Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T20:07:10.518Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

27 - The patristic legacy to c. 1000

from Part III - The Bible Interpreted

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 May 2012

Richard Marsden  and
E. Ann Matter
By
John J. Contreni
Richard Marsden
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
E. Ann Matter
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Perhaps nothing is more striking to the historically minded observer at the dawn of the twenty-first century than to note the continuing significant impact of ancient religious writings on modern life. In a world of rapidly increasing and ever more powerful global technologies that were unimaginable just a decade or two ago, in a world whose peoples have never been more highly educated or more closely linked to one another around the planet, in a world of space exploration, nuclear energy, stem cell research and sophisticated new understandings of nature and of the human mind and body, the importance of ancient religious thought to modern individuals and their communities provides a powerful example of vibrant historical continuity. How is it that writings composed by ancient peoples in remote times still speak very powerfully to modern people and modern societies?

By the end of the patristic age, roughly the middle of the fifth century ce, the Hebrew Bible had developed masoretic, Samaritan and Greek forms and with the diaspora of the Jewish people had spread to many places in the Mediterranean world. Still, this was a small community of readers and listeners. The growth of Christian communities in the ante-Nicene and patristic ages provided new audiences for the Hebrew Bible since Christianity appropriated Hebrew scripture as the foundation for its own scriptures and core beliefs. Yet, with the vast transformation of the Roman world accelerating just as Augustine of Hippo died in Vandal-besieged Hippo (430), Christian scriptures spoke in a fragmented, disjointed way to scattered Christian communities around the Mediterranean littoral. The revelations that would eventually take written form as the Qurʾān were still on the distant chronological horizon at the close of the patristic age.

Type
Chapter
Information
The New Cambridge History of the Bible , pp. 505 - 535
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bagliani, A. P. and Pinelli, L. (eds.), Medioevo Latino. Bollettino bibliografico della cultura europea da Boezia a Erasmo (secoli VI–XV) 32 (Florence: SISMEL, 2011), 423–35Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, A. D. (ed.), Augustine Through the Ages. An Encyclopedia (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999)Google Scholar
Dekkers, E., ‘Sur la diffusion au moyen âge des œuvres moins connues de saint Augustin’, in C. Mayer and K. H. Chelius (eds.), Homo Spiritalis. Festgabe für Luc Verheijen OSA zu seinem 70. Geburtstag (Würzburg: Augustinus-Verlag, 1987), pp. 446–59Google Scholar
de Lubac, H., Exégèse médiévale. Les quatre sens de l’Écriture, 4 vols. (Paris: Aubier, 1959–64)Google Scholar
Sebanc, M. and Macierowski, E. M. as Medieval Exegesis. The Four Senses of Scripture, 2 vols. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998–2000)Google Scholar
Origen. On First Principles, trans. Butterworth, G. W. (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), iv, 2, 9, p. 286Google Scholar
De Genesi at litteram libri duodecim, ed. Zycha, J., CSEL 28.1 (Vienna: Tempsky, 1894)Google Scholar
Biblia sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem, ed. Weber, R., 2 vols., 2nd edn (Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1975), vol. ii, pp. 1515–16Google Scholar
Liber interpretationis hebraicorum nominum, ed. de Lagarde, P., CCSL 72 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1959), pp. 57–161Google Scholar
Hieronymi de situ et nominibus locorum hebraicorum liber, in Onomastica sacra, ed. de Lagarde, P. A., 2nd edn (Göttingen: Dieterich, 1887; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1966), pp. 81–160Google Scholar
Metrologicorum scriptorum reliquiae, ed. Hultsch, F., 2 vols. (Leipzig: Teubner, 1864–6)Google Scholar
Instructionum ad Salonium libri II, ed. Wotke, K., CSEL 31 (Vienna: Tempsky, 1894), pp. 65–161Google Scholar
De doctrina christiana, ed. Martin, J., CCSL 32 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1962)Google Scholar
