Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T13:03:27.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 20 - Developing a Balanced Health Workforce

Understanding the Health Labor Market Dynamics

from Section 2 - Transforming Health Systems: Confronting Challenges, Seizing Opportunities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2022

Sameen Siddiqi
Affiliation:
Aga Khan University
Awad Mataria
Affiliation:
World Health Organization, Egypt
Katherine D. Rouleau
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Meesha Iqbal
Affiliation:
UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston
Get access

Summary

There is a growing recognition that the increased demand for health services brought about by population growth, aging, and economic development is putting greater emphasis on how countries train, recruit, deploy, retain, and manage their health workforce. This has resulted in an unprecedented and much-needed focus on health workforce policy, planning, production, deployment, and ongoing professional development, while taking labour market factors into account. Low- and middle-income countries (L&MICs) must develop effective strategies to optimize health workforce supply while also supporting recruitment, deployment, retention, and performance in order to address their health workforce challenges. The challenge ahead is to decide on what to do and, more importantly, how to do it. This Chapter focuses on the use of labour market dynamics concepts and frameworks in developing policies and strategies to address the current workforce challenges in L&MICs.

Type
Chapter
Information
Making Health Systems Work in Low and Middle Income Countries
Textbook for Public Health Practitioners
, pp. 306 - 319
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

