Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T04:39:17.315Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

20 - Critic

Which Evidence? What Knowledge? Broadening Inform-ation about the Police and Their Interventions

from Part X - Evidence-Based/ Risk-Focused Policing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2019

By
Jack R. Greene
Edited by
David Weisburd  and
Anthony A. Braga
David Weisburd
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
Anthony A. Braga
Affiliation:
Northeastern University, Boston
Get access

Summary

Observations while attending several crime analysis meetings of a major city police department provide insight into questions of sources and importance of knowledge in policing. This observable knowledge is used by the police as they grapple with the ongoing complexities of public safety, in this case in an urban city.

At each meeting, two forms of knowledge framed discussions of crime and disorder problems. Framing as a sociological and communications theory relies on ideas associated with understanding how attitudes and behavior are shaped by the information or form of knowledge presented (Goffman, 1986; Scheufele & Iyengar, 2014).

Type
Chapter
Information
Police Innovation
Contrasting Perspectives
 , pp. 457 - 482
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Audi, R. (2002). Sources of knowledge. In Moser, P. K. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology (pp. 71–94). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Black, D. (1980). The Manners and Customs of the Police. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bayley, D. H., & Bittner, E. (1984). Learning the skills of policing. Law and Contemporary Problems, 4(4), 35–59.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A. (2014). Problem-oriented policing: principles, practices and crime. In Reisig, M. D., & Kane, R. J. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing (pp. 101–121). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Braga, A., & Bond, B. J. (2009). Community perceptions of police crime prevention efforts: Using interviews in small areas to evaluate crime reduction strategies. In Knutsson, J., & Tilley, N. (eds.), Evaluating Crime Reduction Initiatives, vol. 24. Crime Prevention Studies (pp. 87–119). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Flynn, E. A., Kelling, G. L., & Cole, C. M. (2011). Moving the work of criminal investigators towards crime control. In New Perspectives on Policing. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2014). The effects of hot spots policing on crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 31(4), 633–663.Google Scholar
Brodeur, Jean-Paul. (2010). The Web of Policing. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, D., & Nixon, C. (2009). Ending the dialogue of the deaf: Evidence and policing policies and practice in an Australian case study. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 10(5–6), 423–435.Google Scholar
Bullock, K., Erol, R., & Tilley, N. (2006). Problem-Oriented Policing and Partnerships: Implementing an Evidence-Based Approach to Crime Reduction. Collumpton, UK: Willan.Google Scholar
Carr, P. J. (2012). Citizens, community, and crime control: The problems and prospects for negotiated order. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 12(4), 397–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, R. V. (1998). Defining police strategies: problem-solving, problem-oriented policing and community-oriented policing. In O’Connor Shelley, T., & Grant, A. C. (eds.), Problem-Oriented Policing: Crime-Specific Problems, Critical Issues and Making POP Work. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.Google Scholar
Cockbain, E., & Knutsson, J. (eds.) (2015). Applied Police Research: Challenges and Opportunities. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Committee on Proactive Policing. (2017). Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. Justice.Google Scholar
Cordner, G. W. (2014). Community policing. In Reisig, M. D., & Kane, R. J. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Police and Policing (pp. 148–171). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crank, J. P., & Langworthy, R. (1992). An institutional perspective on policing. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 83, 338–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, A. (2007). Reassurance policing: Feeling is believing. In Transformations of Policing (pp. 143–168). Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Dingwall, R. (2011). Why are doctors dissatisfied? The role of origin myths. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 21(1), 67–70.Google Scholar
Famega, C., Hinkle, J. C., & Weisburd, D. (2017). Why getting inside the “Black Box” Is important: Examining treatment implementation and outputs in policing experiments. Police Quarterly 20(1), 106–132.Google Scholar