Saint Augustine. On Christian Teaching, trans. Green, R. P. H. (Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar
English, E. D. (ed.), Reading and Wisdom. The De doctrina christiana of Augustine in the Middle Ages (University of Notre Dame Press, 1995)Google Scholar
Arnold, D. W. H. and Bright, P. (eds.), De doctrina christiana. A Classic of Western Culture (University of Notre Dame Press, 1995)Google Scholar
Confessionum libri XII, ed. Verheijen, L., CCSL 27 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1981), iii, 9, p. 31Google Scholar
Mumford, L., The Condition of Man (New York: Harcourt and Brace, 1944), p. 81Google Scholar
Riché, P., Education and Culture in the Barbarian West, Sixth through Eighth Centuries, trans. J. J. Contreni (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1976), pp. xv–xxiGoogle Scholar
Leonardi, C., ‘L’esegesi altomedievale da Cassiodoro ad Autberto (secolo VI–VIII)’, in G. Cremascoli and C. Leonardi (eds.), La Bibbia nel Medioevo (Bologna: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1996), pp. 149–65Google Scholar
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and Mynors, R. A. B. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), v. 24, pp. 566–70Google Scholar
An Introduction to Divine and Human Readings by Cassiodorus Senator, trans. Jones, L. W. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), prol., 6Google Scholar
O’Donnell, J. J., Cassiodorus (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1979), p. 159Google Scholar
Cassiodori Senatoris Institutiones, ed. Mynors, R. A. B. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961), pp. x–xlixGoogle Scholar
Stansbury, M., ‘Early-Medieval Biblical Commentaries, their Writers and Readers’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 33 (1999), 58–69Google Scholar
RB 1980. The Rule of St. Benedict in Latin and English with Notes, ed. Fry, T. et al. (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1981), 48.5, p. 248Google Scholar
Ganz, D., ‘The Preconditions for Carolingian Minuscule’, Viator 18 (1987), 30–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School of Theodore and Hadrian, ed. B. Bischoff and Lapidge, M., CSASE 10 (Cambridge University Press, 1994)Google Scholar
Edwards, B. V. N. (eds.), The Study of the Bible in the Carolingian Era (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003), pp. 19–38Google Scholar
Law, V., Grammar and Grammarians in the Early Middle Ages (London: Longman, 1997)Google Scholar
Holtz, L., Donat et la tradition de l’enseignement grammatical. Étude sur l’Ars Donati et sa diffusion (IVe–IXe siècle) et édition critique (Paris: CNRS, 1981)Google Scholar
Manselli, R., ‘Gregorio Magno e la Bibbia’, in La Bibbia nell’Alto Medioevo. 26 aprile–2 maggio 1962, Settimane 10 (Spoleto: Presso la Sede del Centro, 1963), pp. 67–101Google Scholar
Cristiani, M., ‘“Tempus Prophetiae”. Temporalité et savoir dans l’exégèse biblique de Grégoire le Grand’, Archivio di Filosofia 53 (1985), 327–50Google Scholar
Leclercq, J., The Love of Learning and the Desire for God. A Study of Monastic Culture, trans. C. Misrahi, 2nd edn (New York: Fordham University Press, 1974), pp. 31–44Google Scholar
Homiliae in Hiezechihelem prophetam, ed. Adriaen, M., CCSL 142 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1971), i, Homilia 9, 30, p. 139Google Scholar
Bischoff, B., ‘Wendepunkte in der Geschichte der lateinischen Exegese im Frühmittelalter’, in his Mittelalterliche Studien. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Schriftkunde und Literaturgeschichte, 3 vols. (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1966–81), vol. i, p. 214Google Scholar
Isidori Hispalensis Etymologiarum sive Originum libri xx [hereafter Etymologiae], ed. Lindsay, W. M. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1911), iGoogle Scholar
The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, trans. Barney, S. A. et al. (Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J., The Medieval World of Isidore of Seville. Truth from Words (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 101–2Google Scholar
O’Loughlin, T., ‘Julian of Toledo's Antikeimenon and the Development of Latin Exegesis’, Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association 16 (1993), 80–98Google Scholar
