diode laser and 30.72kHz quartz tuning fork, Appl. Phys. Lett., 110, 031107-1–031107-5, 2017.Google Scholar
Bauer, R., Legg, T., Mitchell, D., et al., Miniaturized photoacoustic trace gas sensing using a Raman fiber amplifier, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 33, (18), 3773–3780, 2015.Google Scholar
Cousin, J., Masselin, L. P., Chen, W., et al., Application of a continuous-wave tunable erbium-doped fiber laser to molecular spectroscopy in the near infrared, Appl. Phys. B, 83, 261–266, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bremer, K., Pal, A., Yao, S., et al., Sensitive detection of CO2 implementing tunable thulium-doped all-fiber laser, Appl. Opt., 52, (17), 3957–3963, 2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghosh, A., Roy, A. S., Chowdhury, S. D., Sen, R. and Pal, A., All-fiber tunable ring laser source near 2μm designed for CO2 sensing, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 235, 547–553, 2016.Google Scholar
IPG Photonics Corporation. Low power CW fibre lasers. 2019. [Online]. Available: www.ipgphotonics.com/en/products/lasers/low-power-cw-fiber-lasers (accessed April 2020)Google Scholar
NP Photonics. Single frequency fibre laser systems. 2019. [Online]. Available: www.npphotonics.com/single-frequency-lasers (accessed April 2020)Google Scholar
Mirza, M. A. and Stewart, G., Multi-wavelength operation of erbium-doped fibre lasers by periodic filtering and phase modulation, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 27, (8), 1034–1044, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitenett, G., Stewart, G., Yu, H. and Culshaw, B., Investigation of a tuneable mode-locked fibre laser for application to multi-point gas spectroscopy, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 22, (3), 813–819, 2004.Google Scholar
Tosi, D., Review of chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) fiber-optic sensors and their applications, Sensors, 18, (2147), 1–32, 2018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haus, H. A., Mode-locking of lasers, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron., 6, (6), 1173–1185, 2000.Google Scholar
Newbury, N. R. and Swann, W. C., Low-noise fiber-laser frequency combs (invited), J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 24, (8), 1756–1770, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diddams, S. A., The evolving frequency comb (invited), J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 27, (11), 51–62, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foltynowicz, A., Maslowski, P., Ban, T., et al., Optical frequency comb spectroscopy, Faraday Discuss., 150, 23–31, 2011.Google Scholar
Kim, J. and Song, Y., Ultralow-noise mode-locked fiber lasers and frequency combs: principles, status, and applications, Adv. Opt. Photonics, 8, (3), 465–539, 2016.Google Scholar
Fehrenbacher, D., Sulzer, P., Liehl, A., et al., Free-running performance and full control of a passively phase-stable Er:fiber frequency comb, Optica, 2, (10), 917–923, 2015.Google Scholar
Kuse, N., Jiang, J., Lee, C.-C., Schibli, T. R. and Fermann, M. E., All polarization-maintaining Er fiber-based optical frequency combs with nonlinear amplifying loop mirror, Opt. Express, 24, (3), 3095–3102, 2016.Google Scholar
Sinclair, L. C., Coddington, I., Swann, W. C., et al., Operation of an optically coherent frequency comb outside the metrology lab, Opt. Express, 22, (6), 6996–7006, 2014.Google Scholar
Sinclair, L. C., Deschênes, J.-D., Sonderhouse, L., et al., Invited article: a compact optically coherent fiber frequency comb, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 86, 081301-1–081301-15, 2015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gohle, C, Stein, B., Schliesser, A., Udem, T. and Hansch, T. W., Frequency comb Vernier spectroscopy for broad-band, high-resolution, high-sensitivity absorption and dispersion spectra, Phys. Rev. Lett., 99, 263902-1–263902-4, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholten, S. K., Perrella, C., Anstie, J. D., et al., Number-density measurements of CO2 in real time with an optical frequency comb for high accuracy and precision, Phys. Rev. Appl., 9, (054043), 1–8, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ideguchi, T., Dual-comb spectroscopy, Opt. Photonics News, 32–39, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coddington, I., Swann, W. C. and Newbury, N. R., Coherent multi-heterodyne spectroscopy using stabilised optical frequency combs, Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 013902-1–013902-4, 2008.Google Scholar