French, J. R. P., Raven, B., & Cartwright, D. (1959). The bases of social power. In Cartwright, D. (ed.), Classics of Organization Theory (pp. 150–167). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Fyfe, J. J. (1999). Good policing. In Stojkovic, S, Klofas, J., & Kalinich, D. (eds.), The Administration and Management of Criminal Justice Organizations (3rd ed. pp. 113–133). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Vitter, Z., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, DOI 10.1007/s11292-014–9210-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., Haberman, C. P., Sorg, E. T., Joyce, N. M., & Taylor, R. B. (2015). Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment. Criminology, 53(1), 23–53.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1986). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, H. (1990). Problem-Oriented Policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Greene, J. R. 1998). Evaluating planned change strategies in modern law enforcement. In Brodeur, J.-P. (ed.), How to Recognize Good Policing: Problems and Issues (pp. 141–160). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Greene, J. R. (2014a). New directions in policing: Balancing prediction and meaning in police research. Justice Quarterly, 31 (2), 193–228.Google Scholar
Greene, J. R. (2014b). The upside and downside of the police epistemic community, Oxford Journal of Policing, 8(4), 379–392.Google Scholar
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Harmon, R. (2015). Federal programs and the real costs of policing. New York University Law Review, 870–960.Google Scholar
Head, B. W., & Alford, J. (2013). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management. Administration & Society, 47(6), 711–739.Google Scholar
Haberman, C. P. (2015). Cops on dots doing what? The differential effects of police enforcement actions in hot spots. Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University.Google Scholar
Haberman, C. P., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Sorg, E. T. (2016). Satisfaction with police in violent crime hot spots: Using community surveys as a guide for selecting hot spots policing tactics. Crime and Delinquency, 62(4), 525–557.Google Scholar
Hill, M. (2014). Policy Process: A Reader. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hough, M. (2011). Criminology and the role of experimental research. In Bosworth, M., & Boyle, C. (eds.), What Is Criminology? (pp. 198–210). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Innes, M. (2004). Reinventing tradition? Reassurance, neighborhood security and policing. Criminal Justice, 4(2), 151–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Innes, M. (2005). What’s your problem? Signal crimes and citizen-focused problem solving. Criminology & Public Policy, 4, 187–200.Google Scholar
Innes, M., Abbott, L., Lowe, T., & Roberts, C., (2009). Seeing like a citizen: Field experiments in “community intelligence‐led policing.” Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 10(2), 99–114.Google Scholar
Jenieck, M. (2013). A Primer on Clinical Experience in Medicine: Reasoning, Decision Making, and Communication in Health Sciences. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Koper, C. S. (1995). Just enough police presence: Reducing crime and disorderly behavior by optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots. Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 649–672.Google Scholar
Langworthy, R. (ed.). (1999). Measuring What Matters. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
La Vigne, N., Fontaine, J., & Dwivedi, A. (2017). How Do People in High-Crime, Low-Income Communities View the Police? Washington, DC: Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of muddling through. Public Administration Review, 19, 79–88.Google Scholar
Lum, C. (2012). Incorporating research into daily police practices: The matrix demonstration project. Translational Criminology, Fall: 16–17.Google Scholar
Lum, C., & Koper, C. S. (2017). Evidence-Based Policing: Translating Research into Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lum, C., Koper, C. S., & Telep, C. W. (2011). The evidence-based policing matrix. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 3–26.Google Scholar
Maguire, E. R., & Katz, C. M. (2006). Community policing, loose coupling, and sensemaking in American police agencies. Justice Quarterly, 19(3), 503–536.Google Scholar
Manning, P. K. (1997). Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing. 2nd ed. Homewood, IL: Waveland Press.Google Scholar
Manning, P. K. (2003). Policing Contingencies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Maruna, S., & Barber, C. (2011). Why can’t criminology be more like medical research? Be careful what you wish for. In Bosworth, M., & Boyle, C. (eds.), What Is Criminology? (pp. 318–334). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mears, D. P., Stewart, E. A., Warren, P. Y., & Simons, R. L. (2017). Culture and formal social control: The effect of the code of the street on police and court decision-making. Justice Quarterly, 34(2), 217–247.Google Scholar