Orlandi, G. (eds.), Biblical Studies in the Early Middle Ages. Proceedings of the Conference on Biblical Studies in the Early Middle Ages (Florence: SISMEL, 2005)Google Scholar
Lebecq, S., Perrin, M. and Szerwiniack, O. (eds.), Bède le Vénérable. Entre tradition et posterité / The Venerable Bede. Tradition and Posterity (Lille: CEGES, Université Charles-de-Gaulle, 2005)Google Scholar
DeGregorio, S. (ed.), Innovation and Tradition in the Writings of the Venerable Bede (Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press, 2006)Google Scholar
DeGregorio, S. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bede (Cambridge University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, G. (ed.), Famulus Christi. Essays in Commemoration of the Thirteenth Centenary of the Birth of the Venerable Bede (London: SPCK, 1976), pp. 40–69Google Scholar
Bedae Venerabilis opera, pars iii. Opera homiletica, ed. Hurst, D., CCSL 122 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1955), p. 198Google Scholar
Bede the Venerable. Homilies on the Gospels, Book Two, trans. Martin, L. T. and Hurst, D. (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1991), p. 20Google Scholar
Jones's, C. W.: ‘Some Introductory Remarks on Bede's Commentary on Genesis’, Sacris Erudiri 19 (1969–70), 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, R., ‘What Do We Know about Bede's Commentaries?’, Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Médiévale 49 (1982), 5–20Google Scholar
Libri quatuor in principium Genesis, ed. Jones, C. W., CCSL 118A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1967), ii, vi, 21, 1410–35, pp. 113–14Google Scholar
Robinson, B. P., ‘The Venerable Bede as Exegete’, Downside Review 112 (1994), 201–26, at pp. 213–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bede, 's De schematibus et tropis, ed. Kendall, C. B., CCSL 123A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1975), pp. 142–71Google Scholar
In Lucae evangelium expositio, ed. Hurst, D., CCSL 120 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1960), pp. 5–10Google Scholar
McNamara, M. (ed.), Biblical Studies. The Medieval Irish Contribution (Dublin: Dominican Publications, 1976), pp. 74–160Google Scholar
CCSL 145, ed. Adriaen, M. (Turnhout: Brepols, 1969)
Richter, M. (eds.), Irland und die Christenheit. Bibelstudien und Mission / Ireland and Christendom. The Bible and the Missions (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1987), pp. 70–83Google Scholar
Liber de ordine creaturarum. Un anónimo irlandés del siglo VII, ed. Díaz y Díaz, M. C. (Universidad de Santiago de Compostella, 1972)Google Scholar
Expositio evangelii secundum Marcum, ed. Cahill, M., CCSL 82 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1997)Google Scholar
Kelly, J. F., ‘A Catalogue of Early Medieval Hiberno-Latin Biblical Commentaries’, Traditio 44 (1988), 537–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, M. M., ‘A Critique of Bischoff's Theory of Irish Exegesis. The Commentary on Genesis in Munich Clm 6302 (Wendepunkte 2)’, Journal of Medieval Latin 7 (1997), 178–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RB 110 (2000), 42–85
The Study of the Bible in the Early Middle Ages (Florence: SISMEL, 2007), pp. 232–75)
Silagi, G., ‘Notwendige Bemerkungen zu Gorman's “Critique of Bischoff's Theory of Irish Exegesis”’, Peritia 12 (1998), 87–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cróinín, D. Ó, ‘Bischoff's Wendepunkte Fifty Years On’, RB 110 (2000), 204–37Google Scholar
Wright, C. D., ‘Bischoff's Theory of Irish Exegesis and the Genesis Commentary in Munich, Clm 6302’, Journal of Medieval Latin 10 (2000), 115–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Reference Bible – Das Bibelwerk. Pauca problesmata de enigmatibus ex tomis canonicis, nunc prompta sunt praefatio et libri de Pentateucho Moysi, ed. MacGinty, G., CCCM 173 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000)Google Scholar
Sullivan, R. E., ‘The Carolingian Age. Reflections on its Place in the History of the Middle Ages’, Speculum 64 (1989), 267–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKitterick, R., Charlemagne. The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge University Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNally's, R. E. observation that the scriptures were not ‘a direct, vital force in the spiritual life of the faithful’, in The Unreformed Church (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1965), p. 70Google Scholar