World Health Organization. Working Together for Health: The World Health Report 2006. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. www.who.int/whr/2006/whr06_en.pdf (accessed May 11, 2021).Google Scholar
United Nations. SDG indicators, metadata repository. 2022. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/?Text=&Goal=3&Target=3.c (accessed March 7, 2022).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2016. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250368/9789241511131-eng.pdf;jsessionid=1BF3D138816BD89DEDEA7F726FB6DCAF?sequence=1 (accessed March 12, 2021).Google Scholar
Gedik, F. G., Buchan, J., Mirza, Z., et al. The need for research evidence to meet health workforce challenges in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Editorial). East Mediterr Health J 2018; 24(9): 811812.Google Scholar
Arya, N., Barbara, J. S.. Peace through Health: How Health Professionals Can Work for a Less Violent World. West Hartford, Kumarian Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Birch, S., Kephart, G., Murphy, G. T., et al. Health human resources planning and the production of health: development of an extended analytical framework for needs-based health human resources planning. J Public Health Manag Pract 2009; 15(6 Suppl.): S56S61.Google Scholar
Vujicic, M., Zurn, P.. The dynamics of the health labour market. Int J Health Plann Manage 2006; 21(2): 101115.Google Scholar
McPake, B., Maeda, A., Araújo, E. C., et al. Why do health labour market forces matter? Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91: 841846.Google Scholar
Scheffler, R. M., Herbst, C. H., Lemiere, C., et al. Health Labor Market Analyses in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: An Evidence-Based Approach. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2016.Google Scholar
Sousa, A., Scheffler, R. M., Nyoni, J., et al. A comprehensive health labour market framework for universal health coverage. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91: 892894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Transforming and scaling up health professionals’ education and training. 2013. www.who.int/publications/i/item/transforming-and-scaling-up-health-professionals%E2%80%99-education-and-training (accessed March 11, 2021).Google Scholar
Hongoro, C., Normand, C.. Health workers: building and motivating the workforce. In Jamison, D. T., Nugent, R., Gelband, H., et al., eds., Disease Control Priorities 2015–2018, 3rd ed. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2019, pp. 13091322.Google Scholar
Willis-Shattuck, M., Bidwell, P., Thomas, S., et al. Motivation and retention of health workers in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2008; 8: 247.Google Scholar
Antwi, J., Phillips, D. C.. Wages and health worker retention: evidence from public sector wage reforms in Ghana. J Dev Econ 2013; 102: 101115.Google Scholar
Ndima, S. D., Sidat, M., Ormel, H., et al. Supervision of community health workers in Mozambique: a qualitative study of factors influencing motivation and programme implementation. Hum Resour Health 2015; 13(1): 63.Google Scholar
Agyepong, I. A., Anafi, P., Asiamah, E., et al. Health worker (internal customer) satisfaction and motivation in the public sector in Ghana. Int J Health Plann Manage 2004; 19(4): 319336.Google Scholar
Mathauer, I., Imhoff, I.. Health worker motivation in Africa: the role of non-financial incentives and human resource management tools. Hum Resour Health 2006; 4: 24.Google Scholar
Hernandez, P., Dräger, S., Evans, D. B., et al. Measuring expenditure for the health workforce: evidence and challenges. 2006. www.who.int/hrh/documents/measuring_expenditure.pdf (accessed April 13, 2021).Google Scholar
Hicks, V., Adams, O.. Pay and non-pay incentives, performance and motivation: towards a global health workforce strategy. 2003. http://193.190.239.98/bitstream/handle/10390/2554/2003shso0257.pdf?sequence=2 (accessed May 10, 2021).Google Scholar
Frank, T., Källander, K.. Developing intervention strategies to improve community health worker motivation and performance. 2012. www.malariaconsortium.org/upscale/local/downloads/1234-inscale-learning-paper-developing-intervention-strategies-english.pdf (accessed May 12, 2021).Google Scholar
Strachan, D. L., Källander, K., Nakirunda, M., et al. Using theory and formative research to design interventions to improve community health worker motivation, retention and performance in Mozambique and Uganda. Hum Resour Health 2015; 13(1): 13.Google Scholar
Greenspan, J. A., McMahon, S. A., Chebet, J. J., et al. Sources of community health worker motivation: a qualitative study in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. Hum Resour Health 2013; 11: 52.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO Guideline on Health Workforce Development, Attraction, Recruitment and Retention in Rural and Remote Areas. Geneva, World Health Organization,2021. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240024229 (accessed January 31, 2022).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Increasing Access to Health Workers in Remote and Rural Areas through Improved Retention: Global Policy Recommendations. Geneva, World Health Organization,2010. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138618/ (accessed March 12, 2021).Google Scholar
Araujo, E., Maeda, A.. How to recruit and retain health workers in rural and remote areas in developing countries: a guidance note. 2013. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16104/78506.pdf (accessed March 2021).Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, B. G., Couper, I., Kumar, P., et al. Editorial: effective strategies to develop rural health workforce in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Front Public Health 2021. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.702362.Google Scholar
Dolea, C., Stormont, L., Braichet, J. M.. Evaluated strategies to increase attraction and retention of health workers in remote and rural areas. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88(5): 379385.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. International migration of health personnel: a challenge for health systems in developing countries. Resolution WHA57. 2004. www.who.int/workforcealliance/who04.pdf?ua=1 (accessed January 11, 2021).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. International recruitment of health personnel: draft global code of practice. 2010. https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA63/A63_8-en.pdf (accessed February 11, 2021).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Health workforce support and safeguards list, 2020. 2020. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/health-workforce/hwf-support-and-safeguards-list8jan.pdf?sfvrsn=1a16bc6f_10 (accessed January 31, 2022).Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Health workforce regulation in the Western Pacific Region. 2016. www.who.int/publications/i/item/health-workforce-regulation-in-the-western-pacific-region (accessed May 12, 2021).Google Scholar
Scheffer, M. C., Dal Poz, M. R.. The privatization of medical education in Brazil: trends and challenges. Hum Resour Health 2015; 13(1): 96.Google Scholar
Mitchell, A., Bossert, T. J., Politics and governance in human resources for health. In Soucat, A., Scheffler, R., eds., The Labor Market for Health Workers in Africa: New Look at the Crisis. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2013.Google Scholar
Keshri, V. R., Sriram, V., Baru, R.. Reforming the regulation of medical education, professionals and practice in India. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5(8): e002765.Google Scholar
González, P., Macho-Stadler, I.. A theoretical approach to dual practice regulations in the health sector. J Health Econ 2013; 32(1): 6687.Google Scholar
Riley, P. L., Zuber, A., Vindigni, S. M., et al. Information systems on human resources for health: a global review. Hum Resour Health 2012; 10(1): 12.Google Scholar
Pozo-Martin, F., Nove, A., Lopes, S. C., et al. Health workforce metrics pre- and post-2015: a stimulus to public policy and planning. Hum Resour Health 2017; 15(1): 16.Google Scholar
Grépin, K. A., Savedoff, W. D.. 10 best resources on health workers in developing countries. Health Policy Plan 2009; 24(6): 479482.Google Scholar
Siyam, A., Zurn, P., Gedik, G., et al. Monitoring the implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91: 816823.Google Scholar
Lopes, M. A., Almeida, A. S., Almada-Lobo, B.. Handling healthcare workforce planning with care: where do we stand? Hum Resour Health 2015; 13: 38.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. National Health Workforce Accounts: A Handbook. Geneva, World Health Organization,2017. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259360 (accessed February 10, 2022).Google Scholar
Matrix Insight. EU level collaboration on forecasting health workforce needs, workforce planning and health workforce trends – a feasibility study. 2012. www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/49150015/eu-level-collaboration-on-forecasting-health-workforce-geko (accessed May 12, 2021).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×