Coddington, I., Newbury, N. R. and Swann, W. C., Dual-comb spectroscopy, Optica, 3, (4), 414–426, 2016.Google Scholar
Ideguchi, T., Poisson, A., Guelachvili, G., Picqué, N. and Hänsch, T. W., Adaptive real-time dual-comb spectroscopy, Nature Comm., 5, (3375), 1–8, 2014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, X., Hu, G., Zhao, B., et al., Picometer-resolution dual-comb spectroscopy with a free-running fiber laser, Opt. Express, 24, (19), 21833–21845, 2016.Google Scholar
Thorpe, M. J. and Ye, J., Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B,. 91, 397–414, 2008.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, B., Ozawa, A., Jacquet, P., et al., Cavity-enhanced dual-comb spectroscopy, Nat. Photon., 4, 55–57, 2009.Google Scholar
Adler, F., Thorpe, M. J., Cossel, K. C., and Ye, J., Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy: technology and applications, Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 3, 175–205, 2010.Google Scholar
Foltynowicz, A., Ban, T., Masłowski, P., Adler, F. and Ye, Jun, Quantum-noise-limited optical frequency comb spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 107, 233002-1–233001-5, 2011.Google Scholar
Rieker, G. B., Giorgetta, F. R., Swann, W. C., et al., Frequency-comb-based remote sensing of greenhouse gases over kilometre air paths, Optica, 1, (5), 290–297, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okubo, S., Iwakuni, K., Inaba, H., et al., Ultra-broadband dual-comb spectroscopy across 1.0–1.9μm, Appl. Phys. Express, 8, 082402-1–082402-4, 2015.Google Scholar
Giorgetta, F. R., Rieker, G. B., Baumann, E., et al., Broadband phase spectroscopy over turbulent air paths, Phys. Rev. Lett., 115, 103901-1–103901-5, 2015.Google Scholar
Coburn, S., Alden, C. B., Wright, R., et al., Regional trace-gas source attribution using a field-deployed dual frequency comb spectrometer, Optica, 5, (4), 320–327, 2018.Google Scholar
Schroeder, P. J., Wright, R. J., Coburn, S., et al., Dual frequency comb laser absorption spectroscopy in a 16MW gas turbine exhaust, Proc. Combust. Inst., 36, 4565–4573, 2017.Google Scholar
Chen, Z., Yan, M., Hansch, T. W. and Picque, N., Evanescent wave gas sensing with dual-comb spectroscopy. In OSA Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Jose, CA, USA, 14–19 May, 2017, paper SF1M.7.Google Scholar
Thorpe, M. J., Hudson, D. D., Moll, K. D., Lasri, J. and Ye, J., Cavity-ringdown molecular spectroscopy based on an optical frequency comb at 1.45-1.65μm, Opt. Lett., 32, (3), 307–309, 2007.Google Scholar
Menlo Systems GmbH. Optical frequency combs. 2019. [Online]. Available: www.menlosystems.com/products/optical-frequency-combs/ (accessed April 2020)Google Scholar
Toptica Photonics. Compact low noise frequency comb. 2019. [Online]. Available: www.toptica.com/products/frequency-combs/dfc-core/ (accessed April 2020)Google Scholar
Hecht, E. and Zajac, A., Optics, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 306–309, 1974.Google Scholar
Stewart, G., Atherton, K., Yu, H. and Culshaw, B., Investigation of optical fibre amplifier loop for intra-cavity and ring-down cavity loss measurements, Meas. Sci. Technol., 12, (7), 843–849, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, G., Shields, P. and Culshaw, B., Development of fibre laser systems for ring-down and intra-cavity gas spectroscopy in the near-IR, Meas. Sci. Technol., 15, (8), 1621–1628, 2004.Google Scholar
Stewart, G., Atherton, K. and Culshaw, B., Cavity-enhanced spectroscopy in fibre cavities, Opt. Lett., 29, (5), 442–444, 2004.Google Scholar