Hen, Y., ‘The Uses of the Bible and the Perception of Kingship in Merovingian Gaul’, Early Medieval Europe 7 (1993), 277–90, at p. 277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorman, M. M., Biblical Commentaries from the Early Middle Ages (Florence: SISMEL, 2002)Google Scholar
Contreni, J. J., ‘Carolingian Biblical Culture’ in G. Van Riel, C. Steel and J. McEvoy (eds.), Iohannes Scottus Eriugena. The Bible and Hermeneutics (Leuven University Press, 1996), pp. 1–23Google Scholar
Noble, T. F. X., ‘The Varying Roles of Biblical Testimonies in the Carolingian Image Controversies’, in E. Cohen and M. B. de Jong (eds.), Medieval Transformations. Texts, Power, and Gifts in Context (Leiden: Brill, 2001), pp. 101–19Google Scholar
Firey, A., ‘The Letter of the Law. Carolingian Exegetes and the Old Testament’, in J. D. McAuliffe, B. D. Walfisch and J. W. Goering (eds.), With Reverence for the Word. Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 204–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drijvers, J. W. and MacDonald, A. A. (eds.), Centres of Learning. Learning and Location in Pre-Modern Europe and the Near East (Leiden: Brill, 1995), pp. 161–76Google Scholar
Nip, R. I. A. et al. (eds.), Media Latinitatis. A Collection of Essays to Mark the Occasion of the Retirement of L. J. Engels (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996), pp. 229–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hen, Y. and Innes, M. (eds.), Using the Past in Early Medieval Europe. Politics, Memory and Identity (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 191–226Google Scholar
Contreni, J. J., ‘“By Lions, Bishops are Meant; By Wolves, Priests”. History, Exegesis, and the Carolingian Church in Haimo of Auxerre's Commentary on Ezechiel’, Francia. Forschungen zur Westeuropäischen Geschichte 29/1 (2002), 29–56Google Scholar
Admonitio generalis, ed. Boretius, A., MGH Cap. reg. Franc. 1 (Hanover: Hahn, 1883), pp. 52–62Google Scholar
Charlemagne. Translated Sources, trans. King, P. D. (Kendal: P. D. King, 1987), pp. 209–20Google Scholar
Fischer, B., ‘Bibeltext und Bibelreform unter Karl dem Grossen’, in W. Braunfels et al. (eds.), Karl der Grosse. Lebenswerk und Nachleben, 5 vols. (Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1965–8), vol. ii, pp. 156–216Google Scholar
Ganz, D., ‘Mass Production of Early Medieval Manuscripts. The Carolingian Bibles from Tours’, in R. Gameson (ed.), The Early Medieval Bible. Its Production, Decoration, and Use (Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 53–62Google Scholar
McNally, R. E., The Bible in the Early Middle Ages (Westminster, MD: Newman, 1959), pp. 89–117Google Scholar
Hen, Y., ‘A Merovingian Commentary on the Four Gospels (Pseudo-Theophilus, CPL 1001)’, Revue des Études Augustiniennes 49 (2003), 167–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contreni, J. J., ‘Carolingian Biblical Studies’, in U.-R. Blumenthal (ed.), Carolingian Essays. Andrew W. Mellon Lectures in Early Christian Studies (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1983), pp. 84–93Google Scholar
Contreni, J. J., Carolingian Learning, Masters and Manuscripts (Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1992)Google Scholar
Hrabanus Maurus. De institutione clericorum libri tres. Studien und Edition, ed. Zimpel, D. (Frankfurt: Lang, 1996)Google Scholar
‘Notker des Stammlers “Notatio de illustribus uiris”, Teil i: Kritische Edition’, ed. Rauner, K., Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 21 (1986), 34–69Google Scholar
Kaczynski, B. M., ‘Reading the Church Fathers. Notker the Stammerer's Notatio de illustribus viris’, Journal of Medieval Latin 17 (2007), 401–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sancti Beati Liébana Commentarius in Apocalipsin, ed. Pose, E. R., 2 vols. (Rome: Consilio Academiae Lynceorum, 1985)Google Scholar
Expositiones in Apocalypsin libri i–xi, ed. Weber, R., CCCM 27–27A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1975–9)Google Scholar
Matter, E. A., ‘The Apocalypse in Early Medieval Exegesis’, in R. K. Emmerson and B. McGinn (eds.), The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 38–50Google Scholar
Gorman, M. M., ‘Wigbod and Biblical Studies under Charlemagne’, RB 107 (1997), 40–76 (repr. in his Biblical Commentaries, pp. 200–36); and M. M. Gorman, ‘Wigbod, Charlemagne's Commentator. The Quaestiunculae super Evangelium’, RB 114 (2004), 5–74Google Scholar