Moore, M. H. (1994). Research synthesis and policy implications. In Rosenbaum, D., (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises (pp. 285–299). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, M. H. (1997). Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, M. H. (2006). Improving policing through expertise, experience and experiments. In Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. (eds.), Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives (pp. 17–38). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nagin, D., & Weisburd, D. (2013). Evidence and public policy: The example of evaluation research in policing. Criminology and Public Policy, 12, 651–679.Google Scholar
Neyroud, P., & Weisburd, D. (2014). Transforming the police through science: The challenge of ownership. Policing, 8(4), 287–293.Google Scholar
Norman, G. (2005). Research in clinical reasoning: Past history and current trends. Medical Education, 39, 418–427.Google Scholar
Perneger, T. V., & Agoritsas, T. (2011). Doctors and patients’ susceptibility to framing bias: A randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(12), 1411–1417.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J. H. (2015). Towards an index for harm-focused policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 9(2), 164–182.Google Scholar
Reiner, R. (2010). The Politics of the Police. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, A., & Payton, J. (2016). Independent advocacy and multi-agency responses to domestic violence. In Domestic Violence (pp. 249–271). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Roth, J. A., Ryan, J. F., Gaffigan, S. J., Koper, C. S., Moore, M. H., Roehl, J. A., Johnson, C. C. et al. (2000). National Evaluation of the Cops Program. Title I of the 1994 Crime Act. Series. Washington, DC: National Institute for Justice.Google Scholar
Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Scott Richardson, W., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). How to Practice and Teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Scheufele, D. A., & Iyengar, S. (2014). The state of framing research: A call for new directions. In Kenski, K., & Hall Jamieson, K. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Schuilenburg, M., van Steden, R., & Breuil, B. O. (eds.). (2014). Positive Criminology: Reflections on Care, Belonging and Security. The Hague, NL: Eleven International Publishing.Google Scholar
Scott, M. S. (2000). Problem-Oriented Policing: Reflections on the First 20 Years. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.Google Scholar
Sherman, L. W. (2013). The rise of evidence-based policing: Targeting, testing, and tracking. Crime and Justice, 42, 377–451.Google Scholar
Smith, K. B., & Larimer, C. W. (2017). The Public Policy Theory Primer. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sorg, E. T., Haberman, C. P., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Groff, E. R. (2013). Foot patrol in violent crime hot spots: The longitudinal impact of deterrence and post treatment effects of displacement. Criminology, 51(1), 65–102.Google Scholar
Suchman, E. (1968). Evaluative Research: Principles and Practices in Public Service and Social Action Programs. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Terpstra, J., & Fyfe, N. R. (2015). Mind the implementation gap? Police reform and local policing in the Netherlands and Scotland. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), 527–544.Google Scholar
Tilley, N. (2006). Knowing and doing: Guidance and good practice in crime prevention. In Knutsson, J., & Clarke, R. V. (eds.), Implementing Situational Prevention and Problem-Oriented Policing. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 20. Monsey, NJ: Criminal Justice Press.Google Scholar
Tilley, N. (2009). Sherman vs. Sherman: realism and rhetoric. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 9(2), 135–144.Google Scholar
Weber, E. P., & Khademian, A. M. (2008). Wicked problems, knowledge challenges, and collaborative capacity builders in network settings. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 334–349.Google Scholar
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., (2015). The law of crime concentration and the criminology of place. Criminology, 53(2), 133–157.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. (eds.). (2006). Police Innovation: Contrasting Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2012). The Criminology of Place: Street Segments and Our Understanding of the Crime Problem. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Willis, J. J. (2013). Improving Police: What’s Craft Got to Do With It? Ideas in American Policing Series. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.Google Scholar
Willis, J. J., & Mastrofski, S. D. (2016). Improving policing by integrating craft and science: what can patrol officers teach us about good police work? Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 1–18.Google Scholar
Wood, J., Sorg, E. T., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Taylor, C. J. (2014). Cops as treatment providers: Realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment. Policing and Society, 24(3), 362–379.Google Scholar
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×