Waechter, H., Litman, J., Cheung, A. H., Barnes, J. A. and Loock, H.-P., Chemical sensing using fibre cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Sensors, 10, 1716–1742, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, K., Liu, T. G., Peng, G. D., et al., Theoretical investigation of an optical fibre amplifier loop for intra-cavity and ring-down cavity gas sensing, Sens. Actuators B: Chem., 146, 116–121, 2010.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Jin, W., et al., Investigation of erbium-doped fiber laser intra-cavity absorption sensor for gas detection, Optics Comm., 232, 1–6, 295–301, 2004.Google Scholar
Liu, K., Liu, T., Jiang, J., et al., Investigation of wavelength modulation and wavelength sweep techniques in intra-cavity fibre laser for gas detection, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 29, (1), 15–21, 2011.Google Scholar
Yu, L., Liu, T., Liu, K., et al., Development of an intra-cavity gas detection system based on L-band erbium-doped fibre ring laser, Sens. Actuators B: Chem, 193, 356–362, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, L., Liu, T., Liu, K., Jiang, J. and Wang, T., Intra-cavity multi-gas detection based on multiband fibre ring laser, Sens. Actuators B: Chem, 226, 170–175, 2016.Google Scholar
Yu, L., Liu, T., Liu, K., Jiang, J. and Wang, T., A method for separation of overlapping absorption lines in intra-cavity gas detection, Sens. Actuators B: Chem, 228, 10–15, 2016.Google Scholar
Arsad, N., Li, M., Stewart, G. and Johnstone, W., Intra-cavity spectroscopy using amplified spontaneous emission in fibre lasers, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 29, (5), 782–788, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valiunas, J. K., Stewart, G. and Das, G. Detection of nitrous oxide (N2O) at sub-ppmv using intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy (ICAS), IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 28, (3), 359–362, 2015.Google Scholar
Valiunas, J. K., Tenuta, M. and Das, G., A gas cell based on hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and its application for the detection of greenhouse gas (GHG): nitrous oxide (N2O), J. Sens., 7678315, 1–9, 2016.Google Scholar
Wang, Q., Wang, Z., Chang, J. and Ren, W., Fibre-ring laser-based intra-cavity photoacoustic spectroscopy for trace gas sensing, Opt. Lett., 42, (11), 2114–2117, 2017.Google Scholar
Baev, V. M., Latz, T. and Toschek, P. E., Laser intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B, 69, 171–202, 1999.Google Scholar
Bohm, R., Stephani, A., Baev, V. M. and Toschek, P. E., Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with a Nd3+-doped fibre laser, Opt. Lett., 18, (22), 1955–1957, 1993.Google Scholar
Stark, A., Correia, L., Teichmann, M., et al., Intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy with thulium-doped fibre laser, Opt. Comm., 215, 113–123, 2003.Google Scholar
Stewart, G., Whitenett, G., Sridaran, S. and Karthik, V., Investigation of the dynamic response of erbium fibre lasers with potential application for sensors, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 25, (7), 1786–1796, 2007.Google Scholar
Löhden, B., Kuznetsova, S., Sengstock, K., et al., Fiber laser intracavity absorption spectroscopy for in situ multicomponent gas analysis in the atmosphere and combustion environments, Appl. Phys. B., 102, (2), 331–344, 2011.Google Scholar
Fjodorow, P., Fikri, M., Schulz, C., Hellmig, O. and Baev, V. M., Time‑resolved detection of temperature, concentration and pressure in a shock tube by intra-cavity absorption spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B, 122, 159, 2016.Google Scholar
Fjodorow, P., Hellmig, O., Baev, V. M., Levinsky, H. B. and Mokhov, A. V., Intracavity absorption spectroscopy of formaldehyde from 6230 to 6420 cm-1, Appl. Phys. B., 123, 147, 2017.Google Scholar
Fjodorow, P., Hellmig, O., Baev, V. M., A broadband Tm/Ho-doped fiber laser tunable from 1.8 to 2.09 µm for intracavity absorption spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B, 124, 62, 2018.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×