Interrogationes et responsiones in Genesin, ed. Dümmler, E., MGH Epp. 4 (Berlin: Weidmann, 1895), p. 122, 29–30Google Scholar
Kelly, J. F., ‘The Originality of Josephus Scottus’ Commentary on Isaiah’, Manuscripta 24 (1980), 176–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
trans. Alexandrenko, N. A., in ‘The Poetry of Theodulf of Orléans: A Translation and Critical Study’, unpubl. PhD thesis, Tulane University (1970); and B. Bischoff, ‘Theodulf und der Ire Cadac-Andreas’, in his Mittelalterliche Studien, vol. ii, pp. 19–25, for the anonymous poem.Google Scholar
Contreni, J. J. and Ó Néill, P. P. (eds.) Glossae divinae historiae. The Biblical Glosses of John Scottus Eriugena (Florence: SISMEL, 1997), pp. 58–72Google Scholar
Hrabanus Maurus. De universo. The Peculiar Properties of Words and their Mystical Significance. The Complete English Translation, trans. Throop, P., 2 vols. (Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2009)Google Scholar
Boulhol, P., Claude de Turin. Un évêque iconoclaste dans l’occident carolingien. Étude suivie de l’édition du ‘Commentaire sur Josué’ (Paris: Institut d’Études Augustiniennes, 2002)Google Scholar
Bischoff, B., ‘Libraries and Schools in the Carolingian Revival of Learning’, in his Manuscripts and Libraries in the Age of Charlemagne, trans. and ed. M. M. Gorman (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 109Google Scholar
Savigni, R., ‘Esegesi medievali ed antropologia biblica. L’interpretazione di Genesi 1–3 nei commentari carolingi ed i suoi fondamenti patristici’, Annali di Storia dell’Esegesi 10 (1993), 571–614Google Scholar
Gorman, M., ‘The Commentary on Genesis of Claudius of Turin and Biblical Studies under Louis the Pious’, Speculum 72 (1997), 279–329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedulii Scotti Collectaneum in Apostolum, ed. H. J. Frede and Stanjek, H., 2 vols., VLB 31–2 (Freiburg: Herder, 1996–7)Google Scholar
Cantelli, S., Angelomo e la scuola esegetica di Luxeuil, 2 vols. (Spoleto: CISAM, 1990), p. 61Google Scholar
Cantelli, , Angelomo, pp. 60–2
Menestò, E. (eds.), Giovanni Scoto nel suo tempo. L’organizzazione del sapere in età carolingia (Spoleto: CISAM, 1989), pp. 261–336Google Scholar
Cantelli, ‘L’esegesi al tempo di Ludovico il Pio’, pp. 280–1; Murethach (Muridac). In Donati artem maiorem, ed. L. Holtz, CCCM 40 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1977), pp. xxix–xxxv; Bertola, E., ‘Il commentario paolino di Haimo di Halberstadt o di Auxerre e gli inizi del metodo scolastico’, Pier Lombardo 5 (1961), 29–54Google Scholar
Bertola, E., ‘I precedenti storici del metodo del Sic et Non di Abelardo’, Rivista di Filosofia Neoscolastica 53 (1961), 255–80Google Scholar
Commentarius in Matthaeum, ed. Dümmler, E., MGH Epp. 6 (BerlinWeidmann, 1902–25), pp. 138–44Google Scholar
Matter, E. A., ‘The Lamentations Commentaries of Hrabanus and Paschasius Radbertus’, Traditio 38 (1982), 137–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganz, D., Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1990), pp. 82–7Google Scholar
Scottus, John, De divina praedestinatione liber, ed. G. Madec, CCCM 50 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1978), 18, p. 110, lines 2–3Google Scholar
Epistola 13, ed. Dümmler, E., MGH Epp. 5 (Berlin: Weidmann, 1898–9), pp. 210–21Google Scholar
Opus Caroli regis contra synodum (Libri Carolini), ed. A. Freeman and Meyvaert, P., MGH Conc. 2, Suppl. 1 (Hanover: Hahn, 1998), i, 5, p. 129, lines 22–7Google Scholar
Concilium Francofurtense (794), in Concilia aevi Karolini (742–842), ed. Werminghoff, A., MGH Conc. 2.1 (Hanover: Hahn, 1906), 1, p. 156Google Scholar
Angelomus of Luxeuil, Epistola ad Lotharium imperatorem, ed. Dümmler, E., MGH Epp. 5 (Berlin: Weidmann, 1898), p. 629Google Scholar
Pascasii Radberti De Benedictionibus patriarchum Iacob et Moysi, ed. Paulus, B., CCCM 96 (Turnhout: Brepols: 1993), p. 67Google Scholar
Contreni, J. J., ‘Inharmonious Harmony. Education in the Carolingian World’, in The Annals of Scholarship. Metastudies of the Humanities and Social Sciences 1 (1980), 81–96Google Scholar
O’Loughlin, T. (ed.), The Scriptures and Early Medieval Ireland (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999), pp. 217–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×